<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
(	O
for	O
"	O
Open-source	B-Application
Field	O
Operation	O
And	O
Manipulation	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
C++	B-Language
toolbox	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
customized	O
numerical	B-General_Concept
solvers	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
pre-/post	O
-processing	O
utilities	O
for	O
the	O
solution	O
of	O
continuum	O
mechanics	O
problems	O
,	O
most	O
prominently	O
including	O
computational	O
fluid	O
dynamics	O
(	O
CFD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
software	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
research	O
organisations	O
,	O
academic	O
institutes	O
and	O
across	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
industries	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
automotive	O
,	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
process	O
engineering	O
and	O
environmental	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
is	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
which	O
is	O
freely	O
available	O
and	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
Version	O
3	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
variants	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
,	O
released	O
by	O
OpenCFD	O
Ltd	O
.	O
(	O
with	O
the	O
name	O
trademarked	O
since	O
2007	O
)	O
first	O
released	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
in	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
,	O
released	O
by	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
continuum	O
mechanics	O
/	O
computational	O
fluid	O
dynamics	O
tool	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
development	O
of	O
FOAM	O
(	O
which	O
became	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
later	O
on	O
)	O
was	O
virtually	O
always	O
presumed	O
to	O
be	O
initiated	O
by	O
Henry	O
Weller	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
institute	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
C++	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
rather	O
than	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
programming	O
language	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
of	O
the	O
time	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
powerful	O
and	O
flexible	O
general	O
simulation	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
on	O
10	O
December	O
2004	O
,	O
FOAM	O
was	O
released	O
under	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immediately	O
afterwards	O
,	O
Henry	O
Weller	O
,	O
Chris	O
Greenshields	O
and	O
Mattijs	O
Janssens	O
founded	O
OpenCFD	O
Ltd	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
release	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Hrvoje	O
Jasak	O
founded	O
the	O
consulting	O
company	O
Wikki	O
Ltd	O
and	O
maintained	O
a	O
fork	B-Application
of	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
called	O
openfoam-extend	O
,	O
later	O
renamed	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
development	O
moved	O
to	O
using	O
git	B-Application
for	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
5	O
August	O
2011	O
,	O
OpenCFD	O
transferred	O
the	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
software	O
(	O
source	O
code	O
)	O
and	O
documentation	O
from	O
OpenCFD	O
to	O
the	O
newly	O
incorporated	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
Foundation	O
,	O
registered	O
in	O
Delaware	O
State	O
,	O
USA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
12	O
September	O
2012	O
,	O
ESI	B-Application
Group	I-Application
announced	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
OpenCFD	O
Ltd	O
,	O
becoming	O
a	O
wholly-owned	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
ESI	B-Application
Group	I-Application
,	O
and	O
OpenCFD	O
retaining	O
its	O
ownership	O
of	O
the	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
trademark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
25	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
The	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
Foundation	O
Ltd	O
was	O
incorporated	O
in	O
England	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
company	O
limited	O
by	O
guarantee	O
with	O
all	O
assets	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
the	O
US	O
entity	O
dissolved	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
governance	O
of	O
the	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
Foundation	O
Ltd	O
directors	O
are	O
Henry	O
Weller	O
,	O
Chris	O
Greenshields	O
,	O
and	O
Cristel	O
de	O
Rouvray	O
(	O
the	O
CEO	O
of	O
the	O
ESI	B-Application
Group	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
are	O
the	O
three	O
main	O
variants	O
of	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
,	O
Foundation	O
,	O
developed	O
and	O
maintained	O
primarily	O
by	O
CFD	O
Direct	O
Ltd	O
with	O
a	O
sequence	O
based	O
identifier	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
,	O
OpenCFD	O
,	O
developed	O
and	O
maintained	O
mainly	O
by	O
OpenCFD	O
Ltd	O
.	O
(	O
ESI	B-Application
Group	I-Application
company	O
since	O
2012	O
)	O
with	O
a	O
date-of-release	O
identifier	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
Governance	O
,	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
's	O
user	O
community	O
to	O
decide/contribute	O
the	O
future	O
development	O
and	O
direction	O
of	O
their	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
structure	O
of	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
Governance	O
consisted	O
of	O
a	O
Steering	O
Committee	O
and	O
various	O
Technical	O
Committees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Steering	O
Committee	O
comprised	O
representatives	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
sponsors	O
of	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
in	O
industry	O
,	O
academia	O
,	O
release	O
authorities	O
and	O
consultant	O
organisations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organisation	O
composition	O
of	O
the	O
initial	O
committee	O
involved	O
members	O
from	O
OpenCFD	O
Ltd.	O
,	O
ESI	B-Application
Group	I-Application
,	O
Volkswagen	O
,	O
General	O
Motors	O
,	O
FM	O
Global	O
,	O
TotalSim	O
Ltd.	O
,	O
TU	O
Darmstadt	O
,	O
and	O
Wikki	O
Ltd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
nine	O
technical	O
committees	O
were	O
established	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
areas	O
:	O
Documentation	O
,	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
meshing	O
,	O
multiphase	O
,	O
numerics	B-Algorithm
,	O
optimisation	O
,	O
turbulence	O
,	O
marine	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
nuclear	O
applications	O
with	O
the	O
members	O
from	O
the	O
organisations	O
of	O
OpenCFD	O
Ltd.	O
,	O
CINECA	B-Device
,	O
University	O
of	O
Zagreb	O
,	O
TU	O
Darmstadt	O
,	O
National	O
Technical	O
University	O
of	O
Athens	O
,	O
Upstream	O
CFD	O
GmbH	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
,	O
and	O
EPFL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenFOAM	B-Application
layout	O
consists	O
of	O
two	O
main	O
directories	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
OpenFOAM	B-Application
simulations	O
are	O
configured	O
by	O
several	O
plain	O
text	O
input	O
files	O
located	O
across	O
the	O
following	O
three	O
directories	O
:	O
</s>
