<s>
OpenDoc	B-Application
is	O
a	O
defunct	O
multi-platform	O
software	B-Architecture
componentry	I-Architecture
framework	O
standard	O
created	O
by	O
Apple	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
for	O
compound	O
documents	O
,	O
intended	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
proprietary	O
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
(	O
OLE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenDoc	B-Application
development	O
was	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
non-profit	O
Component	O
Integration	O
Laboratories	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
CI	B-Application
Labs	I-Application
)	O
,	O
owned	O
by	O
a	O
growing	O
team	O
of	O
major	O
corporate	O
backers	O
and	O
effectively	O
starting	O
an	O
industry	O
consortium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
AIM	O
alliance	O
launched	O
between	O
Apple	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
Motorolawith	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
as	O
a	O
foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
return	O
of	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
to	O
Apple	O
,	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
March	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
idea	O
of	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
is	O
to	O
create	O
small	O
,	O
reusable	O
components	O
,	O
responsible	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
task	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
text	O
editing	O
,	O
bitmap	O
editing	O
,	O
or	O
browsing	O
an	O
FTP	B-Protocol
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenDoc	B-Application
is	O
a	O
framework	O
in	O
which	O
these	O
components	O
can	O
run	O
together	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
compound	O
document	O
format	O
for	O
storing	O
the	O
data	O
created	O
by	O
each	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
documents	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
opened	O
on	O
different	O
networked	O
machines	O
of	O
different	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
frameworks	O
can	O
substitute	O
suitable	O
components	O
for	O
each	O
part	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
they	O
are	O
from	O
different	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
inception	O
,	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
was	O
envisioned	O
to	O
allow	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
smaller	O
,	O
third-party	O
developers	O
to	O
enter	O
the	O
then-competitive	O
office	O
suite	O
software	O
market	O
,	O
and	O
build	O
small	O
,	O
specialized	O
applications	O
instead	O
of	O
having	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
complete	O
suite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
been	O
experimenting	O
internally	O
with	O
software	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
for	O
some	O
time	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
initial	O
work	O
done	O
on	O
its	O
Publish	B-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Subscribe	I-Operating_System
linking	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
AppleScript	B-Application
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
programming	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
about	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
third-party	O
developers	O
had	O
met	O
at	O
the	O
Apple	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
(	O
WWDC	O
'	O
91	O
)	O
and	O
tried	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
standardized	O
document	O
format	O
,	O
based	O
conceptually	O
on	O
the	O
Interchange	B-Device
File	I-Device
Format	I-Device
(	O
IFF	O
)	O
from	O
Electronic	O
Arts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
component	O
document	O
system	O
would	O
only	O
work	O
with	O
a	O
known	O
document	O
format	O
that	O
all	O
the	O
components	O
could	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
soon	O
the	O
standardized	O
document	O
format	O
was	O
pulled	O
into	O
the	O
component	B-Architecture
software	I-Architecture
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
format	O
quickly	O
changed	O
from	O
a	O
simple	O
one	O
using	O
tags	O
to	O
a	O
very	O
complex	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
persistence	O
layer	O
called	O
Bento	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
the	O
effort	O
was	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Exemplar	O
"	O
,	O
then	O
"	O
Jedi	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
Amber	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
"	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
AIM	O
alliance	O
—	O
a	O
partnership	O
between	O
Apple	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
Motorola	O
—	O
was	O
launched	O
with	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
as	O
a	O
foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
adopted	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
and	O
promised	O
somewhat	O
similar	O
functionality	O
although	O
based	O
on	O
very	O
different	O
underlying	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
was	O
still	O
being	O
developed	O
,	O
Apple	O
confused	O
things	O
greatly	O
by	O
suggesting	O
that	O
it	O
should	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
people	O
porting	O
existing	O
software	O
only	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
projects	O
should	O
instead	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
since	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
next	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
John	O
Sculley	O
called	O
Project	O
Amber	O
(	O
a	O
codename	O
for	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
)	O
a	O
path	O
toward	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
considered	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	O
,	O
and	O
work	O
on	O
other	O
tools	O
like	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
was	O
considerably	O
deprioritized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
's	O
entire	O
lifespan	O
,	O
analysts	O
and	O
users	O
each	O
reportedly	O
"	O
had	O
very	O
different	O
views	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
confused	O
about	O
their	O
role	O
,	O
regarding	O
how	O
much	O
of	O
OpenDoc-based	O
development	O
would	O
be	O
their	O
responsibility	O
versus	O
IBM	O
's	O
and	O
Apple	O
's	O
responsibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
never	O
many	O
released	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
components	O
compared	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
ActiveX	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
Apple	O
had	O
also	O
been	O
involved	O
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
replace	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
development	O
framework	O
with	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
solution	O
called	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
,	O
from	O
Symantec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symantec	O
's	O
Think	B-Operating_System
C	I-Operating_System
was	O
rapidly	O
becoming	O
the	O
tool	O
of	O
choice	O
for	O
development	O
on	O
the	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
collaborating	O
to	O
port	O
Symantec	O
's	O
tools	O
to	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
Apple	O
learned	O
of	O
Symantec	O
's	O
internal	O
porting	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
proposed	O
merging	O
existing	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
concepts	O
and	O
code	O
with	O
Symantec	O
's	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
advanced	O
cross-platform	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
began	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
as	O
the	O
solution	O
for	O
future	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
gained	O
currency	O
within	O
Apple	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
started	O
to	O
push	O
Symantec	O
into	O
including	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
functionality	O
in	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
was	O
in	O
a	O
very	O
early	O
state	O
of	O
development	O
at	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
even	O
after	O
18	O
months	O
of	O
work	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
development	O
team	O
at	O
Symantec	O
suffered	O
continual	O
turnover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
proposed	O
that	O
the	O
code	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
programming	O
,	O
but	O
nothing	O
was	O
ever	O
heard	O
of	O
this	O
again	O
,	O
and	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
disappeared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
and	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
both	O
being	O
Apple	O
's	O
officially	O
promised	O
future	O
platforms	O
,	O
little	O
effort	O
had	O
been	O
expended	O
on	O
updating	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
1993	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
1996	O
without	O
any	O
MacOS	B-Application
release	O
,	O
this	O
left	O
Apple	O
with	O
only	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
as	O
a	O
modern	O
OO-based	O
programming	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
team	O
realized	O
in	O
mid-1992	O
that	O
an	O
industry	O
coalition	O
was	O
needed	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
created	O
the	O
Component	O
Integration	O
Laboratories	O
(	O
CI	B-Application
Labs	I-Application
)	O
with	O
IBM	O
and	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
introduced	O
to	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
its	O
already	O
mature	O
System	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
(	O
SOM	O
)	O
and	O
Distributed	O
SOM	O
(	O
DSOM	O
)	O
shared	B-Library
library	I-Library
systems	O
from	O
AIX	B-Application
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SOM	O
became	O
a	O
major	O
part	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
future	O
efforts	O
,	O
in	O
and	O
out	O
of	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1995	O
,	O
many	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
announcements	O
came	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CI	B-Application
Labs	I-Application
ownership	O
included	O
Apple	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Novell	O
,	O
and	O
SunSoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
pre-announced	O
at	O
Object	O
World	O
Boston	O
the	O
future	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
OS/2	B-Application
Developer	O
Toolkit	O
version	O
2	O
,	O
containing	O
the	O
complete	O
API	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
the	O
final	O
release	O
of	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
1.0	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
CommonPoint	O
application	O
framework	O
has	O
compound	O
document	O
features	O
based	O
on	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
announced	O
at	O
the	O
Brainshare	O
conference	O
,	O
a	O
plan	O
to	O
break	O
up	O
most	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
products	O
into	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
components	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
applications	O
and	O
then	O
its	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
intended	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
managed	O
Compound	O
Document	O
Service	O
for	O
networks	O
,	O
to	O
manage	O
object	O
links	O
and	O
compound	O
document	O
searching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
announced	O
a	O
plan	O
for	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
to	O
become	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
building	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
acknowledged	O
that	O
its	O
operating	O
systems	O
lack	O
a	O
component	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
would	O
never	O
license	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
OLE	O
or	O
COM	O
,	O
so	O
Novell	O
needs	O
to	O
support	O
those	O
also	O
via	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
than	O
20	O
more	O
companies	O
announced	O
their	O
products	O
 '	O
support	O
for	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
citing	O
its	O
technological	O
superiority	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
OLE	O
and	O
COM	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
wide	O
cross-platform	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
was	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
,	O
in	O
part	O
due	O
to	O
SOM	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
Common	B-Architecture
Object	I-Architecture
Request	I-Architecture
Broker	I-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
OMG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CI	B-Application
Labs	I-Application
never	O
publicly	O
released	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
but	O
licensed	O
it	O
to	O
developers	O
for	O
feedback	O
,	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
debugging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1994	O
,	O
the	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
subsystem	O
was	O
launched	O
on	O
System	O
7.5	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
on	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
three	O
years	O
of	O
development	O
on	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
itself	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
OpenDoc-based	O
product	O
release	O
was	O
Apple	O
's	O
CyberDog	B-Protocol
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
in	O
May	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
was	O
on	O
August	O
1	O
,	O
1996	O
,	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
two	O
packages	O
of	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
components	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Club	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
website	O
for	O
a	O
30	O
day	O
free	O
trial	O
:	O
the	O
Person	O
Pak	O
is	O
"	O
components	O
aimed	O
at	O
organizing	O
names	O
,	O
addresses	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
personal	O
information	O
"	O
,	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
management	I-Application
(	O
PIM	O
)	O
applications	O
,	O
at	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
Table	O
Pak	O
"	O
to	O
store	O
rows	O
and	O
columns	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
file	O
"	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WAV	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
semi-successful	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
from	O
Digital	O
Harbor	O
LLC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nisus	B-Operating_System
Writer	I-Operating_System
software	O
by	O
Nisus	O
incorporated	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
but	O
its	O
implementation	O
was	O
hopelessly	O
buggy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bare	O
Bones	O
Software	O
tested	O
the	O
market	O
by	O
making	O
its	O
BBEdit	B-Operating_System
Lite	I-Operating_System
freeware	O
text	O
editor	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
editor	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RagTime	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
completely	O
integrated	O
office	O
package	O
with	O
spreadsheet	O
,	O
publishing	O
,	O
and	O
image	O
editing	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
shortly	O
before	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
was	O
cancelled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
1996	O
release	O
of	O
ClarisWorks	B-Device
5.0	O
(	O
the	O
predecessor	O
of	O
AppleWorks	B-Device
)	O
was	O
planned	O
to	O
support	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
components	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
was	O
dropped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
container	O
application	O
,	O
called	O
Dock'Em	O
,	O
was	O
written	O
by	O
MetaMind	O
Software	O
under	O
a	O
grant	O
from	O
the	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
and	O
commissioned	O
by	O
The	O
Center	O
for	O
Research	O
in	O
Math	O
and	O
Science	O
Education	O
,	O
headquartered	O
at	O
San	O
Diego	O
State	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
physics	O
simulations	O
were	O
written	O
by	O
MetaMind	O
Software	O
and	O
by	O
Russian	O
software	O
firm	O
Physicon	O
(	O
OpenTeach	O
)	O
as	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
discontinuation	O
of	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
the	O
simulations	O
were	O
rewritten	O
as	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
and	O
published	O
from	O
the	O
Center	O
as	O
The	O
Constructing	O
Physics	O
Understanding	O
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
Project	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Fred	O
Goldberg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Components	O
of	O
the	O
E-Slate	O
educational	O
microworlds	O
platform	O
were	O
originally	O
implemented	O
as	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
parts	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
on	O
both	O
MacOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
reimplemented	O
later	O
(	O
after	O
the	O
discontinuation	O
of	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
)	O
as	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
and	O
eventually	O
as	O
JavaBeans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenDoc	B-Application
had	O
several	O
hundred	O
developers	O
signed	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1997	O
,	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
was	O
discontinued	O
with	O
the	O
return	O
of	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
to	O
Apple	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
been	O
at	O
NeXT	O
during	O
its	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
said	O
Apple	O
's	O
management	O
"	O
put	O
a	O
bullet	O
through	O
 [ OpenDoc's ] 	O
head	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	O
Advanced	O
Technology	O
Group	O
was	O
laid	O
off	O
in	O
a	O
big	O
reduction	O
in	O
force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
sources	O
noted	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
hired	O
away	O
three	O
ClarisWorks	B-Device
developers	O
who	O
were	O
responsible	O
for	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
integration	O
into	O
ClarisWorks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8.5	O
,	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
was	O
no	O
longer	O
bundled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
IP	I-General_Concept
Manager	I-General_Concept
from	O
versions	O
5.0	O
to	O
6.2	O
relied	O
on	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
but	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
IP	I-General_Concept
6.3	O
eliminated	O
this	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
9	O
compatible	O
version	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
officially	O
relinquished	O
the	O
last	O
trademark	O
on	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
"	O
on	O
June	O
11	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
