<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
(	O
Open	B-Application
Computing	I-Application
Language	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
framework	B-Architecture
for	O
writing	O
programs	O
that	O
execute	O
across	O
heterogeneous	O
platforms	O
consisting	O
of	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPUs	B-Device
)	O
,	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
(	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
digital	B-Architecture
signal	I-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
(	O
DSPs	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
field-programmable	B-Architecture
gate	I-Architecture
arrays	I-Architecture
(	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
)	O
and	O
other	O
processors	O
or	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
accelerators	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
specifies	O
programming	O
languages	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
C99	B-Language
,	O
C++14	B-Language
and	O
C++17	B-Language
)	O
for	O
programming	O
these	O
devices	B-Architecture
and	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
APIs	B-Application
)	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
platform	O
and	O
execute	O
programs	O
on	O
the	O
compute	O
devices	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
provides	O
a	O
standard	O
interface	O
for	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
using	O
task	B-Operating_System
-	I-Operating_System
and	O
data-based	B-Operating_System
parallelism	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
non-profit	O
technology	O
consortium	O
Khronos	B-Library
Group	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformant	O
implementations	O
are	O
available	O
from	O
Altera	O
,	O
AMD	O
,	O
ARM	B-Architecture
,	O
Creative	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Imagination	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
,	O
Qualcomm	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Vivante	O
,	O
Xilinx	O
,	O
and	O
ZiiLABS	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
views	O
a	O
computing	O
system	O
as	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
compute	O
devices	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
might	O
be	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPUs	B-Device
)	O
or	O
"	O
accelerators	O
"	O
such	O
as	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
(	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
host	O
processor	O
(	O
a	O
CPU	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
defines	O
a	O
C-like	B-Language
language	O
for	O
writing	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functions	O
executed	O
on	O
an	O
OpenCL	B-Application
device	O
are	O
called	O
"	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
compute	O
device	O
typically	O
consists	O
of	O
several	O
compute	O
units	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
comprise	O
multiple	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
elements	I-Operating_System
(	O
PEs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
execution	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
all	O
or	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
PEs	O
in	O
parallel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
How	O
a	O
compute	O
device	O
is	O
subdivided	O
into	O
compute	O
units	O
and	O
PEs	O
is	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
vendor	O
;	O
a	O
compute	O
unit	O
can	O
be	O
thought	O
of	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
core	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
core	O
is	O
hard	O
to	O
define	O
across	O
all	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
devices	B-Architecture
supported	O
by	O
OpenCL	B-Application
(	O
or	O
even	O
within	O
the	O
category	O
of	O
"	O
CPUs	B-Device
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
compute	O
units	O
may	O
not	O
correspond	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
cores	O
claimed	O
in	O
vendors	O
 '	O
marketing	O
literature	O
(	O
which	O
may	O
actually	O
be	O
counting	O
SIMD	B-General_Concept
lanes	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
its	O
C-like	B-Language
programming	O
language	O
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
defines	O
an	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
that	O
allows	O
programs	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
host	O
to	O
launch	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
on	O
the	O
compute	O
devices	B-Architecture
and	O
manage	O
device	O
memory	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
(	O
at	O
least	O
conceptually	O
)	O
separate	O
from	O
host	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
in	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
language	O
are	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
at	O
run-time	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
OpenCL-using	O
applications	O
are	O
portable	O
between	O
implementations	O
for	O
various	O
host	O
devices	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenCL	B-Application
standard	O
defines	O
host	O
APIs	B-Application
for	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
;	O
third-party	O
APIs	B-Application
exist	O
for	O
other	O
programming	O
languages	O
and	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
D	B-Application
and	O
.NET	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
standard	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
library	B-Library
that	O
implements	O
the	O
API	B-Application
for	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
an	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
compiler	B-Language
for	O
the	O
compute	O
device(s )	O
targeted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
open	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
programming	O
model	O
to	O
other	O
languages	O
or	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
source	O
from	O
inspection	O
,	O
the	O
Standard	B-Application
Portable	I-Application
Intermediate	I-Application
Representation	I-Application
(	O
SPIR	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
target-independent	O
way	O
to	O
ship	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
between	O
a	O
front-end	O
compiler	B-Language
and	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
back-end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
Khronos	B-Library
Group	I-Library
has	O
ratified	O
SYCL	B-Language
,	O
a	O
higher-level	O
programming	O
model	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
as	O
a	O
single-source	O
eDSL	O
based	O
on	O
pure	O
C++17	B-Language
to	O
improve	O
programming	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
interested	O
by	O
C++	B-Language
kernels	B-Operating_System
but	O
not	O
by	O
SYCL	B-Language
single-source	O
programming	O
style	O
can	O
use	O
C++	B-Language
features	O
with	O
compute	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
sources	O
written	O
in	O
"	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
"	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
defines	O
a	O
four-level	O
memory	B-General_Concept
hierarchy	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
compute	O
device	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
read-only	O
memory	O
:	O
smaller	O
,	O
low	O
latency	O
,	O
writable	O
by	O
the	O
host	O
CPU	B-Device
but	O
not	O
the	O
compute	O
devices	B-Architecture
(	O
)	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
per-element	O
private	O
memory	O
(	O
registers	B-General_Concept
;	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
every	O
device	O
needs	O
to	O
implement	O
each	O
level	O
of	O
this	O
hierarchy	O
in	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consistency	B-General_Concept
between	O
the	O
various	O
levels	O
in	O
the	O
hierarchy	O
is	O
relaxed	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
enforced	O
by	O
explicit	O
synchronization	O
constructs	O
,	O
notably	O
barriers	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	B-Architecture
may	O
or	O
may	O
not	O
share	O
memory	O
with	O
the	O
host	O
CPU	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
host	O
API	B-Application
provides	O
handles	O
on	O
device	O
memory	O
buffers	O
and	O
functions	O
to	O
transfer	O
data	O
back	O
and	O
forth	O
between	O
host	O
and	O
devices	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
programming	O
language	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
write	O
compute	B-Operating_System
kernels	I-Operating_System
is	O
called	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
adopts	O
C/C	O
++	O
-based	O
languages	O
to	O
specify	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
computations	O
performed	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
with	O
some	O
restrictions	O
and	O
additions	O
to	O
facilitate	O
efficient	O
mapping	O
to	O
the	O
heterogeneous	O
hardware	B-Architecture
resources	O
of	O
accelerators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
was	O
used	O
to	O
program	O
the	O
accelerators	O
in	O
OpenCL	B-Application
standard	O
,	O
later	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
language	O
was	O
developed	O
that	O
inherited	O
all	O
functionality	O
from	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
but	O
allowed	O
to	O
use	O
C++	B-Language
features	O
in	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
is	O
a	O
C99-based	O
language	O
dialect	O
adapted	O
to	O
fit	O
the	O
device	O
model	O
in	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
buffers	O
reside	O
in	O
specific	O
levels	O
of	O
the	O
memory	B-General_Concept
hierarchy	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
pointers	O
are	O
annotated	O
with	O
the	O
region	O
qualifiers	O
,	O
,	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
reflecting	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
a	O
device	O
program	O
having	O
a	O
function	O
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
functions	I-Language
are	O
marked	O
to	O
signal	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
entry	B-Language
points	I-Language
into	O
the	O
program	O
to	O
be	O
called	O
from	O
the	O
host	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Function	B-Language
pointers	I-Language
,	O
bit	O
fields	O
and	O
variable-length	B-Data_Structure
arrays	I-Data_Structure
are	O
omitted	O
,	O
and	O
recursion	O
is	O
forbidden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Language
C	I-Language
standard	I-Language
library	I-Language
is	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
custom	O
set	O
of	O
standard	O
functions	O
,	O
geared	O
toward	O
math	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
is	O
extended	O
to	O
facilitate	O
use	O
of	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
with	O
vector	O
types	O
and	O
operations	O
,	O
synchronization	O
,	O
and	O
functions	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
work-items	O
and	O
work-groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
besides	O
scalar	O
types	O
such	O
as	O
and	O
,	O
which	O
behave	O
similarly	O
to	O
the	O
corresponding	O
types	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
provides	O
fixed-length	O
vector	O
types	O
such	O
as	O
(	O
4-vector	O
of	O
single-precision	O
floats	O
)	O
;	O
such	O
vector	O
types	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
lengths	O
two	O
,	O
three	O
,	O
four	O
,	O
eight	O
and	O
sixteen	O
for	O
various	O
base	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vectorized	B-Application
operations	O
on	O
these	O
types	O
are	O
intended	O
to	O
map	O
onto	O
SIMD	B-Device
instructions	O
sets	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
SSE	B-General_Concept
or	O
VMX	B-General_Concept
,	O
when	O
running	O
OpenCL	B-Application
programs	O
on	O
CPUs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
specialized	O
types	O
include	O
2-d	O
and	O
3-d	O
image	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
matrix	O
–	O
vector	O
multiplication	O
algorithm	O
in	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
function	O
computes	O
,	O
in	O
each	O
invocation	O
,	O
the	O
dot	O
product	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
row	O
of	O
a	O
matrix	O
and	O
a	O
vector	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
extend	O
this	O
into	O
a	O
full	O
matrix	O
–	O
vector	O
multiplication	O
,	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
runtime	O
maps	B-Operating_System
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
over	O
the	O
rows	O
of	O
the	O
matrix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
host	O
side	O
,	O
the	O
function	O
does	O
this	O
;	O
it	O
takes	O
as	O
arguments	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
to	O
execute	O
,	O
its	O
arguments	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
work-items	O
,	O
corresponding	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
rows	O
in	O
the	O
matrix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
code	O
asks	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
library	B-Library
for	O
the	O
first	O
available	O
graphics	O
card	O
,	O
creates	O
memory	O
buffers	O
for	O
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
(	O
from	O
the	O
perspective	O
of	O
the	O
graphics	O
card	O
)	O
,	O
JIT-compiles	O
the	O
FFT-kernel	O
and	O
then	O
finally	O
asynchronously	O
runs	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
full	O
,	O
open	O
source	O
implementation	O
of	O
an	O
OpenCL	B-Application
FFT	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
Apple	O
's	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
the	O
transition	O
to	O
the	O
community	O
driven	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
programming	O
language	O
that	O
provides	O
features	O
from	O
C++17	B-Language
in	O
combination	O
with	O
the	O
traditional	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
language	O
allows	O
to	O
leverage	O
a	O
rich	O
variety	O
of	O
language	O
features	O
from	O
standard	O
C++	B-Language
while	O
preserving	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
to	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
.	O
This	O
opens	O
up	O
a	O
smooth	O
transition	O
path	O
to	O
C++	B-Language
functionality	O
for	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
code	O
developers	O
as	O
they	O
can	O
continue	O
using	O
familiar	O
programming	O
flow	O
and	O
even	O
tools	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
leverage	O
existing	O
extensions	O
and	O
libraries	O
available	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
semantics	O
is	O
described	O
in	O
the	O
documentation	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
releases	O
of	O
OpenCL-Docs	O
repository	O
hosted	O
by	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
but	O
it	O
is	O
currently	O
not	O
ratified	O
by	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
language	O
is	O
not	O
documented	O
in	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
document	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
specification	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
.	O
The	O
open	O
source	O
Clang	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
has	O
supported	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
since	O
release	O
9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
has	O
been	O
originally	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
Clang	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
extension	O
and	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
release	O
9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
it	O
was	O
tightly	O
coupled	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
and	O
did	O
not	O
contain	O
any	O
Clang	B-Application
specific	O
functionality	O
its	O
documentation	O
has	O
been	O
re-hosted	O
to	O
the	O
OpenCL-Docs	O
repository	O
from	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
along	O
with	O
the	O
sources	O
of	O
other	O
specifications	O
and	O
reference	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
official	O
release	O
of	O
this	O
document	O
describing	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
version	O
1.0	O
has	O
been	O
published	O
in	O
December	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
contains	O
features	O
from	O
C++17	B-Language
and	O
it	O
is	O
backward	O
compatible	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
a	O
new	O
provisional	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
version	O
2021	O
has	O
been	O
released	O
which	O
is	O
fully	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
work	O
in	O
progress	O
draft	O
of	O
the	O
latest	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
documentation	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
Khronos	B-Library
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
supports	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
(	O
syntactically	O
and	O
semantically	O
)	O
from	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
except	O
for	O
nested	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
and	O
blocks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
minor	O
differences	O
in	O
some	O
supported	O
features	O
mainly	O
related	O
to	O
differences	O
in	O
semantics	O
between	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
C	B-Language
.	O
For	O
example	O
,	O
C++	B-Language
is	O
more	O
strict	O
with	O
the	O
implicit	O
type	O
conversions	O
and	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
type	O
qualifier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
C++	B-Language
features	O
are	O
not	O
supported	O
by	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
:	O
virtual	O
functions	O
,	O
operator	O
,	O
non-placement	O
/	O
operators	O
,	O
exceptions	O
,	O
pointer	O
to	O
member	O
functions	O
,	O
references	O
to	O
functions	O
,	O
C++	B-Language
standard	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
extends	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
separate	O
memory	O
regions	O
(	O
address	O
spaces	O
)	O
from	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
to	O
C++	B-Language
features	O
-	O
functional	O
casts	O
,	O
templates	O
,	O
class	O
members	O
,	O
references	O
,	O
lambda	O
functions	O
,	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
features	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
functions	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
code	O
snippet	O
illustrates	O
how	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
with	O
complex-number	O
arithmetic	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
language	O
with	O
convenient	O
use	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
language	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
applications	O
or	O
libraries	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
rich	O
variety	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
language	I-Language
features	O
,	O
applications	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
can	O
express	O
complex	O
functionality	O
more	O
conveniently	O
than	O
applications	O
written	O
in	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
and	O
in	O
particular	O
generic	B-Language
programming	I-Language
paradigm	O
from	O
C++	B-Language
is	O
very	O
attractive	O
to	O
the	O
library	B-Library
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
sources	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
by	O
OpenCL	B-Application
drivers	O
that	O
support	O
cl_ext_cxx_for_opencl	O
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arm	B-Architecture
has	O
announced	O
support	O
for	O
this	O
extension	O
in	O
December	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
increasing	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
algorithms	O
accelerated	O
on	O
OpenCL	B-Application
devices	B-Architecture
,	O
it	O
is	O
expected	O
that	O
more	O
applications	O
will	O
compile	B-Language
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
kernels	B-Operating_System
offline	O
using	O
stand	O
alone	O
compilers	B-Language
such	O
as	O
Clang	B-Application
into	O
executable	O
binary	O
format	O
or	O
portable	O
binary	O
format	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
SPIR-V	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
an	O
executable	O
can	O
be	O
loaded	O
during	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
applications	O
execution	O
using	O
a	O
dedicated	O
OpenCL	B-Application
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Binaries	O
compiled	B-Language
from	O
sources	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
can	O
be	O
executed	O
on	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
conformant	O
devices	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
language	O
features	O
used	O
in	O
such	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
sources	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
executed	O
on	O
devices	B-Architecture
supporting	O
earlier	O
OpenCL	B-Application
versions	O
or	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aside	O
from	O
OpenCL	B-Application
drivers	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
for	O
execution	O
on	O
Vulkan	B-Application
devices	B-Architecture
using	O
clspv	O
compiler	B-Language
and	O
clvk	O
runtime	O
layer	O
just	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
kernels	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open	O
language	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
community	O
of	O
contributors	O
listed	O
in	O
its	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
was	O
initially	O
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
holds	O
trademark	O
rights	O
,	O
and	O
refined	O
into	O
an	O
initial	O
proposal	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
technical	O
teams	O
at	O
AMD	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Qualcomm	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
and	O
Nvidia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
submitted	O
this	O
initial	O
proposal	O
to	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
16	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
Khronos	B-Library
Compute	O
Working	O
Group	O
was	O
formed	O
with	O
representatives	O
from	O
CPU	B-Device
,	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
embedded-processor	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
group	O
worked	O
for	O
five	O
months	O
to	O
finish	O
the	O
technical	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
specification	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
by	O
November	O
18	O
,	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technical	O
specification	O
was	O
reviewed	O
by	O
the	O
Khronos	B-Library
members	O
and	O
approved	O
for	O
public	O
release	O
on	O
December	O
8	O
,	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
released	O
with	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
on	O
August	O
28	O
,	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
further	O
extends	O
support	O
for	O
modern	O
hardware	B-Architecture
with	O
Open	B-Application
Computing	I-Application
Language	I-Application
(	O
OpenCL	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
lets	O
any	O
application	O
tap	O
into	O
the	O
vast	O
gigaflops	O
of	O
GPU	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
power	B-Device
previously	O
available	O
only	O
to	O
graphics	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
has	O
been	O
proposed	O
as	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
decided	O
to	O
support	O
OpenCL	B-Application
instead	O
of	O
the	O
now	O
deprecated	O
Close	O
to	O
Metal	B-Library
in	O
its	O
Stream	B-Library
framework	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
RapidMind	O
announced	O
their	O
adoption	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
underneath	O
their	O
development	O
platform	O
to	O
support	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
from	O
multiple	O
vendors	O
with	O
one	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
9	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
announced	O
its	O
intention	O
to	O
add	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
specification	O
to	O
its	O
GPU	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
Toolkit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
30	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
IBM	O
released	O
its	O
first	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
XL	O
compilers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acceleration	O
of	O
calculations	O
with	O
factor	O
to	O
1000	O
are	O
possible	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
in	O
graphic	O
cards	O
against	O
normal	O
CPU	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
important	O
features	O
of	O
next	O
Version	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
are	O
optional	O
in	O
1.0	O
like	O
double	O
-	O
or	O
half-precision	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
1.1	O
was	O
ratified	O
by	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
on	O
June	O
14	O
,	O
2010	O
and	O
adds	O
significant	O
functionality	O
for	O
enhanced	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
flexibility	O
,	O
functionality	O
,	O
and	O
performance	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Handling	O
commands	O
from	O
multiple	O
host	O
threads	O
and	O
processing	O
buffers	O
across	O
multiple	O
devices	B-Architecture
;	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
OpenCL	B-Application
built-in	O
C	B-Language
functions	I-Language
such	O
as	O
integer	O
clamp	O
,	O
shuffle	O
,	O
and	O
asynchronous	O
strided	O
copies	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
OpenGL	B-Application
interoperability	O
through	O
efficient	O
sharing	O
of	O
images	O
and	O
buffers	O
by	O
linking	O
OpenCL	B-Application
and	O
OpenGL	B-Application
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
15	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
announced	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
specification	O
,	O
which	O
added	O
significant	O
functionality	O
over	O
the	O
previous	O
versions	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
performance	O
and	O
features	O
for	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Device	O
partitioning	O
:	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
partition	O
a	O
device	O
into	O
sub-devices	O
so	O
that	O
work	O
assignments	O
can	O
be	O
allocated	O
to	O
individual	O
compute	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Separate	O
compilation	B-Language
and	O
linking	O
of	O
objects	O
:	O
the	O
functionality	O
to	O
compile	B-Language
OpenCL	B-Application
into	O
external	O
libraries	O
for	O
inclusion	O
into	O
other	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
OpenGL	B-Application
sharing	O
extensions	O
now	O
allow	O
for	O
OpenGL	B-Application
1D	O
textures	O
and	O
1D/2D	O
texture	O
arrays	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
OpenCL	B-Application
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Built-in	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
:	O
custom	O
devices	B-Architecture
that	O
contain	O
specific	O
unique	O
functionality	O
are	O
now	O
integrated	O
more	O
closely	O
into	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
framework	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kernels	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
called	O
to	O
use	O
specialised	O
or	O
non-programmable	O
aspects	O
of	O
underlying	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
video	O
encoding/decoding	O
and	O
digital	B-Architecture
signal	I-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
DirectX	O
functionality	O
:	O
DX9	O
media	O
surface	O
sharing	O
allows	O
for	O
efficient	O
sharing	O
between	O
OpenCL	B-Application
and	O
DX9	O
or	O
DXVA	B-General_Concept
media	O
surfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Equally	O
,	O
for	O
DX11	O
,	O
seamless	O
sharing	O
between	O
OpenCL	B-Application
and	O
DX11	O
surfaces	O
is	O
enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
force	O
IEEE	O
754	O
compliance	O
for	O
single-precision	O
floating-point	O
math	O
:	O
OpenCL	B-Application
by	O
default	O
allows	O
the	O
single-precision	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
division	O
,	O
reciprocal	O
,	O
and	O
square	O
root	O
operation	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
accurate	O
than	O
the	O
correctly	O
rounded	O
values	O
that	O
IEEE	O
754	O
requires	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
programmer	O
passes	O
the	O
"	O
-cl-fp32-correctly-rounded-divide-sqrt	O
"	O
command	O
line	O
argument	O
to	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
these	O
three	O
operations	O
will	O
be	O
computed	O
to	O
IEEE	O
754	O
requirements	O
if	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
supports	O
this	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
fail	O
to	O
compile	B-Language
if	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
computing	O
these	O
operations	O
to	O
their	O
correctly	O
rounded	O
values	O
as	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
IEEE	O
754	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ability	O
is	O
supplemented	O
by	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
query	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
it	O
can	O
perform	O
these	O
operations	O
to	O
IEEE	O
754	O
accuracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
18	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
announced	O
the	O
ratification	O
and	O
public	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
finalized	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Updates	O
and	O
additions	O
to	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ratification	O
and	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
provisional	O
specification	O
was	O
announced	O
on	O
March	O
3	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Game	O
Developer	O
Conference	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C++	B-Language
kernel	B-Operating_System
language	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
C++14	B-Language
,	O
while	O
maintaining	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
preexisting	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
kernel	B-Operating_System
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vulkan	B-Application
and	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
share	O
SPIR-V	B-Application
as	O
an	O
intermediate	B-Application
representation	I-Application
allowing	O
high-level	O
language	O
front-ends	O
to	O
share	O
a	O
common	O
compilation	B-Language
target	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Updates	O
to	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
API	B-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
,	O
ARM	B-Architecture
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
HPC	O
,	O
and	O
YetiWare	O
have	O
declared	O
support	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
brings	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C++	B-Language
kernel	B-Operating_System
language	O
into	O
the	O
core	O
specification	O
for	O
significantly	O
enhanced	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C++	B-Language
kernel	B-Operating_System
language	O
is	O
a	O
static	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
C++14	B-Language
standard	O
and	O
includes	O
classes	O
,	O
templates	O
,	O
lambda	O
expressions	O
,	O
function	O
overloads	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
constructs	O
for	O
generic	O
and	O
meta-programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uses	O
the	O
new	O
Khronos	B-Library
SPIR-V	B-Application
1.1	O
intermediate	O
language	O
which	O
fully	O
supports	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C++	B-Language
kernel	B-Operating_System
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
library	B-Library
functions	I-Library
can	O
now	O
use	O
the	O
C++	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
provide	O
increased	O
safety	O
and	O
reduced	O
undefined	O
behavior	O
while	O
accessing	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
atomics	O
,	O
iterators	O
,	O
images	O
,	O
samplers	O
,	O
pipes	O
,	O
and	O
device	O
queue	O
built-in	O
types	O
and	O
address	O
spaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pipe	O
storage	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
device-side	O
type	O
in	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
that	O
is	O
useful	O
for	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
implementations	O
by	O
making	O
connectivity	O
size	O
and	O
type	O
known	O
at	O
compile	B-Language
time	O
,	O
enabling	O
efficient	O
device-scope	O
communication	O
between	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
also	O
includes	O
features	O
for	O
enhanced	O
optimization	O
of	O
generated	O
code	O
:	O
applications	O
can	O
provide	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
specialization	O
constant	O
at	O
SPIR-V	B-Application
compilation	B-Language
time	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
query	O
can	O
detect	O
non-trivial	O
constructors	O
and	O
destructors	O
of	O
program	O
scope	O
global	O
objects	O
,	O
and	O
user	O
callbacks	O
can	O
be	O
set	O
at	O
program	O
release	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Runs	O
on	O
any	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0-capable	O
hardware	B-Architecture
(	O
only	O
a	O
driver	O
update	O
is	O
required	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
specification	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
September	O
30	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
after	O
being	O
in	O
preview	O
since	O
April	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
functionality	O
has	O
become	O
a	O
mandatory	O
baseline	O
,	O
while	O
all	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.x	O
and	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
features	O
were	O
made	O
optional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specification	O
retains	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
deprecates	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C++	B-Language
Kernel	B-Operating_System
Language	O
,	O
replacing	O
it	O
with	O
the	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
language	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
Clang/LLVM	O
compiler	B-Language
which	O
implements	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
C++17	B-Language
and	O
SPIR-V	B-Application
intermediate	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.0.7	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
with	O
some	O
Khronos	B-Library
openCL	B-Application
extensions	O
were	O
presented	O
at	O
IWOCL	O
21	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVIDIA	O
,	O
working	O
closely	O
with	O
the	O
Khronos	B-Library
OpenCL	B-Application
Working	O
Group	O
,	O
improved	O
Vulkan	B-Application
Interop	O
with	O
semaphores	O
and	O
memory	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
releasing	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
announced	O
that	O
OpenCL	B-Application
would	O
converge	O
where	O
possible	O
with	O
Vulkan	B-Application
to	O
enable	O
OpenCL	B-Application
software	O
deployment	O
flexibility	O
over	O
both	O
APIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
been	O
now	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
Adobe	O
's	O
Premiere	O
Rush	O
using	O
the	O
clspv	O
open	O
source	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
compile	B-Language
significant	O
amounts	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
kernel	B-Operating_System
code	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
Vulkan	B-Application
runtime	O
for	O
deployment	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
has	O
a	O
forward	O
looking	O
roadmap	O
independent	O
of	O
Vulkan	B-Application
,	O
with	O
'	O
OpenCL	B-Application
Next	O
 '	O
under	O
development	O
and	O
targeting	O
release	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
Next	O
may	O
integrate	O
extensions	O
such	O
as	O
Vulkan	B-Application
/	O
OpenCL	B-Application
Interop	O
,	O
Scratch-Pad	O
Memory	O
Management	O
,	O
Extended	O
Subgroups	O
,	O
SPIR-V	B-Application
1.4	O
ingestion	O
and	O
SPIR-V	B-Application
Extended	O
debug	O
info	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
is	O
also	O
considering	O
Vulkan-like	O
loader	O
and	O
layers	O
and	O
a	O
‘	O
Flexible	O
Profile’	O
for	O
deployment	O
flexibility	O
on	O
multiple	O
accelerator	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
consists	O
of	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
headers	O
and	O
a	O
shared	O
object	O
that	O
is	O
loaded	O
at	O
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
support	O
Nvidia	O
devices	B-Architecture
on	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
platform	O
,	O
the	O
Nvidia	O
ICD	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
such	O
that	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
runtime	O
(	O
the	O
ICD	O
loader	O
)	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
locate	O
the	O
ICD	O
for	O
the	O
vendor	O
and	O
redirect	O
the	O
calls	O
appropriately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
OpenCL	B-Application
header	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
consumer	O
application	O
;	O
calls	O
to	O
each	O
function	O
are	O
then	O
proxied	O
by	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
runtime	O
to	O
the	O
appropriate	O
driver	O
using	O
the	O
ICD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
vendor	O
must	O
implement	O
each	O
OpenCL	B-Application
call	O
in	O
their	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
,	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
,	O
RapidMind	O
and	O
Gallium3D	O
implementations	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
are	O
all	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
LLVM	B-Application
Compiler	B-Language
technology	O
and	O
use	O
the	O
Clang	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
as	O
their	O
frontend	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MESA	B-Application
Gallium	O
Compute	O
An	O
implementation	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
(	O
actual	O
1.1	O
incomplete	O
,	O
mostly	O
done	O
AMD	B-Device
Radeon	I-Device
GCN	B-Architecture
)	O
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
platforms	O
is	O
maintained	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Gallium	O
Compute	O
Project	O
,	O
which	O
builds	O
on	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
the	O
Mesa	B-Application
project	I-Application
to	O
support	O
multiple	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formerly	O
this	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
CLOVER.	O
,	O
actual	O
development	O
:	O
mostly	O
support	O
for	O
running	O
incomplete	O
framework	B-Architecture
with	O
actual	O
LLVM	B-Application
and	O
CLANG	B-Application
,	O
some	O
new	O
features	O
like	O
fp16	O
in	O
17.3	O
,	O
Target	O
complete	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
,	O
1.1	O
and	O
1.2	O
for	O
AMD	O
and	O
Nvidia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Basic	O
Development	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
Red	O
Hat	O
with	O
SPIR-V	B-Application
also	O
for	O
Clover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Target	O
is	O
modular	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
with	O
full	O
support	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RustiCL	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
implementation	O
for	O
Gallium	O
compute	O
with	O
Rust	B-Application
instead	O
of	O
C	B-Language
for	O
better	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Mesa	B-Application
22.2	O
experimental	O
implementation	O
is	O
available	O
with	O
openCL	B-Application
3.0-support	O
and	O
image	O
extension	O
implementation	O
for	O
programs	O
like	O
Darktable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
Xe	O
(	O
Arc	O
)	O
and	O
AMD	O
GCN+	O
are	O
supported	O
in	O
Mesa	B-Application
22.3	O
+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
R600	O
and	O
Nvidia	O
Kepler+	O
are	O
also	O
target	O
of	O
hardware	B-Architecture
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RustiCL	O
outperform	O
AMD	O
ROCM	B-Operating_System
with	O
Radeon	B-Device
RX	O
6700	O
XT	O
hardware	B-Architecture
at	O
Luxmark	O
Benchmark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BEIGNET	O
An	O
implementation	O
by	O
Intel	O
for	O
its	O
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
+	I-Device
hardware	B-Architecture
was	O
released	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actual	O
Version	O
1.3.2	O
support	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
complete	O
(	O
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
and	O
higher	O
)	O
and	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
optional	O
for	O
Skylake	B-Architecture
and	O
newer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
support	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
has	O
been	O
added	O
to	O
Beignet.	O
,	O
actual	O
development	O
targets	O
:	O
only	O
support	O
for	O
1.2	O
and	O
2.0	O
,	O
road	O
to	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
,	O
2.2	O
,	O
3.0	O
is	O
gone	O
to	O
NEO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEO	O
An	O
implementation	O
by	O
Intel	O
for	O
Gen	O
.	O
8	O
Broadwell	B-General_Concept
+	O
Gen	O
.	O
9	O
hardware	B-Architecture
released	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
driver	O
replaces	O
Beignet	O
implementation	O
for	O
supported	O
platforms	O
(	O
not	O
older	O
6.gen	O
to	O
Haswell	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEO	O
provides	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
support	O
on	O
Core	O
platforms	O
and	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
on	O
Atom	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actual	O
in	O
2020	O
also	O
Graphic	O
Gen	O
11	O
Ice	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
and	O
Gen	O
12	O
Tiger	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
are	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
Alder	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
,	O
Tiger	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
to	O
Broadwell	B-General_Concept
with	O
Version	O
20.41	O
+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
now	O
optional	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
2.1	O
Features	O
complete	O
and	O
some	O
of	O
2.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Created	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
AMD	O
's	O
GPUOpen	B-Application
,	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
(	O
Radeon	B-Operating_System
Open	I-Operating_System
Compute	I-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
Linux	B-Application
project	O
built	O
on	O
OpenCL1.2	O
with	O
language	O
support	O
for	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
all	O
modern	O
AMD	O
CPUs	B-Device
and	O
APUs	O
(	O
actual	O
partly	O
GFX	O
7	O
,	O
GFX	O
8	O
and	O
9	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Intel	O
Gen7.5	O
+	O
CPUs	B-Device
(	O
only	O
with	O
PCI	O
3.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
version	O
1.9	O
support	O
is	O
in	O
some	O
points	O
extended	O
experimental	O
to	O
Hardware	B-Architecture
with	O
PCIe	O
2.0	O
and	O
without	O
atomics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROCm	B-Operating_System
Version	O
2.0	O
supports	O
Full	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
errors	O
and	O
limitations	O
are	O
on	O
the	O
todo	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.5	O
does	O
support	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.10	O
was	O
with	O
improvements	O
and	O
new	O
APIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Announced	O
at	O
SC20	O
is	O
ROCm	B-Operating_System
4.0	O
with	O
support	O
of	O
AMD	O
Compute	O
Card	O
Instinct	O
MI	O
100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actual	O
documentation	O
of	O
5.4.3	O
and	O
before	O
is	O
available	O
at	O
github	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
is	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
POCL	O
A	O
portable	O
implementation	O
supporting	O
CPUs	B-Device
and	O
some	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
(	O
via	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
and	O
HSA	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
Clang	B-Application
and	O
LLVM	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
version	O
1.0	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
was	O
nearly	O
fully	O
implemented	O
along	O
with	O
some	O
2.x	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.2	O
is	O
with	O
LLVM/CLANG	O
6.0	O
,	O
7.0	O
and	O
Full	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
support	O
with	O
all	O
closed	O
tickets	O
in	O
Milestone	O
1.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
is	O
nearly	O
full	O
implemented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.3	O
Supports	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.4	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
LLVM	B-Application
8.0	O
and	O
9.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.5	O
implements	O
LLVM/Clang	O
10	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.6	O
implements	O
LLVM/Clang	O
11	O
support	O
and	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
Acceleration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actual	O
targets	O
are	O
complete	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.x	O
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
and	O
improvement	O
of	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.7	O
implements	O
LLVM/Clang	O
12	O
support	O
and	O
some	O
new	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.8	O
implements	O
LLVM/Clang	O
13	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.0	O
implements	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
at	O
minimum	O
level	O
and	O
LLVM/Clang	O
14	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.1	O
works	O
with	O
LLVM/Clang	O
15	O
and	O
improved	O
Spir-V	B-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shamrock	O
A	O
Port	O
of	O
Mesa	B-Application
Clover	O
for	O
ARM	B-Architecture
with	O
full	O
support	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
,	O
no	O
actual	O
development	O
for	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FreeOCL	O
A	O
CPU	B-Device
focused	O
implementation	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
that	O
implements	O
an	O
external	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
create	O
a	O
more	O
reliable	O
platform	O
,	O
no	O
actual	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MOCL	O
An	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
based	O
on	O
POCL	O
by	O
the	O
NUDT	O
researchers	O
for	O
Matrix-2000	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
programming	O
framework	B-Architecture
is	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
LLVM	B-Application
v5.0	O
and	O
reuses	O
some	O
code	O
pieces	O
from	O
POCL	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
unlock	O
the	O
hardware	B-Architecture
potential	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
runtime	O
uses	O
a	O
push-based	O
task	O
dispatching	O
strategy	O
and	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
atomics	O
is	O
improved	O
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
framework	B-Architecture
has	O
been	O
deployed	O
on	O
the	O
TH-2A	O
system	O
and	O
is	O
readily	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VC4CL	O
An	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
implementation	O
for	O
the	O
VideoCore	B-General_Concept
IV	I-General_Concept
(	O
BCM2763	O
)	O
processor	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
before	O
its	O
model	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
,	O
2008	O
:	O
During	O
Apple	O
's	O
WWDC	O
conference	O
an	O
early	O
beta	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
was	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
participants	O
,	O
it	O
included	O
the	O
first	O
beta	O
implementation	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
,	O
about	O
6	O
months	O
before	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
1.0	O
specification	O
was	O
ratified	O
late	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
showed	O
task	B-Operating_System
parallelism	I-Operating_System
,	O
on	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
demo	O
was	O
a	O
N-body	O
simulation	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
of	O
a	O
Mac	O
Pro	O
,	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
10	O
,	O
2008	O
:	O
AMD	O
and	O
Nvidia	O
held	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
OpenCL	B-Application
demonstration	O
,	O
a	O
75-minute	O
presentation	O
at	O
SIGGRAPH	O
Asia	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
showed	O
a	O
CPU-accelerated	O
OpenCL	B-Application
demo	O
explaining	O
the	O
scalability	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
on	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
cores	O
while	O
Nvidia	O
showed	O
a	O
GPU-accelerated	O
demo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
16	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
at	O
the	O
4th	O
Multicore	B-Architecture
Expo	O
,	O
Imagination	O
Technologies	O
announced	O
the	O
PowerVR	B-Device
SGX543MP	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
GPU	B-Architecture
of	O
this	O
company	O
to	O
feature	O
OpenCL	B-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
26	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
at	O
GDC	O
2009	O
,	O
AMD	O
and	O
Havok	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
working	O
implementation	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
accelerating	O
Havok	O
Cloth	O
on	O
AMD	B-Device
Radeon	I-Device
HD	O
4000	O
series	O
GPU	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
20	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
Nvidia	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
its	O
OpenCL	B-Application
driver	O
and	O
SDK	B-Application
to	O
developers	O
participating	O
in	O
its	O
OpenCL	B-Application
Early	O
Access	O
Program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
5	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
AMD	O
unveiled	O
the	O
first	O
development	O
tools	O
for	O
its	O
OpenCL	B-Application
platform	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
ATI	O
Stream	O
SDK	B-Application
v2.0	O
Beta	O
Program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
28	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
Apple	O
released	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
,	O
which	O
contains	O
a	O
full	O
implementation	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
28	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
Nvidia	O
released	O
its	O
own	O
OpenCL	B-Application
drivers	O
and	O
SDK	B-Application
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
13	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
AMD	O
released	O
the	O
fourth	O
beta	O
of	O
the	O
ATI	O
Stream	O
SDK	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
complete	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
on	O
both	O
R700/R800	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
and	O
SSE3	B-General_Concept
capable	O
CPUs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SDK	B-Application
is	O
available	O
for	O
both	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
26	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
Nvidia	O
released	O
drivers	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
(	O
rev	O
48	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
27	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
S3	O
released	O
their	O
first	O
product	O
supporting	O
native	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
–	O
the	O
Chrome	O
5400E	O
embedded	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
10	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
VIA	O
released	O
their	O
first	O
product	O
supporting	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
–	O
ChromotionHD	O
2.0	O
video	O
processor	O
included	O
in	O
VN1000	O
chipset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
21	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
AMD	O
released	O
the	O
production	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
ATI	O
Stream	O
SDK	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
support	O
for	O
R800	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
and	O
beta	O
support	O
for	O
R700	B-Device
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
1	O
,	O
2010	O
:	O
ZiiLABS	B-General_Concept
released	O
details	O
of	O
their	O
first	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
for	O
the	O
ZMS	O
processor	O
for	O
handheld	O
,	O
embedded	O
and	O
digital	O
home	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
30	O
,	O
2010	O
:	O
IBM	O
released	O
a	O
fully	O
conformant	O
version	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
13	O
,	O
2010	O
:	O
Intel	O
released	O
details	O
of	O
their	O
first	O
OpenCL	B-Application
implementation	O
for	O
the	O
Sandy	O
Bridge	O
chip	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sandy	O
Bridge	O
will	O
integrate	O
Intel	O
's	O
newest	O
graphics	O
chip	O
technology	O
directly	O
onto	O
the	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
15	O
,	O
2010	O
:	O
Wolfram	B-Application
Research	I-Application
released	O
Mathematica	B-Language
8	I-Language
with	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
3	O
,	O
2011	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
Group	I-Library
announces	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
the	O
WebCL	B-Library
working	O
group	O
to	O
explore	O
defining	O
a	O
JavaScript	B-Language
binding	O
to	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
creates	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
harness	O
GPU	B-Architecture
and	O
multi-core	B-Architecture
CPU	I-Architecture
parallel	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
31	O
,	O
2011	O
:	O
IBM	O
released	O
a	O
fully	O
conformant	O
version	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
25	O
,	O
2011	O
:	O
IBM	O
released	O
OpenCL	B-Application
Common	O
Runtime	O
v0.1	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
on	O
x86	B-Operating_System
Architecture	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
4	O
,	O
2011	O
:	O
Nokia	O
Research	O
releases	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
WebCL	B-Library
extension	O
for	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
providing	O
a	O
JavaScript	B-Language
binding	O
to	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
July	O
1	O
,	O
2011	O
:	O
Samsung	B-Application
Electronics	O
releases	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
prototype	O
implementation	O
of	O
WebCL	B-Library
for	O
WebKit	O
,	O
providing	O
a	O
JavaScript	B-Language
binding	O
to	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
8	O
,	O
2011	O
:	O
AMD	O
released	O
the	O
OpenCL-driven	O
AMD	O
Accelerated	O
Parallel	B-Operating_System
Processing	I-Operating_System
(	O
APP	O
)	O
Software	B-Application
Development	I-Application
Kit	I-Application
(	O
SDK	B-Application
)	O
v2.5	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
ATI	O
Stream	O
SDK	B-Application
as	O
technology	O
and	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
12	O
,	O
2011	O
:	O
AMD	O
released	O
AMD	O
APP	O
SDK	B-Application
v2.6	O
which	O
contains	O
a	O
preview	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
February	O
27	O
,	O
2012	O
:	O
The	B-Application
Portland	I-Application
Group	I-Application
released	O
the	O
PGI	O
OpenCL	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
for	O
multi-core	B-Architecture
ARM	B-Architecture
CPUs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
17	O
,	O
2012	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
released	O
a	O
WebCL	B-Library
working	O
draft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
6	O
,	O
2013	O
:	O
Altera	O
released	O
the	O
Altera	O
SDK	B-Application
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
,	O
version	O
13.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
conformant	O
to	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
18	O
,	O
2013	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
that	O
the	O
specification	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
had	O
been	O
finalized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
19	O
,	O
2014	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
releases	O
the	O
WebCL	B-Library
1.0	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
29	O
,	O
2014	O
:	O
Intel	O
releases	O
HD	O
Graphics	O
5300	O
driver	O
that	O
supports	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
25	O
,	O
2014	O
:	O
AMD	O
releases	O
Catalyst	O
14.41	O
RC1	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
an	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
January	O
14	O
,	O
2015	O
:	O
Xilinx	O
Inc	O
.	O
announces	O
SDAccel	O
development	O
environment	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
and	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
achieves	O
Khronos	B-Library
Conformance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
13	O
,	O
2015	O
:	O
Nvidia	O
releases	O
WHQL	O
driver	O
v350.12	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.2	O
support	O
for	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
based	O
on	O
Kepler	B-General_Concept
or	O
later	O
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Driver	O
340+	O
support	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.1	O
for	O
Tesla	B-Operating_System
and	O
Fermi	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
26	O
,	O
2015	O
:	O
AMD	O
released	O
AMD	O
APP	O
SDK	B-Application
v3.0	O
which	O
contains	O
full	O
support	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
and	O
sample	O
coding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
16	O
,	O
2015	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
that	O
the	O
specification	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
had	O
been	O
finalized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
18	O
,	O
2016	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
that	O
the	O
specification	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
had	O
been	O
provisionally	O
finalized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
3	O
,	O
2016	O
Intel	O
support	O
for	O
Gen7+	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
in	O
SDK	B-Application
2016	O
r3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
February	O
17	O
,	O
2017	O
:	O
Nvidia	O
begins	O
evaluation	O
support	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.0	O
with	O
driver	O
378.66	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
16	O
,	O
2017	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
that	O
the	O
specification	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
had	O
been	O
finalized	O
with	O
SPIR-V	B-Application
1.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
14	O
,	O
2018	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
Maintenance	O
Update	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
with	O
Bugfix	O
and	O
unified	O
headers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
27	O
,	O
2020	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
provisional	O
Version	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
1	O
,	O
2020	O
:	O
Intel	O
Neo	O
Runtime	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
for	O
new	O
Tiger	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
3	O
,	O
2020	O
:	O
AMD	O
announced	O
RocM	B-Operating_System
3.5	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.2	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
30	O
,	O
2020	O
:	O
Khronos	B-Library
announced	O
that	O
the	O
specifications	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
had	O
been	O
finalized	O
(	O
CTS	O
also	O
available	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
16	O
,	O
2020	O
:	O
Intel	O
announced	O
with	O
Neo	O
20.41	O
support	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
(	O
includes	O
mostly	O
of	O
optional	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.x	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
6	O
,	O
2021	O
:	O
Nvidia	O
supports	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
for	O
Ampere	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maxwell	B-General_Concept
and	O
later	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
also	O
supports	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
with	O
Nvidia	O
driver	O
465+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
20	O
,	O
2022	O
:	O
Intel	B-Device
Arc	I-Device
Alchemist	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
(	O
Arc	O
A380	O
,	O
A350M	O
,	O
A370M	O
,	O
A550M	O
,	O
A730M	O
and	O
A770M	O
)	O
are	O
conformant	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
14	O
,	O
2022	O
:	O
Arm	B-Architecture
Mali-G615	O
and	O
Mali-G715	O
Immortalis	O
are	O
conformant	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
11	O
,	O
2022	O
:	O
The	O
RustiCL	O
OpenCL	B-Application
Library	B-Library
is	O
conformant	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
runs	O
on	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
(	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
SIMD	B-Device
instructions	O
,	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
,	O
Movidius	B-General_Concept
Myriad	I-General_Concept
2	I-General_Concept
,	O
Adapteva	B-Application
Epiphany	I-Application
and	O
DSPs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
be	O
officially	O
conformant	O
,	O
an	O
implementation	O
must	O
pass	O
the	O
Khronos	B-Library
Conformance	O
Test	O
Suite	O
(	O
CTS	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
results	O
being	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
Khronos	B-Library
Adopters	O
Program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Khronos	B-Library
CTS	O
code	O
for	O
all	O
OpenCL	B-Application
versions	O
has	O
been	O
available	O
in	O
open	O
source	O
since	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Library
Khronos	I-Library
Group	I-Library
maintains	O
an	O
extended	O
list	O
of	O
OpenCL-conformant	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synopsis	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
conformant	O
productsAMD	O
SDKs	O
(	O
supports	O
OpenCL	B-Application
CPU	B-Device
and	O
APU	B-Architecture
devices	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
:	O
Terascale	B-Architecture
1	O
:	O
OpenCL	B-Application
1.1	O
,	O
Terascale	B-Architecture
2	O
:	O
1.2	O
,	O
GCN	B-Architecture
1	O
:	O
1.2	O
+	O
,	O
GCN	B-Architecture
2+	O
:	O
2.0	O
+	O
)	O
X86	B-Operating_System
+	O
SSE2	B-General_Concept
(	O
or	O
higher	O
)	O
compatible	O
CPUs	B-Device
64-bit	O
&	O
32-bit	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
2.6	O
PC	O
,	O
Windows	O
Vista/7/8.x/10	O
PCAMD	O
Fusion	O
E-350	O
,	O
E-240	O
,	O
C-50	O
,	O
C-30	O
with	O
HD	O
6310/HD	O
6250AMD	O
Radeon/Mobility	O
HD	O
6800	O
,	O
HD	O
5x00	O
series	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
iGPU	O
HD	O
6310/HD	O
6250	O
,	O
HD	O
7xxx	O
,	O
HD	O
8xxx	O
,	O
R2xx	O
,	O
R3xx	O
,	O
RX	O
4xx	O
,	O
RX	O
5xx	O
,	O
Vega	O
SeriesAMD	O
FirePro	O
Vx800	O
series	O
GPU	B-Architecture
and	O
later	O
,	O
Radeon	B-Device
Pro	O
Intel	O
SDK	B-Application
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
Applications	O
2013	O
(	O
supports	O
Intel	B-Device
Core	I-Device
processors	O
and	O
Intel	O
HD	O
Graphics	O
4000/2500	O
)	O
2017	O
R2	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
(	O
Gen7+	O
)	O
,	O
SDK	B-Application
2019	O
removed	O
OpenCL	B-Application
2.1	O
,	O
Actual	O
SDK	B-Application
2020	O
update	O
3Intel	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
SSE	B-General_Concept
4.1	O
,	O
SSE	B-General_Concept
4.2	O
or	O
AVX	B-General_Concept
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Products	O
and	O
their	O
version	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
support	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2021	O
)	O
Arm	B-Architecture
Mali-G78	O
,	O
Mali-G310	O
,	O
Mali-G510	O
,	O
Mali-G610	O
,	O
Mali-G710	O
and	O
Mali-G78AE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2021	O
)	O
Nvidia	B-General_Concept
Maxwell	I-General_Concept
,	O
Pascal	B-General_Concept
,	O
Volta	B-General_Concept
,	O
Turing	O
and	O
Ampere	B-General_Concept
with	O
Nvidia	O
graphics	O
driver	O
465+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2022	O
)	O
Nvidia	O
Ada	B-General_Concept
Lovelace	I-General_Concept
with	O
Nvidia	O
graphics	O
driver	O
525+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
feature	O
of	O
OpenCL	B-Application
is	O
portability	O
,	O
via	O
its	O
abstracted	O
memory	O
and	O
execution	B-Device
model	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
programmer	O
is	O
not	O
able	O
to	O
directly	O
use	O
hardware-specific	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
inline	O
Parallel	O
Thread	O
Execution	O
(	O
PTX	O
)	O
for	O
Nvidia	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
unless	O
they	O
are	O
willing	O
to	O
give	O
up	O
direct	O
portability	O
on	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
any	O
OpenCL	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
on	O
any	O
conformant	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
not	O
necessarily	O
portable	O
across	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
implementations	O
have	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
competitive	O
when	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
code	O
is	O
properly	O
tuned	O
,	O
though	O
,	O
and	O
auto-tuning	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
as	O
a	O
solution	O
to	O
the	O
performance	O
portability	O
problem	O
,	O
yielding	O
"	O
acceptable	O
levels	O
of	O
performance	O
"	O
in	O
experimental	O
linear	O
algebra	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portability	O
of	O
an	O
entire	O
application	O
containing	O
multiple	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
with	O
differing	O
behaviors	O
was	O
also	O
studied	O
,	O
and	O
shows	O
that	O
portability	O
only	O
required	O
limited	O
tradeoffs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
at	O
Delft	O
University	O
from	O
2011	O
that	O
compared	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
programs	O
and	O
their	O
straightforward	O
translation	O
into	O
OpenCL	B-Application
C	B-Language
found	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
to	O
outperform	O
OpenCL	B-Application
by	O
at	O
most	O
30%	O
on	O
the	O
Nvidia	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
researchers	O
noted	O
that	O
their	O
comparison	O
could	O
be	O
made	O
fairer	O
by	O
applying	O
manual	O
optimizations	O
to	O
the	O
OpenCL	B-Application
programs	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
there	O
was	O
"	O
no	O
reason	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
to	O
obtain	O
worse	O
performance	O
than	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
performance	O
differences	O
could	O
mostly	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
differences	O
in	O
the	O
programming	O
model	O
(	O
especially	O
the	O
memory	O
model	O
)	O
and	O
to	O
NVIDIA	O
's	O
compiler	B-Language
optimizations	O
for	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
compared	O
to	O
those	O
for	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
study	O
at	O
D-Wave	O
Systems	O
Inc	O
.	O
found	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
OpenCL	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
’s	O
performance	O
is	O
between	O
about	O
13%	O
and	O
63%	O
slower	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
end-to-end	O
time	O
is	O
between	O
about	O
16%	O
and	O
67%	O
slower	O
"	O
than	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
's	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fact	O
that	O
OpenCL	B-Application
allows	O
workloads	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
by	O
CPU	B-Device
and	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
executing	O
the	O
same	O
programs	O
,	O
means	O
that	O
programmers	O
can	O
exploit	O
both	O
by	O
dividing	O
work	O
among	O
the	O
devices	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
leads	O
to	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
deciding	O
how	O
to	O
partition	O
the	O
work	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
relative	O
speeds	O
of	O
operations	O
differ	O
among	O
the	O
devices	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	O
learning	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
to	O
solve	O
this	O
problem	O
:	O
Grewe	O
and	O
O'Boyle	O
describe	O
a	O
system	O
of	O
support-vector	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
trained	O
on	O
compile-time	O
features	O
of	O
program	O
that	O
can	O
decide	O
the	O
device	O
partitioning	O
problem	O
statically	O
,	O
without	O
actually	O
running	O
the	O
programs	O
to	O
measure	O
their	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
comparison	O
of	O
actual	O
graphic	O
cards	O
of	O
AMD	O
RDNA	O
2	O
and	O
Nvidia	O
RTX	O
Series	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
undecided	O
result	O
by	O
OpenCL-Tests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Possible	O
performance	O
increases	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Nvidia	B-Architecture
CUDA	I-Architecture
or	O
OptiX	O
were	O
not	O
tested	O
.	O
</s>
