<s>
OpenAI	O
is	O
an	O
American	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
research	O
laboratory	O
consisting	O
of	O
the	O
non-profit	O
OpenAI	O
Incorporated	O
and	O
its	O
for-profit	O
subsidiary	O
corporation	O
OpenAI	O
Limited	O
Partnership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
conducts	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
with	O
the	O
declared	O
intention	O
of	O
promoting	O
and	O
developing	O
a	O
friendly	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
systems	O
run	O
on	O
an	O
Azure-based	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
platform	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2015	O
,	O
Sam	O
Altman	O
,	O
Greg	O
Brockman	O
,	O
Reid	O
Hoffman	O
,	O
Jessica	O
Livingston	O
,	O
Peter	O
Thiel	O
,	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
AWS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Infosys	O
,	O
and	O
YC	O
Research	O
announced	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
OpenAI	O
and	O
pledged	O
over	O
$1billion	O
to	O
the	O
venture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Wired	O
,	O
Brockman	O
met	O
with	O
Yoshua	O
Bengio	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
founding	O
fathers	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
movement	O
,	O
and	O
drew	O
up	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
best	O
researchers	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
OpenAI	O
paid	O
corporate-level	O
(	O
rather	O
than	O
nonprofit-level	O
)	O
salaries	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
pay	O
AI	B-Application
researchers	O
salaries	O
comparable	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
Facebook	B-Application
or	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
Peter	O
Lee	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
top	O
AI	B-Application
researcher	O
exceeds	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
top	O
NFL	O
quarterback	O
prospect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
's	O
potential	O
and	O
mission	O
drew	O
these	O
researchers	O
to	O
the	O
firm	O
;	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
employee	O
said	O
he	O
was	O
willing	O
to	O
leave	O
Google	B-Application
for	O
OpenAI	O
"	O
partly	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
very	O
strong	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
and	O
,	O
to	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
extent	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
mission.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Brockman	O
stated	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
best	O
thing	O
that	O
I	O
could	O
imagine	O
doing	O
was	O
moving	O
humanity	O
closer	O
to	O
building	O
real	O
AI	B-Application
in	O
a	O
safe	O
way.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2016	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
released	O
"	O
Universe	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
platform	O
for	O
measuring	O
and	O
training	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
's	O
general	O
intelligence	O
across	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
supply	O
of	O
games	O
,	O
websites	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
,	O
DeepMind	B-Application
's	O
total	O
expenses	O
in	O
2017	O
were	O
$442million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
summer	O
2018	O
,	O
simply	O
training	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
Dota	B-Application
2	I-Application
bots	O
required	O
renting	O
128,000	O
CPUs	O
and	O
256	O
GPUs	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
for	O
multiple	O
weeks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
Musk	O
resigned	O
his	O
board	O
seat	O
,	O
citing	O
"	O
a	O
potential	O
future	O
conflict	O
[	O
of	O
interest ]	O
"	O
with	O
his	O
role	O
as	O
CEO	O
of	O
Tesla	O
due	O
to	O
Tesla	O
's	O
AI	B-Application
development	O
for	O
self-driving	O
cars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sam	O
Altman	O
claims	O
that	O
Musk	O
believed	O
OpenAI	O
had	O
fallen	O
behind	O
other	O
players	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Musk	O
proposed	O
instead	O
to	O
take	O
over	O
OpenAI	O
himself	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
board	O
rejected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
top	O
researchers	O
work	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
Brain	I-Application
,	O
DeepMind	B-Application
,	O
or	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
which	O
offer	O
stock	O
options	O
that	O
a	O
nonprofit	O
would	O
be	O
unable	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transition	O
from	O
a	O
nonprofit	O
to	O
a	O
capped-profit	O
company	O
was	O
viewed	O
with	O
skepticism	O
by	O
Oren	O
Etzioni	O
of	O
the	O
nonprofit	O
Allen	O
Institute	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
who	O
agreed	O
that	O
wooing	O
top	O
researchers	O
to	O
a	O
nonprofit	O
is	O
difficult	O
,	O
but	O
stated	O
"	O
I	O
disagree	O
with	O
the	O
notion	O
that	O
a	O
nonprofit	O
ca	O
n't	O
compete	O
"	O
and	O
pointed	O
to	O
successful	O
low-budget	O
projects	O
by	O
OpenAI	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
researchers	O
have	O
argued	O
that	O
OpenAI	O
LP	O
's	O
switch	O
to	O
for-profit	O
status	O
is	O
inconsistent	O
with	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
claims	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
democratizing	O
"	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
announced	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
trained	O
on	O
large	O
internet	O
datasets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
is	O
aimed	O
at	O
natural	O
language	O
answering	O
of	O
questions	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
translate	O
between	O
languages	O
and	O
coherently	O
generate	O
improvised	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
announced	O
that	O
an	O
associated	O
API	B-Application
,	O
named	O
simply	O
"	O
the	O
API	B-Application
"	O
,	O
would	O
form	O
the	O
heart	O
of	O
its	O
first	O
commercial	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
introduced	O
DALL-E	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
model	O
that	O
can	O
generate	O
digital	O
images	O
from	O
natural	O
language	O
descriptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2022	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
received	O
widespread	O
media	O
coverage	O
after	O
launching	O
a	O
free	O
preview	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
,	O
its	O
new	O
AI	B-Application
chatbot	B-Application
based	O
on	O
GPT-3.5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
investment	O
is	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
efforts	O
to	O
integrate	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
into	O
the	O
Bing	B-Application
search	I-Application
engine	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
similar	O
AI	B-Application
application	O
(	O
Bard	O
)	O
,	O
after	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
was	O
launched	O
,	O
fearing	O
that	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
could	O
threaten	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
place	O
as	O
a	O
go-to	O
source	O
for	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
7	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
building	O
AI	B-Application
technology	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
foundation	O
as	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
into	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Bing	I-Application
,	O
Edge	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
365	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
3	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Reid	O
Hoffman	O
resigned	O
from	O
his	O
board	O
seat	O
,	O
citing	O
a	O
desire	O
to	O
avoid	O
conflicts	O
of	O
interest	O
between	O
his	O
board	O
seat	O
at	O
OpenAI	O
and	O
his	O
investments	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
technology	O
companies	O
via	O
Greylock	O
Partners	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
his	O
role	O
as	O
the	O
co-founder	O
of	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
technology	O
startup	O
Inflection	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
14	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
released	O
GPT-4	O
,	O
both	O
as	O
an	O
API	B-Application
(	O
with	O
a	O
waitlist	O
)	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
feature	O
of	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
Plus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chief	O
Technology	O
Officer	O
:	O
Mira	O
Murati	O
,	O
previously	O
at	O
Leap	B-General_Concept
Motion	I-General_Concept
and	O
Tesla	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
scientists	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Stephen	O
Hawking	O
and	O
Stuart	O
Russell	O
,	O
have	O
articulated	O
concerns	O
that	O
if	O
advanced	O
AI	B-Application
someday	O
gains	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
re-design	O
itself	O
at	O
an	O
ever-increasing	O
rate	O
,	O
an	O
unstoppable	O
"	O
intelligence	O
explosion	O
"	O
could	O
lead	O
to	O
human	O
extinction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Co-founder	O
Musk	O
characterizes	O
AI	B-Application
as	O
humanity	O
's	O
"	O
biggest	O
existential	O
threat.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Seeking	O
to	O
mitigate	O
the	O
inherent	O
dangers	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
founders	O
structured	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
non-profit	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
could	O
focus	O
its	O
research	O
on	O
making	O
positive	O
long-term	O
contributions	O
to	O
humanity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
and	O
Altman	O
have	O
stated	O
they	O
are	O
partly	O
motivated	O
by	O
concerns	O
about	O
AI	B-Application
safety	O
and	O
the	O
existential	O
risk	O
from	O
artificial	O
general	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
states	O
that	O
"	O
it	O
's	O
hard	O
to	O
fathom	O
how	O
much	O
human-level	O
AI	B-Application
could	O
benefit	O
society	O
,	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
equally	O
difficult	O
to	O
comprehend	O
"	O
how	O
much	O
it	O
could	O
damage	O
society	O
if	O
built	O
or	O
used	O
incorrectly	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
on	O
safety	O
cannot	O
safely	O
be	O
postponed	O
:	O
"	O
because	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
's	O
surprising	O
history	O
,	O
it	O
's	O
hard	O
to	O
predict	O
when	O
human-level	O
AI	B-Application
might	O
come	O
within	O
reach.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
states	O
that	O
AI	B-Application
"	O
should	O
be	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
individual	O
human	O
wills	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
spirit	O
of	O
liberty	O
,	O
as	O
broadly	O
and	O
evenly	O
distributed	O
as	O
possible.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Cade	O
Metz	O
of	O
Wired	O
suggests	O
that	O
corporations	O
such	O
as	O
Amazon	B-Application
may	O
be	O
motivated	O
by	O
a	O
desire	O
to	O
use	O
open-source	B-License
software	O
and	O
data	O
to	O
level	O
the	O
playing	O
field	O
against	O
corporations	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
that	O
own	O
enormous	O
supplies	O
of	O
proprietary	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
could	O
sit	O
on	O
the	O
sidelines	O
or	O
we	O
can	O
encourage	O
regulatory	O
oversight	O
,	O
or	O
we	O
could	O
participate	O
with	O
the	O
right	O
structure	O
with	O
people	O
who	O
care	O
deeply	O
about	O
developing	O
AI	B-Application
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
is	O
safe	O
and	O
is	O
beneficial	O
to	O
humanity.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
acknowledged	O
that	O
"	O
there	O
is	O
always	O
some	O
risk	O
that	O
in	O
actually	O
trying	O
to	O
advance	O
(	O
friendly	O
)	O
AI	B-Application
we	O
may	O
create	O
the	O
thing	O
we	O
are	O
concerned	O
about	O
"	O
;	O
nonetheless	O
,	O
the	O
best	O
defense	O
is	O
"	O
to	O
empower	O
as	O
many	O
people	O
as	O
possible	O
to	O
have	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
everyone	O
has	O
AI	B-Application
powers	O
,	O
then	O
there	O
's	O
not	O
any	O
one	O
person	O
or	O
a	O
small	O
set	O
of	O
individuals	O
who	O
can	O
have	O
AI	B-Application
superpower.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
and	O
Altman	O
's	O
counter-intuitive	O
strategy	O
of	O
trying	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
that	O
AI	B-Application
will	O
cause	O
overall	O
harm	O
,	O
by	O
giving	O
AI	B-Application
to	O
everyone	O
,	O
is	O
controversial	O
among	O
those	O
who	O
are	O
concerned	O
with	O
existential	O
risk	O
from	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
initial	O
decision	O
to	O
withhold	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
due	O
to	O
a	O
wish	O
to	O
"	O
err	O
on	O
the	O
side	O
of	O
caution	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
potential	O
misuse	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
by	O
advocates	O
of	O
openness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
is	O
viewed	O
as	O
an	O
important	O
competitor	O
to	O
DeepMind	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Announced	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
Gym	O
aims	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
easily	O
implemented	O
general-intelligence	O
benchmark	O
over	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
environments	O
—	O
akin	O
to	O
,	O
but	O
broader	O
than	O
,	O
the	O
ImageNet	O
Large	O
Scale	O
Visual	O
Recognition	O
Challenge	O
used	O
in	O
supervised	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
hopes	O
to	O
standardize	O
the	O
way	O
in	O
which	O
environments	O
are	O
defined	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
publications	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
published	O
research	O
becomes	O
more	O
easily	O
reproducible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
June2017	O
,	O
Gym	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
September	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
Gym	O
documentation	O
site	O
was	O
not	O
maintained	O
,	O
and	O
active	O
work	O
focused	O
instead	O
on	O
its	O
GitHub	B-Application
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
RoboSumo	O
is	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
where	O
humanoid	O
metalearning	B-General_Concept
robot	O
agents	O
initially	O
lack	O
knowledge	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
even	O
walk	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
given	O
the	O
goals	O
of	O
learning	O
to	O
move	O
and	O
pushing	O
the	O
opposing	O
agent	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
ring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	B-Operating_System
Five	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
five	O
OpenAI-curated	O
bots	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
competitive	O
five-on-five	O
video	O
game	O
Dota	B-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
who	O
learn	O
to	O
play	O
against	O
human	O
players	O
at	O
a	O
high	O
skill	O
level	O
entirely	O
through	O
trial-and-error	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
match	O
,	O
CTO	O
Greg	O
Brockman	O
explained	O
that	O
the	O
bot	O
had	O
learned	O
by	O
playing	O
against	O
itself	O
for	O
two	O
weeks	O
of	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
learning	O
software	O
was	O
a	O
step	O
in	O
the	O
direction	O
of	O
creating	O
software	O
that	O
can	O
handle	O
complex	O
tasks	O
like	O
a	O
surgeon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
The	O
International	O
2018	O
,	O
OpenAI	B-Operating_System
Five	I-Operating_System
played	O
in	O
two	O
exhibition	O
matches	O
against	O
professional	O
players	O
,	O
but	O
ended	O
up	O
losing	O
both	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2019	O
,	O
OpenAI	B-Operating_System
Five	I-Operating_System
defeated	O
OG	O
,	O
the	O
reigning	O
world	O
champions	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
2:0	O
in	O
a	O
live	O
exhibition	O
match	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
is	O
to	O
research	O
whether	O
such	O
an	O
approach	O
may	O
assist	O
in	O
auditing	O
AI	B-Application
decisions	O
and	O
in	O
developing	O
explainable	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
learns	O
entirely	O
in	O
simulation	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
RL	O
algorithms	O
and	O
training	O
code	O
as	O
OpenAI	B-Operating_System
Five	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
tackled	O
the	O
object	O
orientation	O
problem	O
by	O
using	O
domain	B-General_Concept
randomization	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
simulation	O
approach	O
which	O
exposes	O
the	O
learner	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
experiences	O
rather	O
than	O
trying	O
to	O
fit	O
to	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
solved	O
this	O
by	O
improving	O
the	O
robustness	O
of	O
Dactyl	O
to	O
perturbations	O
;	O
they	O
employed	O
a	O
technique	O
called	O
Automatic	O
Domain	B-General_Concept
Randomization	I-General_Concept
(	O
ADR	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
simulation	O
approach	O
where	O
progressively	O
more	O
difficult	O
environments	O
are	O
endlessly	O
generated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADR	O
differs	O
from	O
manual	O
domain	B-General_Concept
randomization	I-General_Concept
by	O
not	O
needing	O
a	O
human	O
to	O
specify	O
randomization	O
ranges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
announced	O
a	O
multi-purpose	O
API	B-Application
which	O
it	O
said	O
was	O
"	O
for	O
accessing	O
new	O
AI	B-Application
models	O
developed	O
by	O
OpenAI	O
"	O
to	O
let	O
developers	O
call	O
on	O
it	O
for	O
"	O
any	O
English	O
language	O
AI	B-Application
task.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
paper	O
on	O
generative	O
pre-training	O
of	O
a	O
transformer-based	O
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
was	O
written	O
by	O
Alec	O
Radford	O
and	O
his	O
colleagues	O
,	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
preprint	O
on	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
website	O
on	O
June	O
11	O
,	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generative	O
Pre-trained	O
Transformer	B-Algorithm
2	O
(	O
"	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
"	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
unsupervised	B-General_Concept
transformer	B-Algorithm
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
and	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
original	O
GPT	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
was	O
first	O
announced	O
in	O
February	O
2019	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
limited	O
demonstrative	O
versions	O
initially	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
full	O
version	O
of	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
was	O
not	O
immediately	O
released	O
out	O
of	O
concern	O
over	O
potential	O
misuse	O
,	O
including	O
applications	O
for	O
writing	O
fake	O
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
experts	O
expressed	O
skepticism	O
that	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
posed	O
a	O
significant	O
threat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Allen	O
Institute	O
for	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
responded	O
to	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
detect	O
"	O
neural	O
fake	O
news	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
released	O
the	O
complete	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
websites	O
host	O
interactive	O
demonstrations	O
of	O
different	O
instances	O
of	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
transformer	B-Algorithm
models	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
'	O
s	O
authors	O
argue	O
unsupervised	B-General_Concept
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
to	O
be	O
general-purpose	O
learners	O
,	O
illustrated	O
by	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
achieving	O
state-of-the-art	O
accuracy	O
and	O
perplexity	B-Application
on	O
7	O
of	O
8	O
zero-shot	B-Algorithm
tasks	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
corpus	O
it	O
was	O
trained	O
on	O
,	O
called	O
WebText	O
,	O
contains	O
slightly	O
over	O
8	O
million	O
documents	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
40	O
gigabytes	O
of	O
text	O
from	O
URLs	O
shared	O
in	O
Reddit	B-Application
submissions	O
with	O
at	O
least	O
3	O
upvotes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
avoids	O
certain	O
issues	O
encoding	O
vocabulary	O
with	O
word	O
tokens	O
by	O
using	O
byte	B-Algorithm
pair	I-Algorithm
encoding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
described	O
in	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
Generative	O
Pre-trained	O
Transformer	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
an	O
unsupervised	B-General_Concept
transformer	B-Algorithm
language	B-Language
model	I-Language
and	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
stated	O
that	O
full	O
version	O
of	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
contains	O
175billion	O
parameters	O
,	O
two	O
orders	B-Device
of	I-Device
magnitude	I-Device
larger	O
than	O
the	O
1.5billion	O
parameters	O
in	O
the	O
full	O
version	O
of	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
(	O
although	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
models	O
with	O
as	O
few	O
as	O
125	O
million	O
parameters	O
were	O
also	O
trained	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
stated	O
that	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
succeeds	O
at	O
certain	O
"	O
meta-learning	B-General_Concept
"	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
gives	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
translation	O
and	O
cross-linguistic	O
transfer	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
between	O
English	O
and	O
Romanian	O
,	O
and	O
between	O
English	O
and	O
German	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
dramatically	O
improved	O
benchmark	O
results	O
over	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
cautioned	O
that	O
such	O
scaling	O
up	O
of	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
could	O
be	O
approaching	O
or	O
encountering	O
the	O
fundamental	O
capability	O
limitations	O
of	O
predictive	O
language	B-Language
models	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pre-training	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
required	O
several	O
thousand	O
petaflop/s	O
-days	O
of	O
compute	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
tens	O
of	O
petaflop/s	O
-days	O
for	O
the	O
full	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
that	O
of	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
'	O
s	O
fully	O
trained	O
model	O
was	O
not	O
immediately	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
of	O
possible	O
abuse	O
,	O
though	O
OpenAI	O
planned	O
to	O
allow	O
access	O
through	O
a	O
paid	O
cloud	O
API	B-Application
after	O
a	O
two-month	O
free	O
private	O
beta	O
that	O
began	O
in	O
June	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
23	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
was	O
licensed	O
exclusively	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Announced	O
in	O
mid-2021	O
,	O
Codex	O
is	O
a	O
descendant	O
of	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
that	O
has	O
additionally	O
been	O
trained	O
on	O
code	O
from	O
54	O
million	O
GitHub	B-Application
repositories	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
powering	O
the	O
code	O
autocompletion	O
tool	O
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2021	O
,	O
an	O
API	B-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
private	O
beta	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
OpenAI	O
,	O
the	O
model	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
create	O
working	O
code	O
in	O
over	O
a	O
dozen	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
most	O
effectively	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
has	O
been	O
accused	O
of	O
emitting	O
copyrighted	O
code	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
author	O
attribution	O
or	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
going	O
to	O
discontinue	O
support	O
for	O
Codex	O
API	B-Application
starting	O
from	O
March	O
23	O
,	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
14	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Generative	O
Pre-trained	O
Transformer	B-Algorithm
4	O
(	O
GPT-4	O
)	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
accepting	O
text	O
or	O
image	O
inputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenAI	O
announced	O
the	O
updated	O
technology	O
passed	O
a	O
simulated	O
law	O
school	O
bar	O
exam	O
with	O
a	O
score	O
around	O
the	O
top	O
10%	O
of	O
test	O
takers	O
;	O
by	O
contrast	O
,	O
the	O
prior	O
version	O
,	O
GPT-3.5	O
,	O
scored	O
around	O
the	O
bottom	O
10%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
MuseNet	O
is	O
a	O
deep	O
neural	B-Architecture
net	I-Architecture
trained	O
to	O
predict	O
subsequent	O
musical	O
notes	O
in	O
MIDI	O
music	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
Jukebox	O
is	O
an	O
open-sourced	O
algorithm	O
to	O
generate	B-Application
music	I-Application
with	O
vocals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
Microscope	O
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
visualizations	O
of	O
every	O
significant	O
layer	O
and	O
neuron	O
of	O
eight	O
different	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
models	I-Architecture
which	O
are	O
often	O
studied	O
in	O
interpretability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microscope	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
analyze	O
the	O
features	O
that	O
form	O
inside	O
these	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
easily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
models	O
included	O
are	O
AlexNet	B-Algorithm
,	O
VGG	O
19	O
,	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
Inception	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
CLIP	O
Resnet	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Revealed	O
in	O
2021	O
,	O
DALL-E	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
Transformer	B-Algorithm
model	I-Algorithm
that	O
creates	O
images	O
from	O
textual	O
descriptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DALL-E	B-General_Concept
uses	O
a	O
12-billion-parameter	O
version	O
of	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
to	O
interpret	O
natural	O
language	O
inputs	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
green	O
leather	O
purse	O
shaped	O
like	O
a	O
pentagon	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
an	O
isometric	O
view	O
of	O
a	O
sad	O
capybara	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
generate	O
corresponding	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
no	O
API	B-Application
or	O
code	O
is	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
released	O
a	O
paper	O
titled	O
Multimodal	O
Neurons	O
in	O
Artificial	B-Architecture
Neural	I-Architecture
Networks	I-Architecture
,	O
where	O
they	O
showed	O
a	O
detailed	O
analysis	O
of	O
CLIP	O
(	O
and	O
GPT	O
)	O
models	O
and	O
their	O
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
announced	O
DALL-E	B-General_Concept
2	I-General_Concept
,	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
model	O
with	O
more	O
realistic	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2022	O
,	O
OpenAI	O
published	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
software	O
for	O
Point-E	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
rudimentary	O
system	O
for	O
converting	O
a	O
text	O
description	O
into	O
a	O
3-dimensional	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launched	O
in	O
November	O
2022	O
,	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
tool	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
that	O
provides	O
a	O
conversational	O
interface	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
ask	O
questions	O
in	O
natural	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
reached	O
1	O
million	O
users	O
5	O
days	O
after	O
its	O
launch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
Plus	O
is	O
a	O
$	O
20/month	O
subscription	O
service	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
access	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
during	O
peak	O
hours	O
,	O
provides	O
faster	O
response	O
times	O
,	O
and	O
gives	O
users	O
early	O
access	O
to	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
