<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
(	O
OSSD	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
process	O
by	O
which	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
or	O
similar	O
software	O
whose	O
source	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
is	O
publicly	O
available	O
,	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
software	O
products	O
available	O
with	O
its	O
source	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
under	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
to	O
study	O
,	O
change	O
,	O
and	O
improve	O
its	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
some	O
popular	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
products	O
are	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Language
Chromium	I-Language
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
and	O
the	O
VLC	B-Application
media	I-Application
player	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
is	O
the	O
progressive	O
open-source	B-Application
development	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
more	O
like	O
"	O
a	O
great	O
babbling	O
bazaar	O
of	O
differing	O
agendas	O
and	O
approaches	O
out	O
of	O
which	O
a	O
coherent	O
and	O
stable	O
system	O
could	O
seemingly	O
emerge	O
only	O
by	O
a	O
succession	O
of	O
miracles.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
analogy	O
points	O
to	O
the	O
discussion	O
involved	O
in	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
development	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
,	O
these	O
issues	O
are	O
solved	O
by	O
integrating	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
process	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
letting	O
these	O
users	O
build	O
the	O
system	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
several	O
phases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
diagram	O
displaying	O
the	O
process-data	O
structure	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
is	O
shown	O
on	O
the	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
picture	O
,	O
the	O
phases	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
are	O
displayed	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
corresponding	O
data	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
diagram	O
is	O
made	O
using	O
the	O
meta-modeling	O
and	O
meta-process	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
work	O
on	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
can	O
start	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
developer	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
limited	O
but	O
working	O
codebase	O
,	O
releases	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
source	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
of	O
a	O
mature	O
project	O
is	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
well-established	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
can	O
be	O
forked	B-Application
by	O
an	O
interested	O
outside	O
party	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
types	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
might	O
even	O
be	O
dependent	O
on	O
other	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
project	O
include	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
and	O
the	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
office	O
suite	O
of	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distributions	O
are	O
another	O
type	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
distributions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Debian	O
,	O
Fedora	O
Core	O
,	O
Mandriva	O
,	O
Slackware	B-Application
,	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
which	O
ship	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
along	O
with	O
many	O
user-land	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
other	O
distributions	O
,	O
like	O
,	O
the	O
Perl	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
various	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
Cygwin	B-Language
distributions	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
programs	I-Application
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
derivatives	O
,	O
maintain	O
the	O
source	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
of	O
an	O
entire	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
core	O
components	O
,	O
in	O
one	O
revision	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
;	O
developing	O
the	O
entire	O
system	O
together	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
items	O
usually	O
do	O
not	O
ship	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Documentation	O
Project	O
hosts	O
many	O
such	O
projects	O
that	O
document	O
various	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
other	O
examples	O
of	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
hard	O
to	O
run	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
following	O
a	O
more	O
traditional	O
software	O
development	O
method	O
like	O
the	O
waterfall	O
model	O
,	O
because	O
in	O
these	O
traditional	O
methods	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
allowed	O
to	O
go	O
back	O
to	O
a	O
previous	O
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
,	O
requirements	O
are	O
rarely	O
gathered	O
before	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
;	O
instead	O
they	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
early	O
releases	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
product	O
,	O
as	O
Robbins	O
describes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fuggetta	O
argues	O
that	O
“	O
rapid	O
prototyping	O
,	O
incremental	O
and	O
evolutionary	O
development	O
,	O
spiral	O
lifecycle	O
,	O
rapid	O
application	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
recently	O
,	O
extreme	O
programming	O
and	O
the	O
agile	O
software	O
process	O
can	O
be	O
equally	O
applied	O
to	O
proprietary	O
and	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
pinpoints	O
Extreme	O
Programming	O
as	O
an	O
extremely	O
useful	O
method	O
for	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
generally	O
,	O
all	O
Agile	O
programming	O
methods	O
are	O
applicable	O
to	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
,	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
iterative	O
and	O
incremental	O
character	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Agile	O
method	O
are	O
equally	O
useful	O
for	O
both	O
open	O
and	O
closed	O
source	O
software	O
development:Internet-Speed	O
Development	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
is	O
suitable	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
because	O
of	O
the	O
distributed	O
development	O
principle	O
it	O
adopts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet-Speed	B-Architecture
Development	I-Architecture
uses	O
geographically	O
distributed	O
teams	O
to	O
‘	O
work	O
around	O
the	O
clock’	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
and	O
users	O
of	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
are	O
not	O
all	O
necessarily	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
in	O
proximity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-mail	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
forms	O
of	O
communication	O
among	O
open-source	B-Application
developers	O
and	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
communicate	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
many	O
projects	O
use	O
an	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
method	O
such	O
as	O
IRC	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
forums	O
have	O
recently	O
become	O
a	O
common	O
way	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
get	O
help	O
with	O
problems	O
they	O
encounter	O
when	O
using	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikis	B-Protocol
have	O
become	O
common	O
as	O
a	O
communication	O
medium	O
for	O
developers	O
and	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
OSS	O
development	O
the	O
participants	O
,	O
who	O
are	O
mostly	O
volunteers	O
,	O
are	O
distributed	O
amongst	O
different	O
geographic	O
regions	O
so	O
there	O
is	O
need	O
for	O
tools	O
to	O
aid	O
participants	O
to	O
collaborate	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
source	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
Concurrent	B-Application
Versions	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
CVS	B-Application
)	O
was	O
a	O
prominent	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
source	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
collaboration	O
tool	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
OSS	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CVS	B-Application
helps	O
manage	O
the	O
files	O
and	O
codes	O
of	O
a	O
project	O
when	O
several	O
people	O
are	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CVS	B-Application
allows	O
several	O
people	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
file	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CVS	B-Application
also	O
enables	O
one	O
to	O
easily	O
retrieve	O
a	O
previous	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
mid	O
2000s	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Subversion	I-Application
revision	I-Application
control	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
SVN	B-Application
)	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
replace	O
CVS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
quickly	O
gaining	O
ground	O
as	O
an	O
OSS	O
project	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
are	O
now	O
using	O
distributed	O
revision	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
scale	O
better	O
than	O
centralized	O
repositories	O
such	O
as	O
SVN	B-Application
and	O
CVS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
examples	O
are	O
git	B-Application
,	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Mercurial	B-Protocol
,	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tinderbox	O
runs	O
a	O
continuous	O
build	O
process	O
and	O
informs	O
users	O
about	O
the	O
parts	O
of	O
source	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
that	O
have	O
issues	O
and	O
on	O
which	O
platform(s )	O
these	O
issues	O
arise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
debugger	B-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
debug	O
(	O
and	O
sometimes	O
test	O
or	O
optimize	O
)	O
other	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Language
Debugger	I-Language
(	O
GDB	B-Language
)	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
debugger	B-Application
used	O
in	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
debugger	B-Application
offers	O
remote	O
debugging	O
,	O
what	O
makes	O
it	O
especially	O
applicable	O
to	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
memory	B-Error_Name
leak	I-Error_Name
tool	O
or	O
memory	B-General_Concept
debugger	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
programming	O
tool	O
for	O
finding	O
memory	B-Error_Name
leaks	I-Error_Name
and	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
overflows	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
memory	B-Error_Name
leak	I-Error_Name
is	O
a	O
particular	O
kind	O
of	O
unnecessary	O
memory	O
consumption	O
by	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
program	O
fails	O
to	O
release	O
memory	O
that	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
memory	B-General_Concept
leak	I-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
tools	O
used	O
by	O
Mozilla	O
are	O
the	O
XPCOM	B-Application
Memory	B-Error_Name
Leak	I-Error_Name
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
validation	O
tool	O
is	O
Splint	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
tools	O
to	O
automate	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
installing	O
,	O
upgrading	O
,	O
configuring	O
,	O
and	O
removing	O
software	B-Application
packages	I-Application
from	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Red	B-Application
Hat	I-Application
Package	I-Application
Manager	I-Application
(	O
RPM	B-Application
)	O
for	O
.rpm	B-Application
and	O
Advanced	B-Application
Packaging	I-Application
Tool	I-Application
(	O
APT	B-Application
)	O
for	O
.deb	O
file	O
format	O
,	O
are	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
used	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
distributions	O
.	O
</s>
