<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
OSS	O
)	O
is	O
computer	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
released	O
under	O
a	O
license	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
copyright	O
holder	O
grants	O
users	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
study	O
,	O
change	O
,	O
and	O
distribute	B-Application
the	I-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
anyone	O
and	O
for	O
any	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
may	O
be	O
developed	O
in	O
a	O
collaborative	O
,	O
public	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
a	O
prominent	O
example	O
of	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
,	O
meaning	O
any	O
capable	O
user	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
participate	O
online	O
in	O
development	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
possible	O
contributors	O
indefinite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
can	O
bring	O
in	O
diverse	O
perspectives	O
beyond	O
those	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2008	O
report	O
by	O
the	O
Standish	O
Group	O
stated	O
that	O
adoption	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
models	O
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
savings	O
of	O
about	O
$60billion	O
per	O
year	O
for	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Application
source	I-Application
code	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
studying	O
and	O
allows	O
capable	O
end	O
users	O
to	O
adapt	O
software	O
to	O
their	O
personal	O
needs	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
way	O
user	B-Language
scripts	I-Language
and	O
custom	O
style	O
sheets	O
allow	O
for	O
web	O
sites	O
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
publish	O
the	O
modification	O
as	O
a	O
fork	B-Application
for	O
users	O
with	O
similar	O
preferences	O
,	O
and	O
directly	O
submit	O
possible	O
improvements	O
as	O
pull	O
requests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Unix	B-Application
included	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
notion	O
moved	O
to	O
the	O
wayside	O
of	O
commercialization	O
of	O
software	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
1970	O
–	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
are	O
Donald	O
Knuth	O
in	O
1979	O
with	O
the	O
TeX	B-Application
typesetting	O
system	O
and	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
in	O
1983	O
with	O
the	B-Operating_System
GNU	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
Eric	O
Raymond	O
published	O
The	O
Cathedral	O
and	O
the	O
Bazaar	O
,	O
a	O
reflective	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
hacker	O
community	O
and	O
free-software	B-Application
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
received	O
significant	O
attention	O
in	O
early	O
1998	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
one	O
factor	O
in	O
motivating	O
Netscape	O
Communications	O
Corporation	O
to	O
release	O
their	O
popular	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
Communicator	I-Protocol
Internet	O
suite	O
as	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
source	O
code	O
subsequently	O
became	O
the	O
basis	O
behind	O
SeaMonkey	B-Language
,	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
,	O
Thunderbird	B-Application
and	O
KompoZer	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netscape	O
's	O
act	O
prompted	O
Raymond	O
and	O
others	O
to	O
look	O
into	O
how	O
to	O
bring	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
's	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
ideas	O
and	O
perceived	O
benefits	O
to	O
the	O
commercial	O
software	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
concluded	O
that	O
FSF	O
's	O
social	O
activism	O
was	O
not	O
appealing	O
to	O
companies	O
like	O
Netscape	O
,	O
and	O
looked	O
for	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
rebrand	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
to	O
emphasize	O
the	O
business	O
potential	O
of	O
sharing	O
and	O
collaborating	O
on	O
software	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
term	O
they	O
chose	O
was	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
soon	O
adopted	O
by	O
Bruce	O
Perens	O
,	O
publisher	O
Tim	O
O'Reilly	O
,	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
February	O
1998	O
to	O
encourage	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
term	O
and	O
evangelize	O
open-source	B-License
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
sought	O
to	O
encourage	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
term	O
and	O
evangelize	O
the	O
principles	O
it	O
adhered	O
to	O
,	O
commercial	O
software	O
vendors	O
found	O
themselves	O
increasingly	O
threatened	O
by	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
freely	O
distributed	O
software	O
and	O
universal	O
access	O
to	O
an	O
application	O
's	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
executive	O
Jim	O
Allchin	O
publicly	O
stated	O
in	O
2001	O
that	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
is	O
an	O
intellectual	O
property	O
destroyer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
while	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
has	O
historically	O
played	O
a	O
role	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
mainstream	O
of	O
private	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
companies	O
as	O
large	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
have	O
begun	O
to	O
develop	O
official	O
open-source	B-License
presences	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
,	O
Oracle	O
,	O
Google	O
,	O
and	O
State	O
Farm	O
are	O
just	O
a	O
few	O
of	O
the	O
companies	O
with	O
a	O
serious	O
public	O
stake	O
in	O
today	O
's	O
competitive	O
open-source	B-License
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
significant	O
shift	O
in	O
the	O
corporate	O
philosophy	O
concerning	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
FOSS	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free-software	B-Application
movement	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
individuals	O
advocated	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
should	O
be	O
replaced	O
by	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
OSS	O
)	O
as	O
an	O
expression	O
which	O
is	O
less	O
ambiguous	O
and	O
more	O
comfortable	O
for	O
the	O
corporate	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
developers	O
may	O
want	O
to	O
publish	O
their	O
software	O
with	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
license	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
anybody	O
may	O
also	O
develop	O
the	O
same	O
software	O
or	O
understand	O
its	O
internal	O
functioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
generally	O
,	O
anyone	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
create	O
modifications	O
of	O
it	O
,	O
port	O
it	O
to	O
new	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architectures	I-General_Concept
,	O
share	O
it	O
with	O
others	O
or	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
market	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scholars	O
Casson	O
and	O
Ryan	O
have	O
pointed	O
out	O
several	O
policy-based	O
reasons	O
for	O
adoption	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
–	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
heightened	O
value	O
proposition	O
from	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
(	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
most	O
proprietary	B-Application
formats	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
categories	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Casson	O
and	O
Ryan	O
argue	O
that	O
"	O
governments	O
have	O
an	O
inherent	O
responsibility	O
and	O
fiduciary	O
duty	O
to	O
taxpayers	O
"	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
careful	O
analysis	O
of	O
these	O
factors	O
when	O
deciding	O
to	O
purchase	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
or	O
implement	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
presents	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
philosophy	O
and	O
further	O
defines	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
use	O
,	O
modification	O
and	O
redistribution	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
licenses	O
have	O
qualified	O
within	O
the	O
boundaries	O
of	O
the	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
prominent	O
and	O
popular	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
,	O
which	O
"	O
allows	O
free	O
distribution	O
under	O
the	O
condition	O
that	O
further	O
developments	O
and	O
applications	O
are	O
put	O
under	O
the	O
same	O
licence	O
"	O
,	O
thus	O
also	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
label	O
came	O
out	O
of	O
a	O
strategy	O
session	O
held	O
on	O
April	O
7	O
,	O
1998	O
,	O
in	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
in	O
reaction	O
to	O
Netscape	O
's	O
January	O
1998	O
announcement	O
of	O
a	O
source	O
code	O
release	O
for	O
Navigator	B-Protocol
(	O
as	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
group	O
of	O
individuals	O
at	O
the	O
session	O
included	O
Tim	O
O'Reilly	O
,	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
Tom	O
Paquin	O
,	O
Jamie	B-Operating_System
Zawinski	I-Operating_System
,	O
Larry	O
Wall	O
,	O
Brian	O
Behlendorf	O
,	O
Sameer	O
Parekh	O
,	O
Eric	O
Allman	O
,	O
Greg	O
Olson	O
,	O
Paul	O
Vixie	O
,	O
John	O
Ousterhout	O
,	O
Guido	O
van	O
Rossum	O
,	O
Philip	O
Zimmermann	O
,	O
John	O
Gilmore	O
and	O
Eric	O
S	O
.	O
Raymond	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
used	O
the	O
opportunity	O
before	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Navigator	B-Protocol
's	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
clarify	O
a	O
potential	O
confusion	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
ambiguity	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
free	O
"	O
in	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
people	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
birth	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
since	O
1969	O
,	O
started	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
movement	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
do	O
not	O
distinguish	O
between	O
open-source	B-License
and	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
,	O
started	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
intended	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
free	O
"	O
to	O
mean	O
freedom	O
to	O
distribute	O
(	O
or	O
"	O
free	O
as	O
in	O
free	O
speech	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
not	O
freedom	O
from	O
cost	O
(	O
or	O
"	O
free	O
as	O
in	O
free	O
beer	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
already	O
was	O
(	O
and	O
still	O
is	O
)	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
,	O
such	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
became	O
associated	O
with	O
zero	O
cost	O
,	O
which	O
seemed	O
anti-commercial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
(	O
OSI	O
)	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
February	O
1998	O
by	O
Eric	O
Raymond	O
and	O
Bruce	O
Perens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
at	O
least	O
20	O
years	O
of	O
evidence	O
from	O
case	O
histories	O
of	O
closed	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	O
versus	O
open	B-License
development	I-License
already	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
Internet	O
developer	O
community	O
,	O
the	O
OSI	O
presented	O
the	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
case	O
to	O
commercial	O
businesses	O
,	O
like	O
Netscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OSI	O
hoped	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
label	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
,	O
a	O
term	O
suggested	O
by	O
Christine	O
Peterson	O
of	O
the	O
Foresight	O
Institute	O
at	O
the	O
strategy	O
session	O
,	O
would	O
eliminate	O
ambiguity	O
,	O
particularly	O
for	O
individuals	O
who	O
perceive	O
"	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
as	O
anti-commercial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
sought	O
to	O
bring	O
a	O
higher	O
profile	O
to	O
the	O
practical	O
benefits	O
of	O
freely	O
available	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
wanted	O
to	O
bring	O
major	O
software	O
businesses	O
and	O
other	O
high-tech	O
industries	O
into	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perens	O
attempted	O
to	O
register	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
mark	O
for	O
the	O
OSI	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
attempt	O
was	O
impractical	O
by	O
trademark	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
presentation	O
of	O
Raymond	O
's	O
paper	O
to	O
the	O
upper	O
management	O
at	O
Netscape	O
—	O
Raymond	O
only	O
discovered	O
when	O
he	O
read	O
the	O
press	O
release	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
called	O
by	O
Netscape	O
CEO	O
Jim	O
Barksdale	O
's	O
PA	O
later	O
in	O
the	O
day	O
—	O
Netscape	O
released	O
its	O
Navigator	B-Protocol
source	O
code	O
as	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
with	O
favorable	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
's	O
(	O
OSI	O
)	O
definition	O
is	O
recognized	O
by	O
several	O
governments	O
internationally	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
or	O
de	O
facto	O
definition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
open-source-software	O
projects	O
and	O
contributors	O
,	O
including	O
Debian	O
,	O
Drupal	B-Application
Association	O
,	O
FreeBSD	O
Foundation	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
OpenSUSE	O
Foundation	O
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
,	O
Wordpress	O
Foundation	O
have	O
committed	O
to	O
upholding	O
the	O
OSI	O
's	O
mission	O
and	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
through	O
the	O
OSI	O
Affiliate	O
Agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSI	O
uses	O
The	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
to	O
determine	O
whether	O
it	O
considers	O
a	O
software	O
license	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
definition	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Debian	B-License
Free	I-License
Software	I-License
Guidelines	I-License
,	O
written	O
and	O
adapted	O
primarily	O
by	O
Perens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perens	O
did	O
not	O
base	O
his	O
writing	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
four	O
freedoms	O
"	O
from	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
only	O
widely	O
available	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
Perens	O
 '	O
definition	O
,	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
is	O
a	O
broad	O
software	O
license	O
that	O
makes	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
with	O
relaxed	O
or	O
non-existent	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
and	O
modification	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
explicit	O
"	O
feature	O
"	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
that	O
it	O
puts	O
very	O
few	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
or	O
distribution	O
by	O
any	O
organization	O
or	O
user	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
rapid	O
evolution	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
initially	O
accepting	O
it	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
of	O
the	O
FSF	O
now	O
flatly	O
opposes	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
"	O
being	O
applied	O
to	O
what	O
they	O
refer	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stallman	O
also	O
opposes	O
the	O
professed	O
pragmatism	O
of	O
the	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
,	O
as	O
he	O
fears	O
that	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
ideals	O
of	O
freedom	O
and	O
community	O
are	O
threatened	O
by	O
compromising	O
on	O
the	O
FSF	O
's	O
idealistic	O
standards	O
for	O
software	O
freedom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
considers	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
to	O
be	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
explained	O
that	O
DRM	O
software	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
developed	O
as	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
despite	O
that	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
give	O
its	O
users	O
freedom	O
(	O
it	O
restricts	O
them	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
does	O
n't	O
qualify	O
as	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
an	O
author	O
contributes	O
code	O
to	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
project	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Apache.org	O
)	O
they	O
do	O
so	O
under	O
an	O
explicit	O
license	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
Contributor	O
License	O
Agreement	O
)	O
or	O
an	O
implicit	O
license	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
open-source	B-License
license	O
under	O
which	O
the	O
project	O
is	O
already	O
licensing	O
code	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
open-source	B-License
projects	O
do	O
not	O
take	O
contributed	O
code	O
under	O
a	O
license	O
,	O
but	O
actually	O
require	O
joint	O
assignment	O
of	O
the	O
author	O
's	O
copyright	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
accept	O
code	O
contributions	O
into	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
/	O
open-source	B-License
licenses	O
include	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
,	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
,	O
GNU	B-Application
Lesser	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
MIT	B-License
License	I-License
,	O
Eclipse	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
and	O
Mozilla	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proliferation	B-License
of	I-License
open-source	I-License
licenses	I-License
is	O
a	O
negative	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
movement	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
often	O
difficult	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
legal	O
implications	O
of	O
the	O
differences	O
between	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
more	O
than	O
180,000	O
open-source	B-License
projects	O
available	O
and	O
more	O
than	O
1400	O
unique	O
licenses	O
,	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
deciding	O
how	O
to	O
manage	O
open-source	B-License
use	O
within	O
"	O
closed-source	B-Application
"	O
commercial	O
enterprises	O
has	O
dramatically	O
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
home-grown	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
are	O
modeled	O
after	O
mainstream	O
FOSS	B-License
licenses	O
such	O
as	O
Berkeley	O
Software	B-Application
Distribution	I-Application
(	O
"	O
BSD	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
Apache	B-Application
,	O
MIT-style	O
(	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
"	O
GPL	B-License
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
view	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
open-source	B-License
practitioners	O
are	O
starting	O
to	O
use	O
classification	O
schemes	O
in	O
which	O
FOSS	B-License
licenses	O
are	O
grouped	O
(	O
typically	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
existence	O
and	O
obligations	O
imposed	O
by	O
the	O
copyleft	B-License
provision	O
;	O
the	O
strength	O
of	O
the	O
copyleft	B-License
provision	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
important	O
legal	O
milestone	O
for	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
/	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
was	O
passed	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
US	O
federal	O
appeals	O
court	O
ruled	O
that	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
definitely	O
do	O
set	O
legally	O
binding	O
conditions	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
copyrighted	O
work	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
therefore	O
enforceable	O
under	O
existing	O
copyright	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
licensing	O
risk	O
,	O
most	O
commercial	O
software	O
vendors	O
are	O
using	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
commercial	O
products	O
while	O
fulfilling	O
the	O
license	O
terms	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
leveraging	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
license	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
1997	O
essay	O
The	O
Cathedral	O
and	O
the	O
Bazaar	O
,	O
open-source	B-License
evangelist	O
Eric	O
S	O
.	O
Raymond	O
suggests	O
a	O
model	O
for	O
developing	O
OSS	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
bazaar	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
users	O
are	O
encouraged	O
to	O
submit	O
additions	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
,	O
code	O
fixes	O
for	O
the	O
software	O
,	O
bug	B-Application
reports	I-Application
,	O
documentation	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	B-Application
's	I-Application
law	I-Application
states	O
,	O
"	O
Given	B-Application
enough	I-Application
eyeballs	I-Application
all	O
bugs	O
are	O
shallow.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
open-source	B-License
projects	O
have	O
nightly	O
builds	O
where	O
integration	O
is	O
done	O
automatically	O
on	O
a	O
daily	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
analysis	O
of	O
five	O
billion	O
bytes	O
of	O
free/open	O
-source	O
code	O
by	O
31,999	O
developers	O
shows	O
that	O
74%	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
was	O
written	O
by	O
the	O
most	O
active	O
10%	O
of	O
authors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
usually	O
easier	O
to	O
obtain	O
than	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
often	O
resulting	O
in	O
increased	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
standard	O
can	O
increase	O
adoption	O
of	O
that	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-License
development	O
offers	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
quicken	O
innovation	O
and	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
innovation	O
and	O
social	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
France	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
a	O
policy	O
that	O
incentivized	O
government	O
to	O
favor	O
free	B-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
increased	O
to	O
nearly	O
600,000	O
OSS	O
contributions	O
per	O
year	O
,	O
generating	O
social	O
value	O
by	O
increasing	O
the	O
quantity	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
source	I-License
is	O
not	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
company	O
or	O
author	O
that	O
originally	O
created	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
it	O
uses	O
open	O
standards	O
accessible	O
to	O
everyone	O
;	O
thus	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
incompatible	O
formats	O
that	O
may	O
exist	O
in	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
flexible	O
because	O
modular	O
systems	O
allow	O
programmers	O
to	O
build	O
custom	O
interfaces	O
,	O
or	O
add	O
new	O
abilities	O
to	O
it	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
innovative	O
since	O
open-source	B-Application
programs	I-Application
are	O
the	O
product	O
of	O
collaboration	O
among	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
be	O
developed	O
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
purely	O
technical	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Revision	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
such	O
as	O
Concurrent	B-Application
Versions	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
CVS	B-Application
)	O
and	O
later	O
Subversion	B-Application
(	O
SVN	B-Application
)	O
and	O
Git	B-Application
are	O
examples	O
of	O
tools	O
,	O
often	O
themselves	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
help	O
manage	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
files	O
and	O
the	O
changes	O
to	O
those	O
files	O
for	O
a	O
software	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
projects	O
are	O
frequently	O
stored	O
in	O
"	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
"	O
that	O
are	O
hosted	O
and	O
published	O
on	O
source-code-hosting	O
facilities	O
such	O
as	O
Launchpad	B-Protocol
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
GitLab	B-Application
,	O
and	O
SourceForge	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-License
projects	O
are	O
often	O
loosely	O
organized	O
with	O
"	O
little	O
formalised	O
process	O
modelling	O
or	O
support	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
utilities	O
such	O
as	O
issue	O
trackers	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
organize	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commonly	O
used	O
bugtrackers	B-Application
include	O
Bugzilla	B-Application
and	O
Redmine	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
such	O
as	O
mailing	O
lists	O
and	O
IRC	B-Protocol
provide	O
means	O
of	O
coordination	O
among	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
more	O
prominent	O
organizations	O
"	O
involved	O
in	O
OSS	O
development	O
include	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
Software	O
Foundation	O
,	O
creators	O
of	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
web	I-Application
server	I-Application
;	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
nonprofit	O
which	O
employed	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
;	O
the	B-Application
Eclipse	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
,	O
home	O
of	O
the	O
Eclipse	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	O
platform	O
;	O
the	O
Debian	O
Project	O
,	O
creators	O
of	O
the	O
influential	O
Debian	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
distribution	O
;	O
the	B-Operating_System
Mozilla	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
home	O
of	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
;	O
and	O
OW2	B-Architecture
,	O
European-born	O
community	O
developing	O
open-source	B-License
middleware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Institute	O
is	O
a	O
membership-based	O
,	O
non-profit	O
(	O
501	O
(	O
c	O
)	O
(	O
6	O
)	O
)	O
organization	O
established	O
in	O
2001	O
that	O
promotes	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
solutions	O
within	O
US	O
Federal	O
,	O
state	O
and	O
local	O
government	O
agencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSSI	O
's	O
efforts	O
have	O
focused	O
on	O
promoting	O
adoption	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
programs	O
and	O
policies	O
within	O
Federal	O
Government	O
and	O
Defense	O
and	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
for	O
America	O
is	O
a	O
group	O
created	O
to	O
raise	O
awareness	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Federal	O
Government	O
about	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
stated	O
goals	O
are	O
to	O
encourage	O
the	O
government	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
participation	O
in	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
projects	I-Application
,	O
and	O
incorporation	O
of	O
open-source	B-License
community	O
dynamics	O
to	O
increase	O
government	O
transparency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
debate	O
over	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
vs.	O
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
(	O
alternatively	O
called	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
)	O
is	O
sometimes	O
heated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
four	O
reasons	O
(	O
as	O
provided	O
by	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Business	O
Conference	O
survey	O
)	O
individuals	O
or	O
organizations	O
choose	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
innovative	O
companies	O
no	O
longer	O
rely	O
heavily	O
on	O
software	O
sales	O
,	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
has	O
become	O
less	O
of	O
a	O
necessity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
things	O
like	O
open-source	B-License
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
—	O
or	O
CMS	O
—	O
deployments	O
are	O
becoming	O
more	O
commonplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
White	O
House	O
switched	O
its	O
CMS	O
system	O
from	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
system	O
to	O
Drupal	B-Application
,	O
an	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
CMS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
companies	O
like	O
Novell	O
(	O
who	O
traditionally	O
sold	O
software	O
the	O
old-fashioned	O
way	O
)	O
continually	O
debate	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
switching	O
to	O
open-source	B-License
availability	O
,	O
having	O
already	O
switched	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
offering	O
to	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
provides	O
solutions	O
to	O
unique	O
or	O
specific	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
reported	O
that	O
98%	O
of	O
enterprise-level	O
companies	O
use	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
offerings	O
in	O
some	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
market	O
shift	O
,	O
more	O
critical	O
systems	O
are	O
beginning	O
to	O
rely	O
on	O
open-source	B-License
offerings	O
,	O
allowing	O
greater	O
funding	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
grants	O
)	O
to	O
help	O
"	O
hunt	O
for	O
security	O
bugs.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	B-Application
source	O
distributors	O
have	O
started	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
community	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
share	O
shift	O
,	O
doing	O
so	O
by	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
reinvent	O
their	O
models	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
remain	O
competitive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
advocates	O
argue	O
that	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
inherently	O
safer	O
because	O
any	O
person	O
can	O
view	O
,	O
edit	O
,	O
and	O
change	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
source	O
code	O
has	O
0.17	O
bugs	O
per	O
1000	O
lines	O
of	O
code	O
while	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
generally	O
scores	O
20	O
–	O
30	O
bugs	O
per	O
1000	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
's	O
leader	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
by	O
choosing	O
one	O
term	O
over	O
the	O
other	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
either	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
or	O
"	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
)	O
one	O
lets	O
others	O
know	O
about	O
what	O
one	O
's	O
goals	O
are	O
:	O
"	O
Open	B-License
source	I-License
is	O
a	O
development	O
methodology	O
;	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
a	O
social	O
movement.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
significant	O
overlap	O
between	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
fosters	O
an	O
ambiguity	O
of	O
a	O
different	O
kind	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
confuses	O
the	O
mere	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
with	O
the	O
freedom	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
modify	O
,	O
and	O
redistribute	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
term	O
was	O
criticized	O
for	O
the	O
ambiguity	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
free	O
"	O
as	O
"	O
available	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
discouraging	O
for	O
business	O
adoption	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
historical	O
ambiguous	O
usage	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
have	O
used	O
the	O
alternative	O
terms	O
Free	B-Application
and	I-Application
Open	I-Application
Source	I-Application
Software	I-Application
(	O
FOSS	B-License
)	O
,	O
or	O
Free/Libre	B-License
and	I-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Software	I-License
(	O
FLOSS	B-License
)	O
,	O
consequently	O
,	O
to	O
describe	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
is	O
also	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
FSF	O
's	O
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Definition	I-Application
it	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Debian	B-License
Free	I-License
Software	I-License
Guidelines	I-License
,	O
written	O
and	O
adapted	O
primarily	O
by	O
Bruce	O
Perens	O
with	O
input	O
from	O
Eric	O
S	O
.	O
Raymond	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
was	O
originally	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
trademarkable	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
was	O
deemed	O
too	O
descriptive	O
,	O
so	O
no	O
trademark	O
exists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OSI	O
would	O
prefer	O
that	O
people	O
treat	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
as	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
a	O
trademark	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
it	O
only	O
to	O
describe	O
software	O
licensed	O
under	O
an	O
OSI	O
approved	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSI	O
Certified	O
is	O
a	O
trademark	O
licensed	O
only	O
to	O
people	O
who	O
are	O
distributing	O
software	O
licensed	O
under	O
a	O
license	O
listed	O
on	O
the	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	O
's	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
OSI	O
definition	O
of	O
"	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
is	O
widely	O
accepted	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
and	O
organizations	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
software	O
where	O
the	O
source	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
viewing	O
,	O
but	O
which	O
may	O
not	O
legally	O
be	O
modified	O
or	O
redistributed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
software	O
is	O
more	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
source-available	B-License
,	O
or	O
as	O
shared	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
a	O
term	O
coined	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
in	O
2007	O
two	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Shared	B-License
Source	I-License
Initiative	I-License
licenses	O
were	O
certified	O
by	O
the	O
OSI	O
,	O
most	O
licenses	O
from	O
the	O
SSI	O
program	O
are	O
still	O
source-available	B-License
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-sourcing	O
is	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
propagating	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
movement	O
,	O
most	O
often	O
referring	O
to	O
releasing	O
previously	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
under	O
an	O
open	B-License
source/free	I-License
software	I-License
license	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
may	O
also	O
refer	O
programming	O
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
software	I-Application
or	O
installing	O
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
software	O
packages	O
,	O
previously	O
proprietary	B-Application
,	O
which	O
have	O
been	O
open	O
sourced	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Global	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
was	O
originally	O
GPL	B-License
'd	I-License
,	O
then	O
made	O
proprietary	B-Application
in	O
2001( 	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
projects	I-Application
are	O
built	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
volunteer	O
programmers	O
and	O
are	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
free	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
commercial	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prime	O
examples	O
of	O
open-source	B-License
products	O
are	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
HTTP	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
the	O
e-commerce	O
platform	O
osCommerce	B-Language
,	O
internet	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
and	O
Chromium	B-Language
(	O
the	O
project	O
where	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
freeware	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
is	O
done	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
full	O
office	O
suite	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
open-source	B-License
products	O
is	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
its	O
derivative	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
for	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
industries	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
"	O
applied	O
originally	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
of	O
software	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
now	O
being	O
applied	O
to	O
many	O
other	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
Open	B-License
source	I-License
ecology	O
,	O
a	O
movement	O
to	O
decentralize	O
technologies	O
so	O
that	O
any	O
human	O
can	O
use	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
principles	O
that	O
underlie	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
many	O
other	O
ventures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
open-source	B-License
hardware	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
and	O
open-access	O
publishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collectively	O
,	O
these	O
principles	O
are	O
known	O
as	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
open	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
:	O
"	O
any	O
system	O
of	O
innovation	O
or	O
production	O
that	O
relies	O
on	O
goal-oriented	O
yet	O
loosely	O
coordinated	O
participants	O
,	O
who	O
interact	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
product	O
(	O
or	O
service	O
)	O
of	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
make	O
available	O
to	O
contributors	O
and	O
non-contributors	O
alike.	O
"	O
</s>
