<s>
Open-source	B-Algorithm
intelligence	I-Algorithm
(	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
the	O
collection	O
and	O
analysis	O
of	O
data	O
gathered	O
from	O
open	O
sources	O
(	O
covert	O
sources	O
and	O
publicly	O
available	O
information	O
 [ PAI ] 	O
)	O
to	O
produce	O
actionable	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSINT	B-Algorithm
is	O
primarily	O
used	O
in	O
national	O
security	O
,	O
law	O
enforcement	O
,	O
and	O
business	O
intelligence	O
functions	O
and	O
is	O
of	O
value	O
to	O
analysts	O
who	O
use	O
non-sensitive	O
intelligence	O
in	O
answering	O
classified	O
,	O
unclassified	O
,	O
or	O
proprietary	O
intelligence	O
requirements	O
across	O
the	O
previous	O
intelligence	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSINT	B-Algorithm
sources	O
can	O
be	O
divided	O
up	O
into	O
six	O
different	O
categories	O
of	O
information	O
flow	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
–	O
cell	O
phone	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
user	O
created	O
content	O
)	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
other	O
social	O
media	O
websites	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
–	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Instagram	B-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSINT	B-Algorithm
is	O
distinguished	O
from	O
research	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
applies	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
intelligence	O
to	O
create	O
tailored	O
knowledge	O
supportive	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
decision	O
by	O
a	O
specific	O
individual	O
or	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSINT	B-Algorithm
is	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
of	O
America	O
by	O
Public	O
Law	O
109-163	O
as	O
cited	O
by	O
both	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Director	O
of	O
National	O
Intelligence	O
and	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
(	O
DoD	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
intelligence	O
"	O
produced	O
from	O
publicly	O
available	O
information	O
that	O
is	O
collected	O
,	O
exploited	O
,	O
and	O
disseminated	O
in	O
a	O
timely	O
manner	O
to	O
an	O
appropriate	O
audience	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
addressing	O
a	O
specific	O
intelligence	O
requirement.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
defined	O
by	O
NATO	O
,	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
is	O
intelligence	O
"	O
derived	O
from	O
publicly	O
available	O
information	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
unclassified	O
information	O
that	O
has	O
limited	O
public	O
distribution	O
or	O
access.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Former	O
Assistant	O
Director	O
of	O
Central	O
Intelligence	O
for	O
Analysis	O
Mark	O
M	O
.	O
Lowenthal	O
defines	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
as	O
“	O
any	O
and	O
all	O
information	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
derived	O
from	O
overt	O
collection	O
:	O
all	O
types	O
of	O
media	O
,	O
government	O
reports	O
and	O
other	O
documents	O
,	O
scientific	O
research	O
and	O
reports	O
,	O
commercial	O
vendors	O
of	O
information	O
,	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSINT	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
traces	O
its	O
origins	O
to	O
the	O
1941	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
Foreign	O
Broadcast	O
Monitoring	O
Service	O
(	O
FBMS	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
agency	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
monitoring	O
of	O
foreign	O
broadcasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2004	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
September	O
11	O
attacks	O
,	O
the	O
9/11	O
Commission	O
recommended	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
an	O
open-source	B-Algorithm
intelligence	I-Algorithm
agency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
these	O
recommendations	O
,	O
in	O
November	O
2005	O
the	O
Director	O
of	O
National	O
Intelligence	O
announced	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
DNI	O
Open	B-General_Concept
Source	I-General_Concept
Center	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
events	O
of	O
9/11	O
the	O
Intelligence	O
Reform	O
and	O
Terrorism	O
Prevention	O
Act	O
merged	O
FBIS	O
and	O
other	O
research	O
elements	O
into	O
the	O
Office	O
of	O
the	O
Director	O
of	O
National	O
Intelligence	O
creating	O
the	O
Open	B-General_Concept
Source	I-General_Concept
Enterprise	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
private	O
sector	O
has	O
invested	O
in	O
tools	O
which	O
aid	O
in	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
collection	O
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
Director	O
of	O
National	O
Intelligence	O
appointed	O
Eliot	B-General_Concept
A	I-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
Jardines	I-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
Assistant	B-General_Concept
Deputy	I-General_Concept
Director	I-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
National	I-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
Open	I-General_Concept
Source	I-General_Concept
to	O
serve	O
as	O
the	O
Intelligence	O
Community	O
's	O
senior	O
intelligence	O
officer	O
for	O
open	O
source	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
strategy	O
,	O
guidance	O
and	O
oversight	O
for	O
the	O
National	B-General_Concept
Open	I-General_Concept
Source	I-General_Concept
Enterprise	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mr.	O
Jardines	O
has	O
established	O
the	O
National	B-General_Concept
Open	I-General_Concept
Source	I-General_Concept
Enterprise	I-General_Concept
and	O
authored	O
intelligence	O
community	O
directive	O
301	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Mr.	O
Jardines	O
returned	O
to	O
the	O
private	O
sector	O
and	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
Dan	B-General_Concept
Butler	I-General_Concept
who	O
is	O
ADDNI/OS	B-General_Concept
and	O
previously	O
Mr.	O
Jardines	O
 '	O
Senior	O
Advisor	O
for	O
Policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
web	O
browser	O
is	O
a	O
powerful	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
tool	O
that	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
numerous	O
websites	O
and	O
both	O
open	O
source	O
and	O
proprietary	O
software	O
tools	O
that	O
are	O
either	O
purpose-built	O
for	O
open	B-Algorithm
source	I-Algorithm
information	I-Algorithm
collection	O
or	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
exploited	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
either	O
gathering	O
of	O
open	B-Algorithm
source	I-Algorithm
information	I-Algorithm
or	O
to	O
facilitate	O
analysis	O
and	O
validation	O
to	O
provide	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cottage	O
industry	O
of	O
both	O
for-profit	O
and	O
not-for-profit	O
investigative	O
and	O
educational	O
groups	O
such	O
as	O
Bellingcat	O
,	O
IntelTechniques	O
SANS	O
and	O
others	O
offer	O
indices	O
,	O
books	O
,	O
podcasts	O
and	O
video	O
training	O
materials	O
on	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
tools	O
and	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Books	O
such	O
as	O
Michael	O
Bazzell	O
's	O
Open	B-Algorithm
Source	I-Algorithm
Intelligence	I-Algorithm
Techniques	O
serve	O
as	O
indices	O
to	O
resources	O
across	O
multiple	O
domains	O
but	O
according	O
the	O
author	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
rapidly	O
changing	O
information	O
landscape	O
,	O
some	O
tools	O
and	O
techniques	O
change	O
or	O
become	O
obsolete	O
frequently	O
,	O
hence	O
it	O
is	O
imperative	O
for	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
researchers	O
to	O
study	O
,	O
train	O
and	O
survey	O
the	O
landscape	O
of	O
source	O
material	O
regularly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
VPNs	B-Application
,	O
cached	O
webpages	O
,	O
digital	O
archive	O
services	O
,	O
URL	O
and	O
file	O
scanners	O
,	O
browser	O
sandbox	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
antivirus	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
lists	O
of	O
aggregated	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
content	O
are	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
Framework	O
contains	O
over	O
30	O
primary	O
categories	O
of	O
tools	O
and	O
is	O
maintained	O
as	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
project	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
main	O
hindrance	O
to	O
practical	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
volume	O
of	O
information	O
it	O
has	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
(	O
"	O
information	O
explosion	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
so	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
imprisoned	O
,	O
even	O
executed	O
,	O
for	O
seeking	O
out	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
Foundation	O
is	O
a	O
professional	O
association	O
for	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
practitioners	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Intelligence	O
Community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
open	O
to	O
U.S.	O
Citizens	O
and	O
seeks	O
to	O
raise	O
the	O
prominence	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Algorithm
intelligence	I-Algorithm
discipline	O
.	O
</s>
