<s>
Ontology-based	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
involves	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
ontologies	O
to	O
effectively	O
combine	O
data	O
or	O
information	O
from	O
multiple	O
heterogeneous	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
multiple	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
approaches	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
classified	O
as	O
Global-As-View	O
(	O
GAV	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
ontology‑based	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
is	O
closely	O
tied	O
to	O
the	O
consistency	O
and	O
expressivity	O
of	O
the	O
ontology	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
integration	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
domains	O
like	O
bioinformatics	O
and	O
biomedicine	O
,	O
the	O
rapid	O
development	O
,	O
adoption	O
and	O
public	O
availability	O
of	O
ontologies	O
has	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
community	O
to	O
leverage	O
them	O
for	O
semantic	O
integration	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
and	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
main	O
architectures	O
that	O
are	O
implemented	O
in	O
ontology‑based	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
applications	O
,	O
namely	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Structured	O
Knowledge	O
Source	O
Integration	O
component	O
of	O
Research	B-Language
Cyc	I-Language
is	O
another	O
prominent	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Title	O
=	O
Harnessing	O
Cyc	B-Language
to	O
Answer	O
Clinical	O
Researchers	O
 '	O
Ad	O
Hoc	O
Queries	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ontology	O
mapping	O
is	O
a	O
challenging	O
issue	O
and	O
is	O
focus	O
of	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
research	O
efforts	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
