<s>
Online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
database	O
system	O
used	O
in	O
transaction-oriented	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
many	O
operational	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
is	O
contrasted	O
with	O
online	B-Application
analytical	I-Application
processing	I-Application
(	O
OLAP	B-Application
)	O
which	O
instead	O
focuses	O
on	O
data	O
analysis	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
planning	O
and	O
management	O
systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
transaction	O
"	O
can	O
have	O
two	O
different	O
meanings	O
,	O
both	O
of	O
which	O
might	O
apply	O
:	O
in	O
the	O
realm	O
of	O
computers	O
or	O
database	B-General_Concept
transactions	I-General_Concept
it	O
denotes	O
an	O
atomic	O
change	O
of	O
state	O
,	O
whereas	O
in	O
the	O
realm	O
of	O
business	O
or	O
finance	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
typically	O
denotes	O
an	O
exchange	O
of	O
economic	O
entities	O
(	O
as	O
used	O
by	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Transaction	B-General_Concept
Processing	I-General_Concept
Performance	I-General_Concept
Council	I-General_Concept
or	O
commercial	O
transactions	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
OLTP	B-General_Concept
may	O
use	O
transactions	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
type	O
to	O
record	O
transactions	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLTP	B-General_Concept
is	O
typically	O
contrasted	O
to	O
online	B-Application
analytical	I-Application
processing	I-Application
(	O
OLAP	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
generally	O
characterized	O
by	O
much	O
more	O
complex	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
in	O
a	O
smaller	O
volume	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
business	O
intelligence	O
or	O
reporting	O
rather	O
than	O
to	O
process	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
systems	O
process	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
queries	B-Language
(	O
read	O
,	O
insert	O
,	O
update	O
and	O
delete	O
)	O
,	O
OLAP	B-Application
is	O
generally	O
optimized	O
for	O
read	O
only	O
and	O
might	O
not	O
even	O
support	O
other	O
kinds	O
of	O
queries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLTP	B-General_Concept
also	O
operates	O
differently	O
from	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
and	O
grid	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
contrasted	O
to	O
online	O
event	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
(	O
OLEP	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
distributed	O
event	B-Operating_System
logs	I-Operating_System
to	O
offer	O
strong	O
consistency	O
in	O
large-scale	O
heterogeneous	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
is	O
associated	O
with	O
short	O
atomic	O
transactions	O
,	O
OLEP	O
allows	O
for	O
more	O
flexible	O
distribution	O
patterns	O
and	O
higher	O
scalability	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
increased	O
latency	O
and	O
without	O
guaranteed	O
upper	O
bound	O
to	O
the	O
processing	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLTP	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
processing	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
system	O
responds	O
immediately	O
to	O
user	O
requests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
automated	O
teller	O
machine	O
(	O
ATM	O
)	O
for	O
a	O
bank	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
commercial	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
applications	O
have	O
high	O
throughput	O
and	O
are	O
insert	O
-	O
or	O
update-intensive	O
in	O
database	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
goals	O
of	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
applications	O
are	O
availability	O
,	O
speed	O
,	O
concurrency	O
and	O
recoverability	O
(	O
durability	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reduced	O
paper	O
trails	O
and	O
the	O
faster	O
,	O
more	O
accurate	O
forecast	O
for	O
revenues	O
and	O
expenses	O
are	O
both	O
examples	O
of	O
how	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
makes	O
things	O
simpler	O
for	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
like	O
many	O
modern	O
online	O
information	O
technology	O
solutions	O
,	O
some	O
systems	O
require	O
offline	O
maintenance	O
,	O
which	O
further	O
affects	O
the	O
cost-benefit	O
analysis	O
of	O
an	O
online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
system	O
is	O
an	O
accessible	O
data	O
processing	O
system	O
in	O
today	O
's	O
enterprises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
examples	O
of	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
systems	O
include	O
order	O
entry	O
,	O
retail	O
sales	O
,	O
and	O
financial	O
transaction	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
systems	O
increasingly	O
require	O
support	O
for	O
transactions	O
that	O
span	O
a	O
network	B-Architecture
and	O
may	O
include	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
modern	O
online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
software	O
uses	O
client	O
or	O
server	O
processing	O
and	O
brokering	O
software	O
that	O
allows	O
transactions	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
different	O
computer	O
platforms	O
in	O
a	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
large	O
applications	O
,	O
efficient	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
may	O
depend	O
on	O
sophisticated	O
transaction	O
management	O
software	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
IBM	O
CICS	B-Application
)	O
and/or	O
database	O
optimization	O
tactics	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
processing	O
of	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
concurrent	O
updates	O
to	O
an	O
OLTP-oriented	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
even	O
more	O
demanding	O
decentralized	O
database	O
systems	O
,	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
brokering	O
programs	O
can	O
distribute	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
among	O
multiple	O
computers	O
on	O
a	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLTP	B-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
integrated	O
into	O
service-oriented	O
architecture	O
(	O
SOA	O
)	O
and	O
Web	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
)	O
involves	O
gathering	O
input	O
information	O
,	O
processing	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
updating	O
existing	O
data	O
to	O
reflect	O
the	O
collected	O
and	O
processed	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
today	O
,	O
most	O
organizations	O
use	O
a	O
database	O
management	O
system	O
to	O
support	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLTP	B-General_Concept
is	O
carried	O
in	O
a	O
client-server	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
build	O
an	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
a	O
designer	O
must	O
know	O
that	O
the	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
concurrent	O
users	O
does	O
not	O
interfere	O
with	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
increase	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
an	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
a	O
designer	O
must	O
avoid	O
excessive	O
use	O
of	O
indexes	O
and	O
clusters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
elements	O
are	O
crucial	O
for	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
systems	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Clusters	O
:	O
A	O
cluster	O
is	O
a	O
schema	B-Application
that	O
contains	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
tables	O
that	O
have	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
columns	O
in	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clustering	O
tables	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
improves	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
join	B-Language
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Block	B-General_Concept
size	I-General_Concept
:	O
The	O
data	O
block	B-General_Concept
size	I-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
a	O
multiple	O
of	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
's	O
block	B-General_Concept
size	I-General_Concept
within	O
the	O
maximum	O
limit	O
to	O
avoid	O
unnecessary	O
I/O	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Buffer	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
size	O
:	O
SQL	B-Language
statements	O
should	O
be	O
tuned	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
database	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
to	O
avoid	O
unnecessary	O
resource	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
monitors	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
multi-threaded	O
server	O
:	O
A	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
monitor	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
for	O
coordination	O
of	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Partition	B-General_Concept
(	O
database	O
)	O
:	O
Partition	B-General_Concept
use	O
increases	O
performance	O
for	O
sites	O
that	O
have	O
regular	O
transactions	O
while	O
still	O
maintaining	O
availability	O
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Database	B-General_Concept
tuning	I-General_Concept
:	O
With	O
database	B-General_Concept
tuning	I-General_Concept
,	O
an	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
system	O
can	O
maximize	O
its	O
performance	O
as	O
efficiently	O
and	O
rapidly	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
