<s>
Online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
are	O
organized	O
efforts	O
to	O
push	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
goal	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
new	O
communications	O
and	O
information	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
have	O
focused	O
on	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
on	O
social	O
and	O
political	O
issues	O
in	O
countries	O
all	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
first	O
social	O
movements	O
occurred	O
through	O
protests	O
and	O
civil	O
disobedience	O
,	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
commenced	O
in	O
numerous	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
,	O
beginning	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
gained	O
momentum	O
into	O
the	O
early	O
21st	O
century	O
and	O
are	O
now	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
prevalent	O
forms	O
of	O
social	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
on	O
social	O
media	O
build	O
off	O
social	O
movements	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
connection	O
of	O
persons	O
worldwide	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
base	O
and	O
gain	O
awareness	O
of	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ubiquity	O
of	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
varying	O
attitudes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
proponents	O
and	O
critics	O
have	O
raised	O
valid	O
points	O
about	O
the	O
potential	O
and	O
the	O
shortcomings	O
of	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
,	O
which	O
have	O
been	O
increasing	O
evident	O
in	O
the	O
numerous	O
examples	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Across	O
the	O
Atlantic	O
,	O
the	O
Boston	O
merchants	O
and	O
the	O
activists	O
in	O
the	O
Sons	B-Application
of	I-Application
Liberty	I-Application
initiated	O
the	O
opposition	O
to	O
the	O
British	O
that	O
eventually	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
Declaration	O
of	O
Independence	O
in	O
1776	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
began	O
right	O
after	O
the	O
Internet	O
revolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
software	O
company	O
Lotus	B-Application
and	O
credit	O
bureau	O
Equifax	O
gained	O
access	O
to	O
names	O
,	O
addresses	O
and	O
purchasing	O
behavior	O
of	O
120	O
million	O
Americans	O
in	O
CD-ROM	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Lopes	O
,	O
"	O
Social	O
Media	O
websites	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Twitter	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
various	O
online	O
blogs	O
have	O
arguably	O
given	O
a	O
voice	O
to	O
individuals	O
that	O
otherwise	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
heard.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Twitter	O
hashtags	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
pages	O
and	O
Tumblr	O
blogs	O
have	O
all	O
played	O
roles	O
in	O
organizing	O
protests	O
all	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
with	O
nearly	O
100,000	O
different	O
hashtags	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
advance	O
their	O
work	O
primarily	O
through	O
media	O
,	O
traditional	O
or	O
digital	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phrase	O
"	O
Me	O
Too	O
"	O
was	O
initially	O
used	O
in	O
this	O
context	O
on	O
social	O
media	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
on	O
Myspace	B-Application
,	O
by	O
sexual	O
harassment	O
survivor	O
and	O
activist	O
Tarana	O
Burke	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
social	O
networking	O
sites	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
content-sharing	O
sites	O
as	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
opportunity	O
for	O
wide-scale	O
,	O
online	O
social	O
participation	O
has	O
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
have	O
been	O
celebrated	O
for	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
amass	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
Egyptian	O
Revolution	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
’s	O
event	O
function	O
allowed	O
for	O
people	O
to	O
organize	O
protests	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
then	O
be	O
acted	O
out	O
upon	O
in	O
real-life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
epitomizes	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
“	O
many	O
yeses	O
,	O
one	O
no	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
,	O
hashtag	O
culture	O
functions	O
by	O
having	O
many	O
people	O
copy	O
each	O
other	O
and	O
come	O
up	O
with	O
new	O
permutations	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
version	O
to	O
spread	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
when	O
ex-Tunisian	O
President	O
Ben	O
Ali	O
attempted	O
to	O
ban	O
Facebook	B-Application
in	O
2010	O
,	O
his	O
move	O
backfired	O
because	O
so	O
many	O
Tunisians	O
used	O
Facebook	B-Application
to	O
connect	O
with	O
family	O
,	O
friends	O
and	O
acquaintances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
numerous	O
critiques	O
posed	O
against	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
that	O
populate	O
the	O
discourse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
tend	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
short-lived	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
concern	O
of	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
clear	O
leadership	O
in	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
“	O
We	O
are	O
All	O
Khaled	O
Said	O
”	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
Facebook	B-Application
page	O
of	O
the	O
Egyptian	O
Revolution	O
,	O
Wael	O
Ghonim	O
was	O
in	O
no	O
position	O
to	O
concede	O
anything	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
,	O
while	O
effective	O
in	O
unifying	O
people	O
,	O
might	O
also	O
amplify	O
the	O
tendency	O
to	O
tribalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
"	O
in	O
his	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
Purple	O
Movement	O
(	O
Popolo	O
Viola	O
)	O
in	O
Italy	O
and	O
its	O
extensive	O
use	O
of	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Coretti	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
demonstrates	O
that	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
myth	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
as	O
open	O
and	O
inclusive	O
persists	O
,	O
it	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
disguise	O
for	O
the	O
communication	O
protocols	O
of	O
commercial	O
social	O
networking	O
platforms	O
that	O
may	O
well	O
enable	O
large-scale	O
mobilization	O
but	O
ultimately	O
,	O
through	O
their	O
very	O
functionality	O
,	O
encourage	O
organizational	O
centralization	O
and	O
fragmentation	O
in	O
social	O
movements	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proprietary	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
platforms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
pages	O
,	O
possibly	O
fails	O
to	O
provide	O
movements	O
with	O
the	O
necessary	O
instruments	O
in	O
a	O
shared	O
democratic	O
management	O
of	O
their	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
the	O
inability	O
to	O
manage	O
Facebook	B-Application
pages	O
and	O
groups	O
according	O
to	O
commonly	O
agreed	O
values	O
promotes	O
vertical	O
power	O
structures	O
within	O
movements	O
,	O
contributing	O
to	O
a	O
controversial	O
management	O
of	O
Facebook	B-Application
pages	O
and	O
to	O
internal	O
divisions	O
that	O
significantly	O
hinder	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
protest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vanessa	O
DiMauro	O
,	O
a	O
community	O
builder	O
and	O
researcher	O
in	O
decision-making	O
,	O
believes	O
that	O
the	O
biggest	O
trend	O
concerning	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
private	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
where	O
the	O
idea	O
and	O
trend	O
of	O
private	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
could	O
potentially	O
be	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
traditional	O
role	O
of	O
actors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
social	O
media	O
organizations	O
and	O
governments	O
,	O
have	O
also	O
changed	O
with	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
these	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
,	O
social	O
movement	O
organizations	O
have	O
been	O
less	O
necessary	O
for	O
online	O
participation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
governments	O
have	O
found	O
new	O
ways	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
online	B-Application
social	I-Application
movements	I-Application
.	O
</s>
