<s>
Online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
is	O
chess	B-Application
that	O
is	O
played	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
allowing	O
players	O
to	O
play	O
against	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
chess	I-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
which	O
often	O
include	O
a	O
system	O
to	O
pair	O
up	O
individual	O
players	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
rating	O
using	O
an	O
Elo	O
or	O
similar	O
chess	B-Application
rating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
has	O
existed	O
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
seen	O
a	O
rapid	O
growth	O
in	O
popularity	O
amidst	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
and	O
rise	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
livestreaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
has	O
existed	O
in	O
various	O
forms	O
including	O
PLATO	B-Operating_System
and	O
play-by-email	O
since	O
the	O
dawn	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Internet	O
server	O
designed	O
for	O
online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
was	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Club	O
(	O
known	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
as	O
ICS	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
started	O
operation	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
chess	B-Application
website	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
playing	O
through	O
a	O
graphical	O
interface	O
,	O
was	O
Caissa.com	O
(	O
known	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
as	O
Caissa	O
's	O
Web	O
)	O
which	O
launched	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
websites	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
Chess.com,	O
Lichess	O
,	O
and	O
chess24	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
the	O
largest	O
chess	B-Application
websites	O
as	O
of	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
saw	O
a	O
spike	O
in	O
growth	O
during	O
the	O
quarantines	B-Application
of	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	B-Application
app	O
downloads	O
on	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
and	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Store	I-Application
rose	O
by	O
63%	O
after	O
the	O
show	O
debuted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess.com	B-Application
saw	O
more	O
than	O
twice	O
as	O
many	O
account	O
registrations	O
in	O
November	O
as	O
it	O
had	O
in	O
previous	O
months	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
games	O
played	O
monthly	O
on	O
Lichess	O
doubled	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
demographic	O
shift	O
in	O
players	O
,	O
with	O
female	O
registration	O
on	O
Chess.com	B-Application
shifting	O
from	O
22%	O
of	O
new	O
players	O
to	O
27%	O
of	O
new	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grandmaster	O
Maurice	O
Ashley	O
said	O
"	O
A	O
boom	O
is	O
taking	O
place	O
in	O
chess	B-Application
like	O
we	O
have	O
never	O
seen	O
maybe	O
since	O
the	O
Bobby	O
Fischer	O
days	O
,	O
"	O
attributing	O
the	O
growth	O
to	O
an	O
increased	O
desire	O
to	O
do	O
something	O
constructive	O
during	O
the	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
USCF	O
Women	O
's	O
Program	O
Director	O
Jennifer	O
Shahade	O
stated	O
that	O
chess	B-Application
works	O
well	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
since	O
pieces	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
reset	O
and	O
matchmaking	O
is	O
virtually	O
instant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
livestreaming	O
also	O
saw	O
a	O
surge	O
amidst	O
the	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Players	O
like	O
Hikaru	O
Nakamura	O
,	O
Daniel	O
Naroditsky	O
,	O
and	O
Levy	O
Rozman	O
along	O
with	O
many	O
others	O
streamed	O
chess	B-Application
via	O
Twitch	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
41	O
million	O
hours	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
being	O
watched	O
total	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
from	O
March	O
to	O
August	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess.com	B-Application
teamed	O
up	O
with	O
high-level	O
chess	B-Application
streamers	O
to	O
organize	O
PogChamps	O
,	O
an	O
amateur	O
tournament	O
contested	O
between	O
popular	O
Internet	O
personalities	O
that	O
was	O
streamed	O
on	O
Twitch	O
and	O
at	O
one	O
point	O
became	O
the	O
top-viewed	O
stream	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	B-Application
websites	O
pair	O
players	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
chess	B-Application
rating	O
system	O
;	O
after	O
a	O
game	O
ends	O
,	O
ratings	O
are	O
updated	O
immediately	O
and	O
players	O
may	O
search	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
game	O
using	O
their	O
updated	O
ratings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Club	O
and	O
Chess24.com	O
use	O
the	O
Elo	O
rating	O
system	O
,	O
while	O
Lichess	O
and	O
Chess.com	B-Application
use	O
the	O
Glicko	O
rating	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
modern	O
and	O
more	O
complex	O
version	O
of	O
Elo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over-the-board	O
(	O
OTB	O
)	O
chess	B-Application
is	O
traditionally	O
played	O
with	O
a	O
slow	O
time	O
control	O
,	O
meaning	O
players	O
are	O
allowed	O
more	O
time	O
to	O
consider	O
moves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
is	O
often	O
played	O
faster	O
,	O
with	O
93.8	O
%	O
of	O
live	O
chess	B-Application
games	O
on	O
Chess.com	B-Application
being	O
played	O
with	O
a	O
time	O
control	O
of	O
10	O
minutes	O
per	O
side	O
or	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
International	O
Master	O
Anna	O
Rudolf	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
 '	O
shift	O
to	O
speed	O
chess	B-Application
has	O
brought	O
excitement	O
to	O
the	O
game.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
premove	O
is	O
an	O
instruction	O
given	O
by	O
a	O
player	O
to	O
a	O
chess	B-Application
program	I-Application
to	O
make	O
a	O
certain	O
move	O
on	O
a	O
following	O
turn	O
if	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Premoving	O
is	O
a	O
feature	O
exclusive	O
to	O
online	B-Application
chess	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
offered	O
by	O
many	O
chess	B-Application
websites	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Club	O
,	O
the	O
Free	O
Internet	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
Chess.com,	O
and	O
Lichess	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess.com	B-Application
allows	O
players	O
to	O
make	O
multiple	O
premoves	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Club	O
allows	O
one	O
to	O
block	O
players	O
who	O
use	O
premoves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
usually	O
achieved	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
chess	B-Application
engine	I-Application
to	O
get	O
the	O
best	O
moves	O
in	O
a	O
given	O
position	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
can	O
take	O
other	O
forms	O
including	O
sandbagging	O
and	O
rating	O
manipulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess.com	B-Application
stated	O
in	O
August	O
2020	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
closing	O
roughly	O
500	O
accounts	O
each	O
day	O
due	O
to	O
cheating	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
whom	O
were	O
Grandmasters	O
and	O
titled	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-level	O
chess	B-Application
tournaments	O
were	O
largely	O
forced	O
online	O
during	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
FIDE	O
Online	O
Nations	O
Cup	O
and	O
the	O
Magnus	O
Carlsen	O
Chess	B-Application
Tour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
played	O
on	O
websites	O
like	O
Chess.com	B-Application
and	O
chess24	O
,	O
but	O
enforced	O
additional	O
rules	O
on	O
webcam	B-Protocol
usage	O
and	O
screen	O
sharing	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
prevent	O
cheating	O
.	O
</s>
