<s>
Online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
internet	O
banking	O
,	O
web	O
banking	O
or	O
home	B-Application
banking	I-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
enables	O
customers	O
of	O
a	O
bank	O
or	O
other	O
financial	O
institution	O
to	O
conduct	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
financial	O
transactions	O
through	O
the	O
financial	O
institution	O
's	O
website	O
or	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
system	O
will	O
typically	O
connect	O
to	O
or	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
core	B-Application
banking	I-Application
system	I-Application
operated	O
by	O
a	O
bank	O
to	O
provide	O
customers	O
access	O
to	O
banking	O
services	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
or	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
historic	O
branch	O
banking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
significantly	O
reduces	O
the	O
banks	O
 '	O
operating	O
cost	O
by	O
reducing	O
reliance	O
on	O
a	O
branch	O
network	O
and	O
offers	O
convenience	O
to	O
some	O
customers	O
by	O
lessening	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
visit	O
a	O
branch	O
bank	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
perform	O
banking	O
transactions	O
even	O
when	O
branches	O
are	O
closed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
provides	O
personal	O
and	O
corporate	O
banking	O
services	O
offering	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
making	O
electronic	O
payments	O
,	O
viewing	O
account	O
balances	O
,	O
obtaining	O
statements	O
,	O
checking	O
recent	O
transactions	O
and	O
transferring	O
money	O
between	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
banks	O
operate	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
direct	O
bank	O
"	O
that	O
operate	O
entirely	O
via	O
the	O
internet	O
or	O
internet	O
and	O
telephone	O
without	O
having	O
any	O
physical	O
branches	O
relying	O
completely	O
on	O
their	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
modern	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
was	O
distance	O
banking	O
electronically	O
and	O
by	O
telephone	O
since	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
Home	B-Application
banking	I-Application
 '	O
can	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
to	O
send	O
tones	O
down	O
a	O
phone	O
line	O
with	O
instructions	O
to	O
the	O
bank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
home	B-Application
banking	I-Application
service	O
was	O
offered	O
to	O
consumers	O
in	O
December	O
1980	O
by	O
United	O
American	O
Bank	O
,	O
a	O
community	O
bank	O
with	O
headquarters	O
in	O
Knoxville	O
,	O
Tennessee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
United	O
American	O
partnered	O
with	O
Radio	O
Shack	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
secure	O
custom	O
modem	O
for	O
its	O
TRS-80	B-Device
computer	O
that	O
allowed	O
bank	O
customers	O
to	O
access	O
their	O
account	O
information	O
securely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
banks	O
,	O
many	O
working	O
on	O
parallel	O
tracks	O
to	O
United	O
American	O
,	O
followed	O
in	O
1981	O
when	O
four	O
of	O
New	O
York	O
's	O
major	O
banks	O
(	O
Citibank	O
,	O
Chase	O
Manhattan	O
,	O
Chemical	O
Bank	O
,	O
and	O
Manufacturers	O
Hanover	O
)	O
offered	O
home	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
videotex	B-Operating_System
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
commercial	O
failure	O
of	O
videotex	B-Operating_System
,	O
these	O
banking	O
services	O
never	O
became	O
popular	O
except	O
in	O
France	O
(	O
where	O
millions	O
of	O
videotex	B-Operating_System
terminals	O
(	O
Minitel	B-Application
)	O
where	O
given	O
out	O
by	O
the	O
telecom	O
provider	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
Prestel	B-General_Concept
system	O
was	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
of	O
United	O
American	O
Bank	O
's	O
first-to-market	O
computer	B-Application
banking	I-Application
system	O
aimed	O
to	O
license	O
it	O
nationally	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
were	O
overtaken	O
by	O
competitors	O
when	O
United	O
American	O
failed	O
in	O
1983	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
loan	O
fraud	O
on	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
bank	O
owner	O
Jake	O
Butcher	O
,	O
the	O
1978	O
Tennessee	O
Democratic	O
nominee	O
for	O
governor	O
and	O
promoter	O
of	O
the	O
1982	O
Knoxville	O
World	O
's	O
Fair	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
Tennessee	O
Bank	O
,	O
which	O
purchased	O
the	O
failed	O
bank	O
,	O
did	O
not	O
attempt	O
to	O
develop	O
or	O
commercialize	O
the	O
computer	B-Application
banking	I-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
OP	O
Financial	O
Group	O
,	O
a	O
cooperative	O
bank	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
second	O
online	B-Application
bank	I-Application
in	O
the	O
world	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
attraction	O
of	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
is	O
fairly	O
obvious	O
:	O
diminished	O
transaction	O
costs	O
,	O
easier	O
integration	O
of	O
services	O
,	O
interactive	O
marketing	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
benefits	O
that	O
boost	O
customer	O
lists	O
and	O
profit	O
margins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
allow	O
institutions	O
to	O
bundle	O
more	O
services	O
into	O
single	O
packages	O
,	O
thereby	O
luring	O
customers	O
and	O
minimizing	O
overhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
research	O
by	O
Online	B-Application
Banking	I-Application
Report	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1999	O
less	O
than	O
0.4	O
%	O
of	O
households	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
were	O
using	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
2004	O
,	O
some	O
33	O
million	O
U.S.	O
households	O
(	O
31%	O
)	O
were	O
using	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
47%	O
of	O
Americans	O
used	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
,	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
survey	O
by	O
Gartner	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
grew	O
from	O
63%	O
to	O
70%	O
of	O
internet	O
users	O
between	O
2011	O
and	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
penetration	O
of	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
in	O
Europe	O
has	O
been	O
increased	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
93	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
Norwegian	O
population	O
access	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
sites	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
highest	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Denmark	O
and	O
Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2000	O
,	O
80%	O
of	O
U.S.	O
banks	O
offered	O
e-banking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Bank	O
of	O
America	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
it	O
took	O
10	O
years	O
to	O
acquire	O
2	O
million	O
e-banking	B-Application
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
significant	O
cultural	O
change	O
took	O
place	O
after	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
scare	I-Error_Name
ended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
Bank	O
of	O
America	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
bank	O
to	O
top	O
3	O
million	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
customers	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
20%	O
of	O
its	O
customer	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
,	O
larger	O
national	O
institutions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Citigroup	O
claimed	O
2.2	O
million	O
online	O
relationships	O
globally	O
,	O
while	O
J.P.	O
Morgan	O
Chase	O
estimated	O
it	O
had	O
more	O
than	O
750,000	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wells	O
Fargo	O
had	O
2.5	O
million	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
customers	O
,	O
including	O
small	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
started	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
Nottingham	O
Building	O
Society	O
(	O
NBS	O
)	O
'	O
s	O
Homelink	O
service	O
in	O
September	O
1982	O
,	O
initially	O
on	O
a	O
restricted	O
basis	O
,	O
before	O
it	O
was	O
expanded	O
nationally	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homelink	O
was	O
delivered	O
through	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
the	O
Bank	O
of	O
Scotland	O
and	O
British	O
Telecom	O
's	O
Prestel	B-General_Concept
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
used	O
Prestel	B-General_Concept
viewlink	O
system	O
and	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
BBC	B-Device
Micro	I-Device
,	O
or	O
keyboard	O
(	O
Tandata	O
Td1400	O
)	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
telephone	O
system	O
and	O
television	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Details	O
of	O
payments	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
were	O
input	O
into	O
the	O
NBS	O
system	O
by	O
the	O
account	O
holder	O
via	O
Prestel	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
in-home	O
banking	O
was	O
"	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
its	O
infancy	O
"	O
with	O
banks	O
"	O
cautiously	O
testing	O
consumer	O
interest	O
"	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
a	O
year	O
after	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
went	O
national	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
three	O
major	O
banks	O
—	O
Citibank	O
,	O
Chase	O
Bank	O
and	O
Manufacturers	O
Hanover	O
—	O
started	O
to	O
offer	O
home	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
soon	O
after	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
has	O
been	O
federally	O
governed	O
by	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Funds	O
Transfer	O
Act	O
of	O
1978	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
test	O
period	O
with	O
2,500	O
users	O
starting	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
were	O
launched	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
using	O
Minitel	B-Application
terminals	O
that	O
were	O
distributed	O
freely	O
to	O
the	O
population	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1990	O
,	O
6.5	O
million	O
Minitels	B-Application
were	O
installed	O
in	O
households	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
later	O
migrated	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1997	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
service	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
Sumitomo	O
Bank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2010	O
,	O
most	O
major	O
banks	O
implemented	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
services	O
offered	O
varied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
poll	O
conducted	O
by	O
Japanese	O
Bankers	O
Association	O
(	O
JBA	O
)	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
65.2	O
%	O
were	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
personal	O
internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
WeBank	O
,	O
the	O
online	B-Application
bank	I-Application
created	O
by	O
Tencent	O
,	O
started	O
4-month-long	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
trail	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
1995	O
,	O
Advance	O
Bank	O
acquired	O
by	O
St.George	O
Bank	O
,	O
started	O
to	O
provide	O
customers	O
with	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
with	O
the	O
rollout	O
of	O
the	O
C++	O
Internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
ICICI	O
Bank	O
introduced	O
internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
to	O
its	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
or	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
became	O
a	O
reality	O
in	O
Slovenia	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
when	O
SKB	O
bank	O
launched	O
this	O
service	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
SKB	O
Net	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
largest	O
Slovenian	O
bank	O
,	O
NLB	O
bank	O
,	O
who	O
started	O
offering	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
in	O
1999	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
NLB	O
Klik	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nowadays	O
,	O
actually	O
every	O
bank	O
in	O
Slovenia	O
is	O
offering	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
banking	I-Application
first	O
became	O
a	O
possibility	O
in	O
1996	O
with	O
the	O
Bank	O
of	O
Montreal	O
's	O
mbanx	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
the	O
bank	O
ING	O
Direct	O
Canada	O
(	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
Tangerine	O
Bank	O
)	O
was	O
founded	O
with	O
almost	O
entirely	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
using	O
only	O
small	O
cafes	O
for	O
meetings	O
and	O
very	O
few	O
physical	O
branches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
banks	O
in	O
Canada	O
rolled	O
out	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	O
customer	O
service	O
of	O
banks	O
via	O
the	O
internet	O
or	O
Online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
(	O
e-banking	B-Application
)	O
in	O
Ukraine	O
was	O
introduced	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
decades	O
ago	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PrivatBank	O
,	O
which	O
launched	O
the	O
“	O
Privat24	O
”	O
system	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
became	O
a	O
pioneer	O
in	O
retail	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
2007	O
-	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
Ukrainian	O
banks	O
that	O
introduced	O
Online	B-Application
Banking	I-Application
exceeded	O
20	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nowadays	O
,	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
,	O
with	O
rare	O
exceptions	O
,	O
repeats	O
the	O
entire	O
product	O
line	O
of	O
banks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
(	O
IB	O
)	O
,	O
you	O
can	O
not	O
only	O
control	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
funds	O
in	O
their	O
accounts	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
perform	O
more	O
complex	O
operations	O
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
order	O
a	O
payment	O
card	O
or	O
open	O
a	O
deposit	O
account	O
,	O
repay	O
the	O
loan	O
,	O
and	O
recently	O
it	O
became	O
possible	O
to	O
buy	O
and	O
sell	O
currency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rapid	O
development	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
in	O
Ukraine	O
is	O
provoking	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
Internet	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
37	O
options	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
system	O
of	O
the	O
First	O
Ukrainian	O
International	O
Bank	O
,	O
35	O
-	O
in	O
Alfa-Bank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
services	O
in	O
which	O
Internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
users	O
are	O
interested	O
in	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
pay	O
remotely	O
for	O
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
several	O
years	O
ago	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
people	O
living	O
in	O
Macedonia	O
had	O
to	O
go	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
banks	O
to	O
perform	O
financial	O
transactions	O
,	O
today	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
widely	O
functional	O
e-banking	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macedonian	O
banks	O
today	O
offer	O
conventional	O
e-banking	B-Application
services	O
,	O
electronic	O
products	O
including	O
debit/credit	O
cards	O
and	O
e-trading	O
and	O
contemporary	O
electronic	O
services	O
like	O
internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
and	O
online	O
investing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
is	O
important	O
when	O
it	O
comes	O
to	O
e-banking	B-Application
is	O
the	O
trust	O
in	O
banks	O
,	O
usability	O
of	O
the	O
platforms	O
and	O
the	O
overall	O
marketing	O
for	O
e-banking	B-Application
from	O
banks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
it	O
's	O
also	O
important	O
to	O
constantly	O
update	O
the	O
e-banking	B-Application
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
country	O
,	O
several	O
factors	O
significantly	O
influence	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
adoption	O
and	O
usage	O
of	O
e-banking	B-Application
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
age	O
,	O
level	O
of	O
education	O
and	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
e-banking	B-Application
services	O
offered	O
by	O
banks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Naturally	O
,	O
elderly	O
clients	O
use	O
e-banking	B-Application
services	O
less	O
than	O
younger	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
education	O
has	O
a	O
significant	O
influence	O
on	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
usage	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
higher	O
the	O
education	O
level	O
,	O
the	O
more	O
likely	O
is	O
for	O
the	O
citizen	O
to	O
use	O
e-banking	B-Application
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
for	O
the	O
satisfaction	O
,	O
citizens	O
are	O
generally	O
more	O
satisfied	O
with	O
the	O
e-banking	B-Application
services	O
offered	O
by	O
various	O
banks	O
when	O
they	O
have	O
a	O
diverse	O
portfolio	O
of	O
services	O
and	O
offer	O
fast	O
and	O
simple	O
completion	O
of	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bank	O
of	O
the	O
Cook	O
Islands	O
introduced	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
in	O
2015	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
leadership	O
of	O
Vaine	O
Nooana-Arioka	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
access	O
a	O
bank	O
and	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
facility	O
,	O
a	O
customer	O
with	O
internet	O
access	O
will	O
need	O
to	O
register	O
with	O
the	O
bank	O
for	O
the	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
password	O
and	O
other	O
credentials	O
for	O
customer	O
verification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
customer	O
visits	O
the	O
financial	O
institution	O
's	O
secure	B-Protocol
website	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
enters	O
the	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
facility	O
using	O
the	O
customer	O
number	O
and	O
credentials	O
previously	O
set	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
financial	O
institution	O
can	O
determine	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
financial	O
transactions	O
which	O
a	O
customer	O
may	O
transact	O
through	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
,	O
but	O
usually	O
includes	O
obtaining	O
account	O
balances	O
,	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
recent	O
transactions	O
,	O
electronic	O
bill	O
payments	O
,	O
financing	O
loans	O
and	O
funds	O
transfers	O
between	O
a	O
customer	O
's	O
or	O
another	O
's	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
financial	O
institutions	O
offer	O
special	O
internet	B-Application
banking	I-Application
services	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Personal	O
financial	O
management	O
support	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
importing	O
data	O
into	O
personal	O
accounting	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
platforms	O
support	O
account	B-Application
aggregation	I-Application
to	O
allow	O
the	O
customers	O
to	O
monitor	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
accounts	O
in	O
one	O
place	O
whether	O
they	O
are	O
with	O
their	O
main	O
bank	O
or	O
with	O
other	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
of	O
a	O
customer	O
's	O
financial	O
information	O
is	O
very	O
important	O
,	O
without	O
which	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
could	O
not	O
operate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
secure	B-Protocol
website	I-Protocol
has	O
been	O
almost	O
universally	O
embraced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
single	O
password	O
authentication	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
it	O
by	O
itself	O
is	O
not	O
considered	O
secure	O
enough	O
for	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
in	O
some	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
essentially	O
two	O
different	O
security	O
methods	O
in	O
use	O
for	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
TANs	O
can	O
be	O
distributed	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
one	O
is	O
to	O
send	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
TANs	O
to	O
the	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
user	O
by	O
postal	O
letter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
way	O
to	O
provide	O
TANs	O
to	O
an	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
user	O
is	O
to	O
send	O
the	O
TAN	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
bank	O
transaction	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
(	O
GSM	O
)	O
mobile	O
phone	O
via	O
SMS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
"	O
PhotoTAN	O
"	O
service	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
bank	O
generates	O
and	O
sends	O
a	O
QR	O
code	O
image	O
to	O
a	O
smartphone	O
device	O
of	O
the	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
with	O
PIN/TAN	O
is	O
done	O
via	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
using	O
SSL	O
secured	O
connections	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
additional	O
encryption	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Signature	O
based	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
where	O
all	O
transactions	O
are	O
signed	O
and	O
encrypted	O
digitally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attacks	O
on	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
used	O
today	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
deceiving	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
steal	O
login	O
data	O
and	O
valid	O
TANs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
method	O
to	O
attack	O
signature	O
based	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
methods	O
is	O
to	O
manipulate	O
the	O
used	O
software	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
,	O
that	O
correct	O
transactions	O
are	O
shown	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
faked	O
transactions	O
are	O
signed	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
kind	O
of	O
attack	O
is	O
the	O
so-called	O
man-in-the-browser	B-Protocol
attack	O
,	O
a	O
variation	O
of	O
the	O
man-in-the-middle	O
attack	O
where	O
a	O
Trojan	O
horse	O
permits	O
a	O
remote	O
attacker	O
to	O
secretly	O
modify	O
the	O
destination	O
account	O
number	O
and	O
also	O
the	O
amount	O
in	O
the	O
web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
80	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
intrusion	O
is	O
unknown	O
but	O
it	O
occurred	O
during	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
,	O
the	O
report	O
states	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
losses	O
from	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
fraud	O
rose	O
by	O
48%	O
compared	O
with	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
study	O
by	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
Cambridge	O
University	O
cybersecurity	O
researchers	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
fraud	O
has	O
doubled	O
since	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whatever	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
advised	O
that	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
still	O
supported	O
,	O
and	O
properly	O
patched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
certificates	O
are	O
used	O
against	O
phishing	O
and	O
pharming	O
,	O
in	O
signature	O
based	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
variants	O
(	O
HBCI/FinTS	O
)	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
Secoder	O
"	O
card	O
readers	O
is	O
a	O
measurement	O
to	O
uncover	O
software	O
side	O
manipulations	O
of	O
the	O
transaction	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increase	O
in	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
with	O
a	O
concomitant	O
closure	O
of	O
local	O
bank	O
branch	O
offices	O
or	O
reduced	O
retail	O
opening	O
hours	O
discriminates	O
against	O
people	O
who	O
cannot	O
use	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
,	O
for	O
physical	O
or	O
mental	O
limitations	O
like	O
age	O
,	O
or	O
illness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
,	O
race	O
discrimination	O
is	O
even	O
less	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
pinpointed	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
intransparent	O
decision-making	O
by	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
requires	O
access	O
to	O
broadband	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
