<s>
On-set	B-General_Concept
virtual	I-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
(	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
(	O
VP	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
In-Camera	O
Visual	O
Effects	O
(	O
ICVFX	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
called	O
The	O
Volume	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
entertainment	O
technology	O
for	O
television	O
and	O
film	O
production	O
in	O
which	O
LED	O
panels	O
are	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
backdrop	O
for	O
a	O
set	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
video	O
or	O
computer-generated	O
imagery	O
can	O
be	O
displayed	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
became	O
widespread	O
after	O
its	O
use	O
in	O
The	O
Mandalorian	O
(	O
2019	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
StageCraft	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
ILM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
Jacobson	O
and	O
his	O
son	O
made	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
prototypes	O
for	O
a	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
stage	O
in	O
their	O
shed	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
LED	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
filmmakers	O
had	O
also	O
caught	O
on	O
to	O
the	O
idea	O
though	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2018	O
an	O
Australian	O
cinematographer	O
,	O
Greig	O
Fraser	O
,	O
used	O
the	O
technology	O
to	O
film	O
the	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
franchise	O
Spin-off	O
series	O
,	O
The	O
Mandalorian	O
(	O
released	O
2019	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
installed	O
huge	O
LED	O
walls	O
linked	O
to	O
powerful	O
computers	O
which	O
ran	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
gaming	O
software	O
(	O
used	O
for	O
Fortnite	B-Application
,	O
among	O
others	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Miles	O
Perkins	O
,	O
industry	O
manager	O
of	O
film	O
and	O
TV	O
for	O
Epic	O
Games	O
and	O
maker	O
of	O
the	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
,	O
estimated	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
around	O
300	O
stages	O
by	O
October	O
2022	O
,	O
increased	O
from	O
only	O
three	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
stage	O
was	O
opened	O
at	O
the	O
Docklands	O
Studios	O
Melbourne	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Melbourne	O
,	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On-set	B-General_Concept
virtual	I-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
(	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
(	O
VP	O
)	O
,	O
In-Camera	O
Visual	O
Effects	O
(	O
ICVFX	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
The	O
Volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
careful	O
adjustment	O
and	O
calibration	O
,	O
an	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
set	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
closely	O
approximate	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
a	O
real	O
set	O
or	O
outdoor	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSVP	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
an	O
application	O
of	O
extended	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OSVP	B-General_Concept
contrasts	O
with	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
studio	I-General_Concept
technology	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
green	O
screen	O
backdrop	O
surrounds	O
the	O
set	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
virtual	O
surroundings	O
are	O
composited	O
into	O
the	O
green	O
screen	O
plate	O
downstream	O
from	O
the	O
camera	O
,	O
in	O
that	O
in	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
the	O
virtual	O
world	O
surrounding	O
the	O
set	O
is	O
visible	O
to	O
the	O
camera	O
,	O
actors	O
,	O
and	O
crew	O
,	O
and	O
objects	O
on	O
set	O
are	O
illuminated	O
by	O
light	O
from	O
the	O
LED	O
screen	O
,	O
creating	O
realistic	O
interactive	O
lighting	O
effects	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
virtual	O
background	O
and	O
foreground	O
are	O
captured	O
directly	O
in	O
camera	O
,	O
complete	O
with	O
natural	O
subtle	O
cues	O
like	O
lens	O
distortion	O
,	O
depth	O
of	O
field	O
effects	O
,	O
bokeh	O
and	O
lens	O
flare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
it	O
a	O
far	O
more	O
natural	O
experience	O
that	O
more	O
closely	O
approximates	O
location	O
shooting	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
film-making	O
process	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
intuitive	O
than	O
can	O
be	O
achieved	O
on	O
a	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
render	O
parallax	O
depth	O
cues	O
correctly	O
from	O
the	O
viewpoint	O
of	O
a	O
moving	O
camera	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
requires	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
match	O
moving	O
of	O
the	O
background	O
imagery	O
based	O
on	O
data	O
from	O
low-latency	O
real-time	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
to	O
track	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	O
organizations	O
including	O
SMPTE	O
,	O
the	O
Academy	O
of	O
Motion	O
Picture	O
Arts	O
and	O
Sciences	O
and	O
the	O
American	O
Society	O
of	O
Cinematographers	O
have	O
started	O
initiatives	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stages	O
that	O
use	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
include	O
the	O
various	O
StageCraft	O
stages	O
,	O
Pixomondo	O
's	O
Toronto-based	O
LED	O
stage	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
longterm	O
lease	O
from	O
CBS	O
or	O
Lux	O
Machina	O
various	O
stages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Japan	O
,	O
the	O
LED	O
wall	O
and	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
were	O
used	O
by	O
Toei	O
Company	O
for	O
its	O
Super	O
Sentai	O
shows	O
Avataro	O
Sentai	O
Donbrothers	O
and	O
Ohsama	O
Sentai	O
King-Ohger	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
latter	O
also	O
being	O
produced	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Sony	O
PCL	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
largest	O
OSVP	B-General_Concept
is	O
at	O
Docklands	O
Studios	O
Melbourne	O
in	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
