<s>
Podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
previously	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
audioblogs	O
"	O
,	O
had	O
its	O
roots	O
dating	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
broadband	O
Internet	O
access	O
and	O
portable	O
digital	O
audio	O
playback	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-Device
iPod	I-Device
,	O
podcasting	O
began	O
to	O
catch	O
hold	O
in	O
late	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
there	O
are	O
more	O
than	O
115,000	O
English-language	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
available	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
dozens	O
of	O
websites	O
available	O
for	O
distribution	O
at	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
cost	O
to	O
the	O
producer	O
or	O
listener	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
online	O
music	O
digital	O
distribution	O
,	O
the	O
MIDI	O
format	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
Mbone	B-Protocol
,	O
Multicast	O
Network	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
distribute	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MBone	B-Protocol
was	O
a	O
multicast	O
network	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
used	O
primarily	O
by	O
educational	O
and	O
research	O
institutes	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
were	O
audio	O
talk	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
downloaded	O
music	O
did	O
not	O
reach	O
a	O
critical	O
mass	O
until	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
Napster	B-Application
,	O
another	O
system	O
of	O
aggregating	O
music	O
,	O
but	O
without	O
the	O
subscription	O
services	O
provided	O
by	O
podcasting	O
or	O
video	O
blogging	O
aggregation	O
client	O
or	O
system	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
Applian	O
Technologies	O
of	O
San	O
Francisco	O
introduced	O
Replay	O
Radio	O
(	O
later	O
renamed	O
into	O
Replay	O
AV	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
TiVo-like	O
recorder	O
for	O
Internet	O
Radio	O
Shows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Winer	O
's	O
company	O
incorporated	O
both	O
RSS-enclosure	O
and	O
feed-aggregator	O
features	O
in	O
its	O
weblogging	O
product	O
,	O
Radio	B-Protocol
Userland	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
program	O
favored	O
by	O
Curry	O
,	O
audioblogger	O
Harold	O
Gilchrist	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Radio	B-Protocol
Userland	I-Protocol
had	O
a	O
built-in	O
aggregator	O
,	O
it	O
provided	O
both	O
the	O
"	O
send	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
receive	O
"	O
components	O
of	O
what	O
was	O
then	O
called	O
"	O
audioblogging	O
"	O
.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx1	O
All	O
that	O
was	O
needed	O
for	O
"	O
podcasting	O
"	O
was	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
automatically	O
move	O
audio	O
files	O
from	O
Radio	B-Protocol
Userland	I-Protocol
's	O
download	O
folder	O
to	O
an	O
audio	O
player	O
(	O
either	O
software	O
or	O
hardware	O
)	O
—	O
along	O
with	O
enough	O
compelling	O
audio	O
to	O
make	O
such	O
automation	O
worth	O
the	O
trouble	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2003	O
,	O
Stephen	O
Downes	O
demonstrated	O
aggregation	O
and	O
syndication	O
of	O
audio	O
files	O
in	O
his	O
Ed	O
Radio	O
application.Downes	O
,	O
Stephen	O
,	O
June	O
2003	O
Ed	O
Radio	O
Ed	O
Radio	O
scanned	O
RSS	O
feeds	O
for	O
MP3	O
files	O
,	O
collected	O
them	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
feed	O
,	O
and	O
made	O
the	O
result	O
available	O
as	O
SMIL	B-Language
or	O
Webjay	B-Application
audio	O
feeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
live	O
show	O
that	O
was	O
recorded	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
on-demand	O
download	O
to	O
visitors	O
of	O
Patriots.com,	O
although	O
this	O
was	O
n't	O
technically	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
technology	O
had	O
not	O
yet	O
been	O
invented	O
to	O
automatically	O
download	O
new	O
episodes	O
—	O
a	O
key	O
differentiator	O
that	O
sets	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
apart	O
from	O
simple	O
audio	O
files	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
manually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
two	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
iTunes	O
platform	O
,	O
the	O
show	O
was	O
also	O
offered	O
there	O
as	O
a	O
bona	O
fide	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
existence	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
Patriots	O
Unfiltered	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
available	O
on	O
all	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
however	O
,	O
was	O
IT	O
Conversations	O
by	O
Doug	O
Kaye	O
;	O
the	O
show	O
ran	O
from	O
2003	O
to	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doug	O
Kaye	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
been	O
publishing	O
MP3	O
recordings	O
of	O
his	O
interviews	O
at	O
IT	O
Conversations	O
since	O
June	O
,	O
created	O
an	O
RSS	O
feed	O
with	O
enclosures	O
,	O
thus	O
creating	O
the	O
first	O
true	O
podcast.Kaye	O
,	O
Doug	O
,	O
September	O
24	O
,	O
2003	O
Blogarithms	O
Lydon	O
's	O
blog	O
eventually	O
became	O
Radio	O
Open	O
Source	O
;	O
its	O
accompanying	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
titled	O
Open	O
Source	O
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
Adam	O
Curry	O
's	O
Daily	O
Source	O
Code	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
also	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
oldest	O
still-running	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bob	O
Doyle	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
portable	O
studio	O
he	O
helped	O
Lydon	O
develop	O
;	O
Christopher	O
Lydon	O
's	O
Portable	O
Web	O
Studio	O
for	O
Blogradio	O
Productions	O
Harold	O
Gilchrist	O
presented	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
audioblogging	O
,	O
including	O
Curry	O
's	O
early	O
role	O
,	O
and	O
Kevin	O
Marks	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
script	O
to	O
download	O
RSS	O
enclosures	O
and	O
pass	O
them	O
to	O
iTunes	O
for	O
transfer	O
to	O
an	O
iPod.Marks	O
,	O
Kevin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
AudioFeast	O
shut	O
down	O
its	O
service	O
in	O
July	O
2005	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
unwillingness	O
of	O
its	O
free	O
customers	O
to	O
pay	O
for	O
its	O
$49.95	O
paid	O
annual	O
subscription	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
strong	O
competitive	O
differentiation	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
with	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
free	O
RSS	O
podcatchers	B-Application
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Audioblog.com	O
became	O
Hipcast.com	O
in	O
June	O
2006	O
and	O
has	O
hosted	O
hundreds	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
since	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
ipodder-dev	O
mailing	O
list	O
,	O
Thu	O
,	O
September	O
16	O
,	O
2004	O
.	O
and	O
synchronization	O
of	O
audio	O
content	O
;	O
he	O
also	O
registered	O
several	O
"	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
"	O
-related	O
domains	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
podcast.net	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
documented	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
podcasting	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
definition	O
known	O
today	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
broadcasting	O
rather	O
than	O
downloading	O
)	O
was	O
mentioned	O
in	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
episode	O
of	O
the	O
Evil	O
Genius	O
Chronicles	O
on	O
September	O
18	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
by	O
Dave	O
Slusher	O
,	O
who	O
also	O
mentioned	O
the	O
emerging	O
technology	O
of	O
torrenting	B-Protocol
as	O
well	O
as	O
pondering	O
if	O
he	O
should	O
monetise	O
the	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
(	O
and	O
,	O
if	O
so	O
,	O
whether	O
it	O
should	O
be	O
through	O
sponsorship	O
or	O
through	O
voluntary	O
donations	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
dilemma	O
that	O
many	O
professional	O
podcasters	O
face	O
today	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
"	O
by	O
Gregoire	O
was	O
picked	O
up	O
by	O
podcasting	O
evangelists	O
such	O
as	O
Slusher	O
,	O
David	O
Slusher	O
's	O
Podcasts	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
28	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
Blogger	O
and	O
technology	O
columnist	O
Doc	O
Searls	O
began	O
keeping	O
track	O
of	O
how	O
many	O
"	O
hits	O
"	O
Google	O
found	O
for	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
Trends	O
marks	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
searches	O
for	O
"	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
"	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
September	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
2,750	O
hits	O
on	O
Google	O
's	O
search	O
engine	O
for	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
October	O
11	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
capturing	O
the	O
early	O
distribution	O
and	O
variety	O
of	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
was	O
more	O
difficult	O
than	O
counting	O
Google	O
hits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
October	O
,	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
had	O
reported	O
on	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
across	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
Australia	O
and	O
Sweden	O
,	O
mentioning	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
topics	O
from	O
technology	O
to	O
veganism	O
to	O
movie	O
reviews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wider	O
noticeUSA	O
Today	O
told	O
its	O
readers	O
about	O
the	O
"	O
free	O
amateur	O
chatfests	O
"	O
the	O
following	O
February	O
,	O
profiling	O
several	O
podcasters	O
,	O
giving	O
instructions	O
for	O
sending	O
and	O
receiving	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
including	O
a	O
"	O
Top	O
Ten	O
"	O
list	O
from	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
many	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
directories	O
that	O
had	O
sprung	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
Top	O
Ten	O
programs	O
gave	O
further	O
indication	O
of	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
topics	O
:	O
four	O
were	O
about	O
technology	O
(	O
including	O
Curry	O
's	O
Daily	O
Source	O
Code	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
included	O
music	O
and	O
personal	O
chat	O
)	O
,	O
three	O
were	O
about	O
music	O
,	O
one	O
about	O
movies	O
,	O
one	O
about	O
politics	O
,	O
and	O
—	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
number	O
one	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
—	O
The	O
Dawn	O
and	O
Drew	O
Show	O
,	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
married-couple	O
banter	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
format	O
that	O
(	O
as	O
USA	O
Today	O
noted	O
)	O
was	O
popular	O
on	O
American	O
broadcast	O
radio	O
in	O
the	O
1940s	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Dawn	O
and	O
Drew	O
,	O
such	O
"	O
couplecasts	O
"	O
became	O
quite	O
popular	O
among	O
independent	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
being	O
the	O
London	O
couple	O
Sowerby	O
and	O
Luff	O
(	O
consisting	O
of	O
comedy	O
writers	O
Brian	O
West	O
(	O
Luff	O
)	O
and	O
Georgina	O
Sowerby	O
)	O
,	O
whose	O
talk	O
show	O
The	O
Big	O
Squeeze	O
quickly	O
achieved	O
a	O
global	O
audience	O
via	O
the	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
Comedy	O
365	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
18	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
hits	O
on	O
Google	O
's	O
search	O
engine	O
for	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
"	O
ballooned	O
to	O
more	O
than	O
100,000	O
after	O
being	O
just	O
24	O
results	O
three	O
weeks	O
prior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
,	O
detailed	O
how-to-podcast	O
articles	O
had	O
begun	O
to	O
appear	O
online	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
month	O
later	O
,	O
Liberated	O
Syndication	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
known	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
as	O
Libsyn	O
launched	O
the	O
first	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Service	O
Provider	O
,	O
offering	O
storage	O
,	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
and	O
RSS	O
creation	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
adopters	O
from	O
the	O
mainstream	O
media	O
of	O
on-demand	O
audio	O
(	O
although	O
not	O
strictly	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
)	O
was	O
the	O
BBC	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
BBC	O
World	O
Service	O
show	O
,	O
Go	O
Digital	O
,	O
in	O
August	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
domestic	O
BBC	O
show	O
to	O
be	O
podcasted	O
was	O
In	O
Our	O
Time	O
,	O
made	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
in	O
November	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2005	O
,	O
Apple	O
added	O
podcasting	O
to	O
its	O
iTunes	O
4.9	O
music	O
software	O
and	O
building	O
a	O
directory	O
of	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
at	O
its	O
iTunes	O
Music	O
Store.Apple	O
Takes	O
Podcasting	O
Mainstream	O
Apple	O
Press	O
InfoiTunes	O
4.9	O
with	O
podcasting	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
—	O
still	O
no	O
formal	O
announcement	O
Engadget	O
The	O
new	O
iTunes	O
could	O
subscribe	O
to	O
,	O
download	O
and	O
organize	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
made	O
a	O
separate	O
aggregator	O
application	O
unnecessary	O
for	O
many	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
promoted	O
creation	O
of	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
using	O
its	O
GarageBand	B-Application
and	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Pro	O
software	O
and	O
the	O
MP4	O
format	O
instead	O
of	O
MP3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
iTunes	O
 '	O
seamless	O
integration	O
,	O
acquiring	O
and	O
organising	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
required	O
dedicated	O
"	O
podcatching	B-Application
"	O
software	O
that	O
was	O
often	O
clunky	O
and	O
intimidating	O
for	O
the	O
average	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2005	O
,	O
U.S.	O
President	O
George	O
W	O
.	O
Bush	O
became	O
a	O
podcaster	O
of	O
sorts	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
website	O
added	O
an	O
RSS	O
2.0	O
feed	O
to	O
the	O
previously	O
downloadable	O
files	O
of	O
the	O
president	O
's	O
weekly	O
radio	O
addresses.White	O
House	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
Radio	O
Addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
July	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
People	O
's	O
Choice	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Awards	O
were	O
held	O
during	O
the	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Expo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
28	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
exactly	O
a	O
year	O
after	O
first	O
tracking	O
hits	O
for	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
"	O
on	O
Google	O
's	O
search	O
engine	O
,	O
Google	O
found	O
more	O
than	O
100	O
million	O
hits	O
on	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
annual	O
conference	O
changed	O
its	O
name	O
to	O
the	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
and	O
New	O
Media	O
Expo	O
,	O
which	O
stopped	O
being	O
held	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
3	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
"	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
"	O
was	O
named	O
the	O
word	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
in	O
2005	O
by	O
the	O
New	O
Oxford	O
American	O
Dictionary	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
in	O
the	O
dictionary	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UK	O
comedian	O
Ricky	O
Gervais	O
,	O
whose	O
first	O
season	O
of	O
The	O
Ricky	O
Gervais	O
Show	O
became	O
a	O
big	O
hit	O
,	O
launched	O
a	O
new	O
series	O
of	O
the	O
popular	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
series	O
of	O
the	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
was	O
distributed	O
through	O
audible.co.uk	B-Application
and	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
to	O
charge	O
consumers	O
to	O
download	O
the	O
show	O
(	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
of	O
95	O
pence	O
per	O
half-hour	O
episode	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
series	O
of	O
The	O
Ricky	O
Gervais	O
Show	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
freely	O
distributed	O
by	O
the	O
Positive	O
Internet	O
Company	O
and	O
marketed	O
through	O
The	O
Guardian	O
newspaper	O
's	O
website	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
most	O
successful	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
for	O
several	O
years	O
,	O
eventually	O
gaining	O
more	O
than	O
300	O
million	O
unique	O
downloads	O
by	O
March	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
in	O
its	O
new	O
subscription	O
format	O
,	O
The	O
Ricky	O
Gervais	O
Show	O
was	O
regularly	O
the	O
most-downloaded	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
on	O
iTunes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Adam	O
Carolla	O
Show	O
claimed	O
a	O
new	O
Guinness	O
world	O
record	O
,	O
with	O
total	O
downloads	O
approaching	O
60	O
million	O
,	O
but	O
Guinness	O
failed	O
to	O
acknowledge	O
that	O
Gervais	O
's	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
had	O
more	O
than	O
5	O
times	O
as	O
many	O
downloads	O
as	O
Carolla	O
's	O
show	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
that	O
this	O
new	O
record	O
was	O
supposedly	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2006	O
,	O
LA	O
podcaster	O
Lance	O
Anderson	O
became	O
nearly	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
and	O
create	O
a	O
live	O
venue	O
tour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lance	O
Anderson	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Experment	O
(	O
sic	O
)	O
included	O
a	O
sold-out	O
extravaganza	O
in	O
The	O
Pilgrim	O
,	O
a	O
central	O
Liverpool	O
(	O
UK	O
)	O
venue	O
(	O
February	O
23	O
,	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
theatrical	O
event	O
at	O
The	O
Rose	O
Theatre	O
,	O
Edge	O
Hill	O
University	O
(	O
February	O
24	O
,	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
appearances	O
by	O
Mark	O
Hunter	O
from	O
The	O
Tartan	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
Jon	O
and	O
Rob	O
from	O
Top	O
of	O
the	O
Pods	O
,	O
Dan	O
Klass	O
from	O
The	O
Bitterest	O
Pill	O
via	O
video	O
link	O
from	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
and	O
live	O
music	O
from	O
The	O
Hotrod	O
Cadets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Anderson	O
was	O
also	O
invited	O
to	O
take	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
first-ever	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Forum	O
at	O
CARET	O
,	O
the	O
Centre	O
for	O
Applied	O
Research	O
in	O
Educational	O
Technologies	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Cambridge	O
(	O
February	O
21	O
,	O
2006	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organised	O
and	O
supported	O
by	O
Josh	O
Newman	O
,	O
the	O
university	O
's	O
Apple	O
Campus	O
Rep	O
,	O
Anderson	O
was	O
joined	O
at	O
this	O
event	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Chris	O
Smith	O
from	O
the	O
Naked	O
Scientists	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
;	O
Debbie	O
McGowan	O
,	O
an	O
Open	O
University	O
lecturer	O
and	O
advocate	O
for	O
podcasting	O
in	O
education	O
;	O
and	O
Nigel	O
Paice	O
,	O
a	O
professional	O
music	O
producer	O
and	O
podcasting	O
tutor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2006	O
,	O
Canadian	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
Stephen	O
Harper	O
became	O
the	O
second	O
head	O
of	O
government	O
to	O
issue	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
of	O
Canada	O
's	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
(	O
George	O
W	O
.	O
Bush	O
technically	O
being	O
the	O
first	O
one	O
back	O
in	O
July	O
2005	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
VoloMedia	O
is	O
awarded	O
the	O
"	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
patent	O
"	O
by	O
the	O
USPTO	O
in	O
patent	O
number	O
7,568,213	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
2	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Virginia	O
Tech	O
(	O
Virginia	O
Polytechnic	O
Institute	O
and	O
State	O
University	O
)	O
launched	O
the	O
first	O
regular	O
schedule	O
of	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
programming	O
at	O
the	O
university	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
four	O
regularly	O
scheduled	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
first	O
for	O
a	O
major	O
American	O
university	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
launched	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Virginia	O
Tech	O
's	O
"	O
Invent	O
the	O
Future	O
"	O
campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2006	O
,	O
comedy	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
Never	O
Not	O
Funny	O
began	O
when	O
Matt	O
Belknap	O
of	O
ASpecialThing	O
Records	O
interviewed	O
comedian	O
Jimmy	O
Pardo	O
on	O
the	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
for	O
his	O
popular	O
alternative	O
comedy	O
forum	O
A	O
Special	O
Thing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
had	O
previously	O
discussed	O
producing	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
version	O
of	O
Jimmy	O
's	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
show	O
"	O
Running	O
Your	O
Trap	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
he	O
hosted	O
at	O
the	O
Upright	O
Citizens	O
Brigade	O
Theatre	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
hit	O
it	O
off	O
so	O
well	O
on	O
AST	O
Radio	O
that	O
Pardo	O
said	O
"	O
This	O
is	O
the	O
show.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
,	O
Never	O
Not	O
Funny	O
started	O
simulcasting	O
both	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
stream	O
and	O
a	O
paid	O
video	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
still	O
uses	O
this	O
format	O
,	O
releasing	O
two	O
shows	O
a	O
week	O
—	O
one	O
free	O
and	O
one	O
paid	O
—	O
along	O
with	O
paid	O
video	O
feed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
This	O
American	O
Life	O
radio	O
program	O
began	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
version	O
to	O
listeners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
debuting	O
,	O
This	O
American	O
Life	O
has	O
consistently	O
been	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most-listened-to	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
averaging	O
around	O
2.5	O
million	O
downloads	O
per	O
episode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2007	O
,	O
after	O
being	O
on-air	O
talent	O
and	O
being	O
fired	O
from	O
KYSR	O
(	O
STAR	O
)	O
in	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
Jack	O
and	O
Stench	O
started	O
their	O
own	O
subscription-based	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
$5.00	O
per	O
subscription	O
,	O
subscribers	O
had	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
one-hour	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
free	O
of	O
any	O
commercials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
successful	O
run	O
of	O
12	O
years	O
and	O
over	O
2,700	O
episodes	O
,	O
the	O
Jack	O
and	O
Stench	O
Show	O
is	O
among	O
the	O
longest-running	O
monetized	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
Cambridge	O
CARET	O
Centre	O
also	O
helped	O
to	O
give	O
birth	O
to	O
the	O
first	O
as-live	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
channel	O
for	O
women	O
politicians	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
globally	O
called	O
Women	O
's	O
Parliamentary	O
Radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sones	O
has	O
also	O
written	O
four	O
books	O
about	O
these	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
interviews	O
and	O
archives	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
in	O
all	O
the	O
major	O
libraries	O
in	O
the	O
UK.The	O
Adam	O
Carolla	O
Show	O
started	O
as	O
a	O
regular	O
weekday	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
in	O
March	O
2009	O
;	O
by	O
March	O
2011	O
,	O
59.6	O
million	O
episodes	O
had	O
been	O
downloaded	O
in	O
total	O
,	O
claiming	O
a	O
record	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
as	O
previously	O
mentioned	O
,	O
Gervais	O
's	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
had	O
already	O
received	O
five	O
times	O
Carolla	O
's	O
downloads	O
by	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
record	O
was	O
supposedly	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BBC	O
noted	O
in	O
2011	O
that	O
more	O
people	O
(	O
eight	O
million	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
or	O
about	O
16%	O
of	O
the	O
population	O
,	O
with	O
half	O
listening	O
at	O
least	O
once	O
a	O
week	O
—	O
a	O
similar	O
proportion	O
to	O
the	O
USA	O
)	O
had	O
downloaded	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
than	O
had	O
used	O
Twitter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
Adam	O
Carolla	O
Show	O
,	O
2009	O
saw	O
a	O
huge	O
influx	O
of	O
many	O
other	O
popular	O
new	O
comedy	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
the	O
massively	O
successful	O
talk-style	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
with	O
a	O
comedic	O
bent	O
such	O
as	O
WTF	O
with	O
Marc	O
Maron	O
,	O
The	O
Joe	O
Rogan	O
Experience	O
,	O
How	O
Do	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
David	O
Feldman	O
Show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
run	O
of	O
eight	O
years	O
(	O
as	O
of	O
October	O
2013	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
various	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
provided	O
by	O
Wrestling	O
Observer/Figure	O
Four	O
Online	O
,	O
including	O
Figure	O
Four	O
Daily	O
and	O
the	O
Bryan	O
and	O
Vinny	O
Show	O
with	O
host	O
Bryan	O
Alvarez	O
,	O
and	O
Wrestling	O
Observer	O
Radio	O
with	O
hosts	O
Alvarez	O
and	O
Dave	O
Meltzer	O
,	O
have	O
produced	O
over	O
6,000	O
monetized	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
at	O
a	O
subscription	O
rate	O
of	O
$10.99	O
per	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
subscription	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
model	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
This	O
American	O
Life	O
launched	O
the	O
first	O
season	O
of	O
their	O
Serial	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
surprise	O
success	O
,	O
achieving	O
68	O
million	O
downloads	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
Season	O
1	O
and	O
becoming	O
the	O
first	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
to	O
win	O
a	O
Peabody	O
Award	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
was	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
phenomenon	O
"	O
by	O
media	O
outlets	O
and	O
popularized	O
true	O
crime	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2012	O
to	O
2013	O
,	O
surveys	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
listeners	O
had	O
dropped	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
since	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Podcasting	O
reached	O
a	O
new	O
stage	O
of	O
growth	O
in	O
2017	O
when	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
debuted	O
The	O
Daily	O
news	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
the	O
highest	O
unique	O
monthly	O
US	O
audience	O
of	O
any	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
fragmented	O
delivery	O
mechanisms	O
and	O
various	O
other	O
factors	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
externally	O
nail	O
down	O
a	O
precise	O
listenership	O
figure	O
for	O
any	O
one	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
(	O
although	O
podcasters	O
themselves	O
can	O
generally	O
get	O
fairly	O
accurate	O
data	O
if	O
they	O
so	O
please	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
especially	O
useful	O
for	O
securing	O
advertising	O
contracts	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
December	O
2018	O
,	O
Serial	O
was	O
believed	O
by	O
some	O
sources	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
most	O
downloaded	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
of	O
all	O
time	O
,	O
with	O
420	O
million	O
total	O
downloads	O
,	O
surpassing	O
Gervais	O
's	O
300	O
million	O
figure	O
from	O
back	O
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Podtrac	O
,	O
NPR	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
publisher	O
,	O
with	O
over	O
175	O
million	O
downloads	O
and	O
streams	O
every	O
month	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
Joe	O
Rogan	O
claimed	O
in	O
2019	O
that	O
his	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
alone	O
was	O
receiving	O
190	O
million	O
downloads	O
a	O
month	O
—	O
a	O
claim	O
that	O
is	O
very	O
likely	O
true	O
—	O
and	O
therefore	O
makes	O
his	O
show	O
the	O
most	O
downloaded	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
of	O
all	O
time	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
both	O
average	O
viewership	O
and	O
total	O
downloads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
Rogan	O
signed	O
a	O
$100	O
million	O
licensing	O
deal	O
with	O
Spotify	B-Application
due	O
to	O
his	O
unprecedented	O
success	O
with	O
the	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nielsen	O
and	O
Edison	O
Research	O
reported	O
in	O
April	O
2019	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
logged	O
700,000	O
active	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
research	O
also	O
revealed	O
that	O
,	O
per	O
capita	O
,	O
South	O
Korea	O
leads	O
the	O
world	O
in	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
listeners	O
,	O
with	O
58%	O
of	O
South	O
Koreans	O
listening	O
to	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
every	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
comparison	O
,	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
32%	O
of	O
Americans	O
had	O
listened	O
to	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
last	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
24%	O
of	O
Americans	O
had	O
listened	O
to	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
weekly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Comedy	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
genre	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IAB	O
and	O
PWC	O
project	O
that	O
U.S.	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
advertising	O
revenues	O
will	O
surpass	O
$1	O
billion	O
by	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
video	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
or	O
vodcast	O
is	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
that	O
contains	O
video	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
television	O
series	O
are	O
often	O
distributed	O
as	O
video	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dead	O
End	O
Days	O
,	O
a	O
serialized	O
dark	O
comedy	O
about	O
zombies	O
released	O
from	O
October	O
31	O
,	O
2003	O
,	O
through	O
2004	O
,	O
is	O
commonly	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
video	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Never	O
Not	O
Funny	O
was	O
a	O
pioneer	O
in	O
providing	O
video	O
content	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joe	O
Rogan	O
Experience	O
has	O
great	O
examples	O
of	O
a	O
litany	O
of	O
video	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
many	O
of	O
them	O
now	O
being	O
hosted	O
on	O
YouTube	O
rather	O
than	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
feed	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
much	O
more	O
common	O
when	O
video	O
podcasting	O
was	O
a	O
brand-new	O
medium	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
difference	O
between	O
a	O
vlog	O
and	O
a	O
video	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
vlog	O
could	O
technically	O
be	O
a	O
video	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
long-form	O
conversational-style	O
videos	O
are	O
generally	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
video	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
famous	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
way	O
online	O
statistics	O
can	O
be	O
misused	O
by	O
those	O
unused	O
to	O
the	O
nuances	O
of	O
the	O
online	O
world	O
,	O
marketing	O
executives	O
from	O
the	O
ABC	O
in	O
Australia	O
were	O
unsure	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
make	O
sense	O
of	O
why	O
Digital	O
Living	O
,	O
at	O
that	O
stage	O
a	O
little-known	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
from	O
one	O
of	O
their	O
local	O
stations	O
,	O
outrated	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
expensively	O
produced	O
shows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
examples	O
of	O
a	O
print	O
publication	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
audio	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
to	O
supplement	O
its	O
printed	O
content	O
was	O
the	O
international	O
scientific	O
journal	O
Nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nature	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
was	O
set	O
up	O
in	O
October	O
2005	O
by	O
Cambridge	O
University	O
's	O
award-winning	O
"	O
Naked	O
Scientist	O
"	O
,	O
Chris	O
Smith	O
,	O
who	O
produces	O
and	O
presents	O
the	O
weekly	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Podcaster	O
Gary	O
Leland	O
joined	O
forces	O
with	O
Dan	O
Franks	O
and	O
Jared	O
Easley	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
new	O
international	O
conference	O
for	O
podcasters	O
in	O
early	O
2014	O
called	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
new	O
media	O
events	O
,	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Movement	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
conference	O
of	O
its	O
size	O
in	O
over	O
a	O
decade	O
that	O
was	O
focused	O
specifically	O
on	O
podcasting	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
tracks	O
for	O
both	O
new	O
and	O
experienced	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
creators	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
industry	O
professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
popular	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
Lore	O
,	O
Homecoming	O
,	O
and	O
My	O
Brother	O
,	O
My	O
Brother	O
,	O
and	O
Me	O
have	O
been	O
adapted	O
as	O
films	O
or	O
television	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
podcasting	O
's	O
innovators	O
took	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
sound-file	O
synchronization	O
feature	O
of	O
Apple	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
iPod	B-Device
and	O
iTunes	O
software	O
—	O
and	O
included	O
"	O
pod	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
name	O
—	O
the	O
technology	O
was	O
always	O
compatible	O
with	O
other	O
players	O
and	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
was	O
not	O
actively	O
involved	O
until	O
mid-2005	O
,	O
when	O
it	O
joined	O
the	O
market	O
on	O
three	O
fronts	O
:	O
as	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
"	O
podcatcher	B-Application
"	O
software	O
,	O
as	O
publisher	O
of	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
directory	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
provider	O
of	O
tutorials	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
create	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
with	O
Apple	O
products	O
GarageBand	B-Application
and	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Pro''	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
CEO	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
demonstrated	O
creating	O
a	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
during	O
his	O
January	O
10	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
keynote	O
address	O
to	O
the	O
Macworld	O
Conference	O
&	O
Expo	O
using	O
new	O
"	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
studio	O
"	O
features	O
in	O
GarageBand	B-Application
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
it	O
added	O
a	O
podcast-subscription	O
feature	O
to	O
its	O
June	O
28	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
release	O
of	O
iTunes	O
4.9	O
,	O
Apple	O
also	O
launched	O
a	O
directory	O
of	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
iTunes	O
Music	O
Store	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
3,000	O
entries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
software	O
enabled	O
AAC-encoded	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
to	O
use	O
chapters	O
,	O
bookmarks	O
,	O
external	O
links	O
,	O
and	O
synchronized	O
images	O
displayed	O
on	O
iPod	B-Device
screens	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
iTunes	O
artwork	O
viewer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
days	O
after	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
,	O
Apple	O
reported	O
one	O
million	O
podcast	B-Operating_System
subscriptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Possible	O
solutions	O
were	O
proposed	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
content	O
delivery	O
system	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Liberated	O
Syndication	O
,	O
aka	O
Libsyn	O
;	O
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Servers	O
;	O
Akamai	B-Application
;	O
a	O
peer-to-peer	O
solution	O
,	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
;	O
or	O
use	O
of	O
free	O
hosting	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
offered	O
by	O
the	O
Internet	O
Archive	O
or	O
Anchor	O
.	O
</s>
