<s>
The	O
oddball	B-Algorithm
paradigm	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
experimental	O
design	O
used	O
within	O
psychology	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
oddball	O
method	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
event-related	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
(	O
ERP	O
)	O
research	O
by	O
Nancy	O
Squires	O
,	O
Kenneth	O
Squires	O
and	O
Steven	O
Hillyard	O
at	O
the	O
UC	O
San	O
Diego	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
ERP	O
research	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
found	O
that	O
an	O
event-related	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
across	O
the	O
parieto-central	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
skull	O
that	O
usually	O
occurs	O
around	O
300	O
ms	O
after	O
stimuli	O
presentation	O
called	O
P300	B-Algorithm
is	O
larger	O
after	O
the	O
target	O
stimulus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
P300	B-Algorithm
wave	O
only	O
occurs	O
if	O
the	O
subject	O
is	O
actively	O
engaged	O
in	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
detecting	O
the	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Measuring	O
hemodynamic	O
brain	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
prefrontal	O
cortex	O
using	O
functional	B-Algorithm
magnetic	I-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
revealed	O
that	O
the	O
dorsolateral	O
prefrontal	O
cortex	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
dynamic	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
mapping	O
of	O
stimuli	O
to	O
responses	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
P300	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
attention-dependent	O
cognitive	O
component	O
in	O
wakefulness	O
,	O
one	O
might	O
suppose	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
absent	O
during	O
sleep	O
;	O
a	O
time	O
in	O
which	O
information	O
processing	O
of	O
external	O
stimuli	O
is	O
commonly	O
thought	O
to	O
be	O
inhibited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
to	O
date	O
indicates	O
that	O
P300	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
recorded	O
during	O
the	O
transition	O
to	O
sleep	O
and	O
then	O
reappears	O
in	O
REM	O
sleep	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stimuli	O
that	O
are	O
rare	O
and	O
intrusive	O
are	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
elicit	O
the	O
classic	O
parietal	O
P300	B-Algorithm
in	O
REM	O
sleep	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
of	O
cognition	O
often	O
use	O
an	O
oddball	B-Algorithm
paradigm	I-Algorithm
to	O
study	O
effects	O
of	O
stimulus	O
novelty	O
and	O
significance	O
on	O
information	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
classic	O
auditory	O
oddball	B-Algorithm
paradigm	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
modified	O
to	O
produce	O
different	O
neural	O
responses	O
and	O
can	O
therefore	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
investigate	O
dysfunctions	O
in	O
sensory	O
and	O
cognitive	O
processing	O
in	O
clinical	O
samples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
unique	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
oddball	B-Algorithm
paradigm	I-Algorithm
is	O
being	O
used	O
heavily	O
in	O
Schizophrenia	O
research	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
effects	O
in	O
neuronal	O
generator	O
patterns	O
in	O
continuous	O
recognition	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
endophenotypes	O
,	O
which	O
provide	O
model	O
on	O
genetic	O
relation	O
of	O
psychiatric	O
diseases	O
that	O
represents	O
phenotypes	O
between	O
manifest	O
clinical	O
syndrome	O
and	O
genetic	O
underpinnings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
oddball	B-Algorithm
paradigm	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
extended	O
to	O
use	O
outside	O
of	O
ERP	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
oddball	B-Algorithm
paradigm	I-Algorithm
has	O
robust	O
effects	O
on	O
pupil	O
dilation	O
that	O
is	O
produced	O
by	O
transient	O
activity	O
of	O
the	O
subcortical	O
Locus	O
Coeruleus	O
.	O
</s>
