<s>
An	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
or	O
object-oriented	B-Application
database	I-Application
is	O
a	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
in	O
which	O
information	O
is	O
represented	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
objects	O
as	O
used	O
in	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
are	O
different	O
from	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
which	O
are	O
table-oriented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
type	O
,	O
object	B-General_Concept
–	I-General_Concept
relational	I-General_Concept
databases	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
a	O
hybrid	O
of	O
both	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
have	O
been	O
considered	O
since	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-oriented	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
OODBMSs	O
)	O
also	O
called	O
ODBMS	B-Application
(	O
Object	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Management	I-Application
System	I-Application
)	O
combine	O
database	O
capabilities	O
with	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OODBMSs	O
allow	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programmers	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
product	O
,	O
store	O
them	O
as	O
objects	O
,	O
and	O
replicate	O
or	O
modify	O
existing	O
objects	O
to	O
make	O
new	O
objects	O
within	O
the	O
OODBMS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
database	O
is	O
integrated	O
with	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
the	O
programmer	O
can	O
maintain	O
consistency	O
within	O
one	O
environment	O
,	O
in	O
that	O
both	O
the	O
OODBMS	B-Application
and	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
will	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
model	O
of	O
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Relational	O
DBMS	O
projects	O
,	O
by	O
way	O
of	O
contrast	O
,	O
maintain	O
a	O
clearer	O
division	O
between	O
the	O
database	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
DBMS	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
store	O
data	O
as	O
objects	O
gives	O
an	O
advantage	O
to	O
those	O
companies	O
that	O
are	O
geared	O
towards	O
multimedia	O
presentation	O
or	O
organizations	O
that	O
utilize	O
computer-aided	B-Application
design	I-Application
(	O
CAD	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
object-oriented	B-Application
databases	I-Application
are	O
designed	O
to	O
work	O
well	O
with	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
such	O
as	O
Delphi	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C#	B-Application
,	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
.NET	I-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Objective-C	B-Language
and	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
;	O
others	O
such	O
as	O
JADE	B-Language
have	O
their	O
own	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OODBMSs	O
use	O
exactly	O
the	O
same	O
model	O
as	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
grew	O
out	O
of	O
research	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
to	O
mid-1970s	O
into	O
having	O
intrinsic	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
support	O
for	O
graph-structured	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
object-oriented	B-Application
database	I-Application
system	O
"	O
first	O
appeared	O
around	O
1985	O
.	O
Notable	O
research	O
projects	O
included	O
Encore-Ob/Server	O
(	O
Brown	O
University	O
)	O
,	O
EXODUS	O
(	O
University	O
of	O
Wisconsin	O
–	O
Madison	O
)	O
,	O
IRIS	O
(	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
)	O
,	O
ODE	O
(	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
)	O
,	O
ORION	O
(	O
Microelectronics	O
and	O
Computer	O
Technology	O
Corporation	O
or	O
MCC	O
)	O
,	O
Vodak	O
(	O
GMD-IPSI	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Zeitgeist	O
(	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
commercial	O
products	O
included	O
Gemstone	B-Operating_System
(	O
Servio	O
Logic	O
,	O
name	O
changed	O
to	O
GemStone	B-Operating_System
Systems	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Gbase	O
(	O
Graphael	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Vbase	O
(	O
Ontologic	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
included	O
ITASCA	O
(	O
Itasca	O
Systems	O
)	O
,	O
Jasmine	O
(	O
Fujitsu	O
,	O
marketed	O
by	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
)	O
,	O
Matisse	O
(	O
Matisse	O
Software	O
)	O
,	O
Objectivity/DB	B-Application
(	O
Objectivity	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
)	O
,	O
ObjectStore	B-Device
(	O
Progress	O
Software	O
,	O
acquired	O
from	O
eXcelon	O
which	O
was	O
originally	O
Object	O
Design	O
,	O
Incorporated	O
)	O
,	O
ONTOS	O
(	O
Ontos	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
name	O
changed	O
from	O
Ontologic	O
)	O
,	O
O2	O
(	O
O2	O
Technology	O
,	O
merged	O
with	O
several	O
companies	O
,	O
acquired	O
by	O
Informix	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
in	O
turn	O
acquired	O
by	O
IBM	O
)	O
,	O
POET	O
(	O
now	O
from	O
Versant	O
which	O
acquired	O
Poet	O
Software	O
)	O
,	O
Versant	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Database	I-Application
(	O
Corporation	O
)	O
,	O
VOSS	O
(	O
Logic	O
Arts	O
)	O
and	O
JADE	B-Language
(	O
Jade	B-Language
Software	I-Language
Corporation	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
products	O
remain	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
joined	O
by	O
new	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
and	O
commercial	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
InterSystems	B-Language
Caché	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
added	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
persistence	B-Application
to	O
object	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
commercial	O
products	O
were	O
integrated	O
with	O
various	O
languages	O
:	O
GemStone	B-Operating_System
(	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Gbase	O
(	O
LISP	B-Language
)	O
,	O
Vbase	O
(	O
COP	B-Language
)	O
and	O
VOSS	O
(	O
Virtual	O
Object	O
Storage	O
System	O
for	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
C++	B-Language
dominated	O
the	O
commercial	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vendors	O
added	O
Java	B-Language
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
,	O
C#	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gemstone	B-Operating_System
started	O
(	O
as	O
Servio	O
Logic	O
)	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
set	O
theoretic	O
model	O
data	B-Application
base	I-Application
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2004	O
db4o	B-Language
's	O
commercial	O
launch	O
as	O
db4objects	B-Language
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2011	O
db4o	B-Language
's	O
development	O
stopped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
engineering	O
and	O
spatial	B-Application
databases	I-Application
,	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
and	O
scientific	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
high	O
energy	O
physics	O
and	O
molecular	O
biology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
group	O
of	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
focuses	O
on	O
embedded	O
use	O
in	O
devices	O
,	O
packaged	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
also	O
offer	O
some	O
kind	O
of	O
query	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
allowing	O
objects	O
to	O
be	O
found	O
using	O
a	O
declarative	B-Language
programming	I-Language
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
object	B-Language
query	I-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
the	O
query	O
and	O
navigational	O
interfaces	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
biggest	O
differences	O
between	O
products	O
are	O
found	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
attempt	O
at	O
standardization	O
was	O
made	O
by	O
the	O
ODMG	B-Application
with	O
the	O
Object	B-Language
Query	I-Language
Language	I-Language
,	O
OQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
Gemstone	B-Operating_System
or	O
VOSS	O
,	O
offer	O
support	O
for	O
versioning	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
also	O
provide	O
systematic	O
support	O
for	O
triggers	O
and	O
constraints	O
which	O
are	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
active	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Object	B-Application
Data	I-Application
Management	I-Application
Group	I-Application
was	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
and	O
object	B-General_Concept
–	I-General_Concept
relational	I-General_Concept
mapping	O
vendors	O
,	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
academic	O
community	O
,	O
and	O
interested	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
goal	O
was	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
specifications	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
for	O
portable	O
applications	O
that	O
store	O
objects	O
in	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
release	O
was	O
ODMG	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2001	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
and	O
object	B-General_Concept
–	I-General_Concept
relational	I-General_Concept
mapping	O
vendors	O
claimed	O
conformance	O
to	O
the	O
ODMG	B-Application
Java	B-Language
Language	I-Language
Binding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
ODMG	B-Application
Java	B-Language
Language	I-Language
Binding	O
was	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Community	I-Language
Process	I-Language
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Data	I-Language
Objects	I-Language
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ODMG	B-Application
member	O
companies	O
then	O
decided	O
to	O
concentrate	O
their	O
efforts	O
on	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Data	I-Language
Objects	I-Language
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
the	O
ODMG	B-Application
disbanded	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
ideas	O
were	O
also	O
absorbed	O
into	O
SQL:1999	B-Language
and	O
have	O
been	O
implemented	O
in	O
varying	O
degrees	O
in	O
object	B-General_Concept
–	I-General_Concept
relational	I-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
Cook	O
,	O
Rai	O
,	O
and	O
Rosenberger	O
proposed	O
to	O
drop	O
all	O
standardization	O
efforts	O
to	O
introduce	O
additional	O
object-oriented	B-Language
query	O
APIs	O
but	O
rather	O
use	O
the	O
OO	O
programming	O
language	O
itself	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
.NET	O
,	O
to	O
express	O
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
Language	B-Language
Integrated	I-Language
Query	I-Language
(	O
LINQ	B-Language
)	O
and	O
DLINQ	O
,	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
LINQ	B-Language
,	O
in	O
September	O
2005	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
close	O
,	O
language-integrated	O
database	B-Application
query	I-Application
capabilities	O
with	O
its	O
programming	O
languages	O
C#	B-Application
and	O
VB.NET	B-Language
9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
(	O
OMG	O
)	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
been	O
granted	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
develop	O
new	O
specifications	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ODMG	B-Application
3.0	O
specification	O
and	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
the	O
Object	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Technology	O
Working	O
Group	O
(	O
ODBT	O
WG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ODBT	O
WG	O
planned	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
standards	O
that	O
would	O
incorporate	O
advances	O
in	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
technology	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
replication	O
)	O
,	O
data	O
management	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
spatial	O
indexing	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
formats	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
to	O
include	O
new	O
features	O
into	O
these	O
standards	O
that	O
support	O
domains	O
where	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
are	O
being	O
adopted	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2007	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
gave	O
final	O
recommendation	O
status	O
to	O
the	O
XQuery	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XQuery	B-Language
uses	O
XML	B-Protocol
as	O
its	O
data	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
ideas	O
developed	O
originally	O
for	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
found	O
their	O
way	O
into	O
XQuery	B-Language
,	O
but	O
XQuery	B-Language
is	O
not	O
intrinsically	O
object-oriented	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
popularity	O
of	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
XQuery	B-Language
engines	O
compete	O
with	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
as	O
a	O
vehicle	O
for	O
storage	O
of	O
data	O
that	O
is	O
too	O
complex	O
or	O
variable	O
to	O
hold	O
conveniently	O
in	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
XQuery	B-Language
also	O
allows	O
modules	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
to	O
provide	O
encapsulation	O
features	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
provided	O
by	O
Object-Oriented	B-Language
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XQuery	B-Language
v1	I-Language
and	O
XPath	B-General_Concept
v2	I-General_Concept
are	O
extremely	O
complex	O
(	O
no	O
FOSS	B-License
software	I-License
is	O
implementing	O
these	O
standards	O
more	O
than	O
10	O
years	O
after	O
their	O
publication	O
)	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
XPath	O
v1	O
and	O
XSLT	B-Application
v1	I-Application
,	O
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
did	O
not	O
fit	O
all	O
community	O
demands	O
as	O
an	O
open	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
has	O
gained	O
community	O
adoption	O
and	O
popularity	O
in	O
applications	O
,	O
surpassing	O
XML	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSONiq	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
query-analog	O
of	O
XQuery	B-Language
for	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
(	O
sharing	O
XQuery	B-Language
's	O
core	O
expressions	O
and	O
operations	O
)	O
,	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
functional	O
equivalence	O
of	O
the	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
context	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
strategy	O
of	O
OODBMS	B-Application
maintainers	O
was	O
to	O
retrofit	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
to	O
their	O
databases	B-Application
(	O
by	O
using	O
it	O
as	O
the	O
internal	O
data	O
type	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
9.5	I-Application
release	I-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
FOSS	B-License
OODBMS	B-Application
to	O
offer	O
an	O
efficient	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
internal	O
datatype	O
(	O
JSONB	O
)	O
with	O
a	O
complete	O
set	O
of	O
functions	O
and	O
operations	O
,	O
for	O
all	O
basic	O
relational	O
and	O
non-relational	O
manipulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
stores	O
complex	O
data	O
and	O
relationships	O
between	O
data	O
directly	O
,	O
without	O
mapping	O
to	O
relational	O
rows	B-Application
and	O
columns	B-Application
,	O
and	O
this	O
makes	O
them	O
suitable	O
for	O
applications	O
dealing	O
with	O
very	O
complex	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
benefit	O
of	O
an	O
OODBMS	B-Application
is	O
that	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
with	O
small	O
procedural	O
differences	O
without	O
affecting	O
the	O
entire	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
