<s>
Object	B-Architecture
Process	I-Architecture
Methodology	I-Architecture
(	O
OPM	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
conceptual	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
methodology	O
for	O
capturing	O
knowledge	O
and	O
designing	O
systems	O
,	O
specified	O
as	O
ISO/PAS	O
19450	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
a	O
minimal	O
universal	O
ontology	B-Language
of	O
stateful	B-Application
objects	O
and	O
processes	O
that	O
transform	O
them	O
,	O
OPM	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
formally	O
specify	O
the	O
function	O
,	O
structure	O
,	O
and	O
behavior	O
of	O
artificial	O
and	O
natural	O
systems	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
variety	O
of	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
was	O
conceived	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
Dov	O
Dori	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ideas	O
underlying	O
OPM	B-Architecture
were	O
published	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
OPM	B-Architecture
has	O
evolved	O
and	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
book	O
on	O
OPM	B-Architecture
was	O
published	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
after	O
six	O
years	O
of	O
work	O
by	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
TC184/SC5	O
,	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
adopted	O
OPM	B-Architecture
as	O
ISO/PAS	O
19450	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
book	O
on	O
OPM	B-Architecture
was	O
published	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2019	O
,	O
OPM	B-Architecture
has	O
become	O
a	O
foundation	O
for	O
a	O
Professional	O
Certificate	O
program	O
in	O
Model-Based	B-Language
Systems	I-Language
Engineering	I-Language
-	O
MBSE	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Architecture
Process	I-Architecture
Methodology	I-Architecture
(	O
OPM	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
conceptual	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
methodology	O
for	O
capturing	O
knowledge	O
and	O
designing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
a	O
minimal	O
universal	O
ontology	B-Language
of	O
stateful	B-Application
objects	O
and	O
processes	O
that	O
transform	O
them	O
,	O
OPM	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
formally	O
specify	O
the	O
function	O
,	O
structure	O
,	O
and	O
behavior	O
of	O
artificial	O
and	O
natural	O
systems	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
variety	O
of	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Catering	O
to	O
human	O
cognitive	O
abilities	O
,	O
an	O
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
represents	O
the	O
system	O
under	O
design	O
or	O
study	O
bimodally	O
in	O
both	O
graphics	O
and	O
text	O
for	O
improved	O
representation	O
,	O
understanding	O
,	O
communication	O
,	O
and	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
OPM	B-Architecture
,	O
an	O
object	O
anything	O
that	O
does	O
or	O
does	O
not	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Objects	O
are	O
stateful	B-Application
—	O
they	O
may	O
have	O
states	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
at	O
each	O
point	O
in	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
object	O
is	O
at	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
states	O
or	O
in	O
transition	O
between	O
states	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
is	O
bimodal	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
expressed	O
both	O
visually/graphically	O
in	O
Object-Process	O
Diagrams	O
(	O
OPD	O
)	O
and	O
verbally/textually	O
in	O
Object-Process	O
Language	O
(	O
OPL	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
automatically	O
generated	O
sentences	O
in	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
Dov	O
Dori	O
,	O
who	O
then	O
joined	O
Technion	O
–	O
Israel	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
as	O
faculty	O
said	O
in	O
his	O
2016	O
book	O
Model-Based	B-Language
Systems	I-Language
Engineering	I-Language
with	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
SysML	O
that	O
he	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dori	O
published	O
the	O
first	O
paper	O
on	O
OPM	B-Architecture
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
UML	B-Language
)	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
(	O
OMG	O
)	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
for	O
software	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UML	B-Language
1.1	O
was	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
OMG	O
in	O
August	O
1997	O
and	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
OMG	O
in	O
November	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
book	O
on	O
OPM	B-Architecture
,	O
Object-Process	O
Methodology	O
:	O
a	O
Holistic	O
Systems	O
Paradigm	O
,	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
and	O
OPM	B-Architecture
has	O
since	O
been	O
applied	O
in	O
many	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
adopted	O
OPM	B-Architecture
as	O
ISO/PAS	O
19450	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
book	O
on	O
OPM	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
also	O
covers	O
SysML	O
,	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-Process	O
Methodology	O
(	O
OPM	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
systems	O
modeling	O
paradigm	O
that	O
integrates	O
two	O
aspects	O
inherent	O
in	O
any	O
system	O
:	O
its	O
structure	O
and	O
its	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
offers	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
model	O
systems	O
of	O
almost	O
any	O
domain	O
,	O
be	O
it	O
artificial	O
or	O
natural	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
consists	O
of	O
Object	O
Process	O
Diagramׂs	O
(	O
OPD	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
corresponding	O
set	O
of	O
sentences	O
in	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
English	O
,	O
called	O
Object	O
Process	O
Language	O
(	O
OPL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPL	O
is	O
generated	O
automatically	O
by	O
OPCAT	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
tool	O
that	O
supports	O
modeling	O
in	O
OPM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPD	O
is	O
the	O
one	O
and	O
only	O
kind	O
of	O
diagram	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
uniqueness	O
of	O
diagram	O
kind	O
is	O
a	O
major	O
contributor	O
to	O
OPM	B-Architecture
's	O
simplicity	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
in	O
sharp	O
contrast	O
to	O
UML	B-Language
,	O
which	O
has	O
14	O
kinds	O
of	O
diagrams	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
SysML	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
nine	O
such	O
kinds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphics-text	O
bimodality	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
makes	O
it	O
suitable	O
to	O
jointly	O
model	O
requirements	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
that	O
involves	O
both	O
the	O
customer	O
or	O
his	O
domain	O
expert	O
on	O
one	O
hand	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
system	O
architect	O
,	O
modelers	O
,	O
and	O
designers	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
models	O
are	O
not	O
just	O
static	O
graphical	O
and	O
textual	O
representations	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
—	O
they	O
are	O
also	O
executable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
correct	O
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
constructed	O
in	O
OPCAT	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
by	O
animating	O
it	O
,	O
visually	O
expressing	O
how	O
the	O
system	O
behaves	O
over	O
time	O
to	O
achieve	O
its	O
function	O
at	O
all	O
detail	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
incorrect	O
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
will	O
not	O
execute	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
through	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
indicate	O
where	O
and	O
why	O
it	O
is	O
stuck	O
,	O
effectively	O
serving	O
as	O
a	O
visual	O
debugger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
foreword	O
to	O
Dori	O
's	O
book	O
Model-Based	B-Language
Systems	I-Language
Engineering	I-Language
with	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
SysML	O
,	O
Edward	O
F	O
.	O
Crawley	O
said	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
semantics	O
was	O
originally	O
geared	O
towards	O
systems	O
engineering	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
can	O
model	O
information	O
,	O
hardware	O
,	O
people	O
,	O
and	O
regulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
OPM	B-Architecture
started	O
to	O
serve	O
also	O
researchers	O
in	O
molecular	O
biology	O
,	O
yielding	O
new	O
published	O
findings	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
mRNA	O
lifecycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
clear	O
indication	O
of	O
the	O
universality	O
of	O
the	O
object-and-process	O
ontology.See	O
also	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
has	O
two	O
main	O
parts	O
:	O
the	O
language	O
and	O
the	O
methodology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
graphical	O
elements	O
are	O
divided	O
into	O
entities	O
,	O
expressed	O
as	O
closed	O
shapes	O
,	O
and	O
relations	O
,	O
expressed	O
as	O
links	O
that	O
connect	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Entities	O
are	O
the	O
building	O
blocks	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Event	O
and	O
condition	O
The	O
Event-Condition-Action	O
paradigm	O
provides	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
operational	O
semantics	O
and	O
flow	O
of	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
apply	O
OPM	B-Architecture
in	O
a	O
useful	O
manner	O
,	O
the	O
modeler	O
has	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
essential	O
distinction	O
between	O
objects	O
and	O
processes	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
prerequisite	O
for	O
successful	O
system	O
analysis	O
and	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
things	O
have	O
three	O
generic	O
attributes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
thing	O
generic	O
attributes	O
have	O
the	O
following	O
default	O
values	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Stateful	B-Application
and	O
stateless	O
objects	O
Dov	O
Dori	O
explains	O
in	O
Model-Based	B-Language
Systems	I-Language
Engineering	I-Language
with	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
SysML	O
that	O
"	O
An	O
object	O
state	O
is	O
a	O
possible	O
situation	O
in	O
which	O
an	O
object	O
may	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
stateful	B-Application
object	O
shall	O
be	O
an	O
object	O
for	O
which	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
permissible	O
states	O
are	O
specified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
runtime	O
model	O
,	O
at	O
any	O
point	O
in	O
time	O
,	O
any	O
stateful	B-Application
object	O
instance	O
is	O
at	O
a	O
particular	O
permissible	O
state	O
or	O
in	O
transition	O
between	O
two	O
states	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Procedural	O
link	O
uniqueness	O
OPM	B-Architecture
principle	O
A	O
process	O
needs	O
to	O
transform	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preprocess	O
object	O
set	O
and	O
process	O
precondition	O
In	O
order	O
for	O
an	O
OPM	B-Architecture
process	O
to	O
start	O
executing	O
once	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
triggered	O
,	O
it	O
needs	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
objects	O
comprising	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
consumes	O
,	O
some	O
possibly	O
at	O
specific	O
states	O
,	O
and/or	O
affects	O
,	O
collectively	O
called	O
the	O
preprocess	O
object	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
information	O
and	O
examples	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
Model-Based	B-Language
Systems	I-Language
Engineering	I-Language
with	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
SysML	O
,	O
Chapter	O
13	O
"	O
The	O
Dynamic	O
System	O
Aspect	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fundamental	O
structural	O
relations	O
The	O
most	O
prevalent	O
structural	O
relations	O
among	O
OPM	B-Architecture
things	O
and	O
are	O
of	O
particular	O
significance	O
for	O
specifying	O
and	O
understanding	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
the	O
fundamental	O
relations	O
is	O
elaborate	O
or	O
refine	O
one	O
OPM	B-Architecture
thing	O
,	O
the	O
source	O
thing	O
,	O
or	O
refinee	O
,	O
into	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
OPM	B-Architecture
things	O
,	O
the	O
destination	O
thing	O
or	O
things	O
,	O
or	O
refineables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
information	O
and	O
examples	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
Model-Based	B-Language
Systems	I-Language
Engineering	I-Language
with	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
SysML	O
,	O
Chapter	O
3.3	O
"	O
Adding	O
structural	O
links	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
provides	O
abstracting	O
and	O
refining	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
model	O
clarity	O
and	O
completeness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
aligns	O
with	O
the	O
functional	O
value	O
expectation	O
of	O
its	O
main	O
beneficiary	O
,	O
the	O
modeler	O
identifies	O
and	O
adds	O
other	O
principal	O
stakeholders	O
to	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
modeler	O
may	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
union	O
of	O
information	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
entire	O
OPD	O
set	O
of	O
an	O
OPM	B-Architecture
system	O
model	O
and	O
have	O
one	O
OPD	O
which	O
is	O
clear	O
and	O
unambiguous	O
but	O
not	O
complete	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
that	O
focuses	O
on	O
completeness	O
for	O
some	O
smaller	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
by	O
adding	O
more	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
shall	O
provide	O
abstracting	O
and	O
refining	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
expression	O
of	O
model	O
clarity	O
and	O
completeness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
of	O
Thing	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
model	O
for	O
an	O
OPM	B-Architecture
Thing	O
,	O
showing	O
its	O
specialization	O
into	O
Object	O
and	O
Process	O
,	O
as	O
depicted	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
of	O
model	O
of	O
thing	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
set	O
of	O
States	O
characterize	O
Object	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
empty	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
Stateless	O
Object	O
,	O
or	O
non-empty	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
Stateful	B-Application
Object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Stateful	B-Application
Object	O
with	O
s	O
States	O
gives	O
rise	O
to	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
s	O
stateless	O
State-Specific	O
Objects	O
,	O
one	O
for	O
each	O
State	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
of	O
Thing	O
generic	O
properties	O
,	O
depicts	O
Thing	O
and	O
its	O
Perseverance	O
,	O
Essence	O
,	O
and	O
Affiliation	O
generic	O
properties	O
modelled	O
as	O
attribute	O
refinees	O
of	O
an	O
exhibition-characterization	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
is	O
ISO/PAS	O
19450:2015	O
as	O
specified	O
in	O
Automation	O
Systems	O
and	O
Integration	O
—	O
Object-Process	O
Methodology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specification	O
in	O
Dori	O
's	O
2016	O
book	O
is	O
a	O
superset	O
of	O
ISO/PAS	O
19450:2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
previous	O
version	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
was	O
specified	O
in	O
Dori	O
's	O
2002	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
suggested	O
by	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
cloud-based	O
application	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
enable	O
users	O
to	O
create	O
OPM	B-Architecture
models	O
using	O
a	O
web-based	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	B-General_Concept
—	O
the	O
International	O
Organization	O
for	O
Standardization	O
—	O
is	O
an	O
independent	O
,	O
non-governmental	O
international	O
organization	O
with	O
a	O
membership	O
of	O
162	O
national	O
standards	O
bodies	O
,	O
which	O
develops	O
voluntary	O
,	O
consensus-based	O
,	O
market	O
relevant	O
International	O
Standards	O
that	O
support	O
innovation	O
and	O
provide	O
solutions	O
to	O
global	O
challenges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2008	O
,	O
Richard	O
Martin	O
approached	O
Dov	O
Dori	O
after	O
his	O
presentation	O
at	O
the	O
INCOSE	O
International	O
Symposium	O
in	O
Utrecht	O
,	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
to	O
inquire	O
about	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
creating	O
an	O
International	O
Standard	O
for	O
OPM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Martin	O
,	O
convener	O
of	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
TC184/SC5/WG1	O
for	O
automation	O
systems	O
interoperability	O
architecture	O
and	O
modelling	O
,	O
had	O
for	O
some	O
time	O
been	O
searching	O
for	O
methodologies	O
offering	O
more	O
than	O
static	O
information	O
and	O
process	O
modeling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
provided	O
Dori	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
example	O
to	O
model	O
that	O
could	O
demonstrate	O
both	O
the	O
modelling	O
capability	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
its	O
dynamic	O
simulation	O
opportunity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2010	O
,	O
Dori	O
presented	O
a	O
brief	O
overview	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
his	O
demonstration	O
model	O
at	O
the	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
Technical	O
Committee	O
184/Sub	O
-Committee	O
5	O
(	O
TC184/SC5	O
)	O
plenary	O
meeting	O
,	O
which	O
then	O
adopted	O
a	O
resolution	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
OPM	B-Architecture
Study	O
Group	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
examining	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
OPM	B-Architecture
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
standards	O
created	O
by	O
SC5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OPM	B-Architecture
Study	O
Group	O
began	O
its	O
work	O
in	O
October	O
2010	O
and	O
issued	O
an	O
interim	O
report	O
for	O
the	O
2011	O
SC5	O
Plenary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
included	O
several	O
uses	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
to	O
model	O
existing	O
SC5	O
standards	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
an	O
initial	O
motivation	O
for	O
the	O
standardization	O
of	O
OPM	B-Architecture
with	O
the	O
realization	O
that	O
being	O
text-based	O
,	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
standards	O
are	O
prone	O
to	O
suffer	O
from	O
inconsistencies	O
and	O
incomplete	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
deficiency	O
could	O
be	O
significantly	O
reduced	O
if	O
the	O
standards	O
were	O
model-based	O
rather	O
than	O
text-based	O
,	O
and	O
OPM	B-Architecture
offered	O
a	O
useful	O
underlying	O
modeling	O
paradigm	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
final	O
OPM	B-Architecture
Study	O
Group	O
Report	O
and	O
a	O
draft	O
for	O
a	O
metamodel	O
for	O
model-based	O
standards	O
authoring	O
document	O
were	O
delivered	O
at	O
the	O
2012	O
SC5	O
Plenary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
Study	O
Group	O
effort	O
progressed	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
obvious	O
that	O
OPM	B-Architecture
could	O
also	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
solid	O
and	O
comprehensive	O
basis	O
for	O
model-based	B-Language
systems	I-Language
engineering	I-Language
(	O
MBSE	B-Language
)	O
and	O
for	O
modeling	O
both	O
natural	O
and	O
man-made	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TC184/SC5/WG1	O
participants	O
received	O
the	O
first	O
draft	O
of	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
PAS	O
in	O
September	O
2011	O
with	O
16	O
pages	O
,	O
2	O
annexes	O
and	O
a	O
bibliography	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
25	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
2012	O
SC5	O
Plenary	O
,	O
the	O
PAS	O
draft	O
included	O
10	O
full	O
clauses	O
describing	O
OPM	B-Architecture
features	O
and	O
6	O
annexes	O
totaling	O
86	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
SC5	O
resolution	O
calling	O
for	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
specification	O
indicated	O
that	O
the	O
document	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
registered	O
as	O
a	O
Publicly	O
Available	O
Specification	O
(	O
PAS	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
have	O
only	O
one	O
acceptance	O
ballot	O
opportunity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
Work	O
Item	O
Proposal	O
and	O
revised	O
Committee	O
Draft	O
for	O
ISO/PAS	O
19450	O
was	O
delivered	O
to	O
SC5	O
for	O
consideration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2015	O
,	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
registered	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
balloting	O
for	O
ISO/PAS	O
19450	O
as	O
8	O
Approve	O
,	O
1	O
Approve	O
with	O
comments	O
,	O
and	O
1	O
abstain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO/PAS	O
19450	O
was	O
formally	O
published	O
with	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
162	O
pages	O
by	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
on	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
culminating	O
a	O
six-year	O
effort	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
standardization	O
community	O
with	O
a	O
formal	O
specification	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
approach	O
to	O
modeling	O
that	O
binds	O
together	O
graphics	O
and	O
textual	O
representations	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
paradigm	O
suitable	O
for	O
automated	O
simulation	O
of	O
model	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SysML	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
UML	B-Language
)	O
using	O
UML	B-Language
's	I-Language
profile	I-Language
mechanism	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
differences	O
between	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
UML	B-Language
are	O
highly	O
perceivable	O
during	O
the	O
analysis	O
and	O
design	O
stages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
UML	B-Language
is	O
a	O
multi-model	O
,	O
OPM	B-Architecture
supports	O
a	O
single	O
unifying	O
structure-behavior	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
crucial	O
differences	O
stem	O
from	O
the	O
structure-oriented	O
approach	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
,	O
in	O
which	O
behavior	O
is	O
spread	O
over	O
thirteen	O
diagram	O
types	O
,	O
a	O
fact	O
that	O
inevitably	O
invokes	O
the	O
model	O
multiplicity	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
approach	O
enables	O
to	O
view	O
at	O
main	O
diagram	O
(	O
SD	O
)	O
the	O
main	O
process	O
,	O
objects	O
and	O
the	O
connection	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
OPM	B-Architecture
,	O
it	O
's	O
also	O
easier	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
main	O
three	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
:	O
behavior	O
,	O
structure	O
and	O
functionality	O
(	O
contrary	O
to	O
UML	B-Language
which	O
describes	O
these	O
aspects	O
with	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
diagrams	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPM	B-Architecture
requires	O
extensive	O
knowledge	O
of	O
systematic	O
processes	O
such	O
as	O
how	O
the	O
system	O
saved	O
the	O
path	O
and	O
gets	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SysML	O
is	O
a	O
profile	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
(	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OPM-to	O
SysML	O
translation	O
is	O
one-to-many	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
a	O
single	O
OPM	B-Architecture
element	O
(	O
entity	O
or	O
link	O
)	O
usually	O
translates	O
to	O
several	O
SysML	O
elements	O
that	O
belong	O
in	O
different	O
SysML	O
diagram	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
OPM	B-Architecture
process	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
an	O
entity	O
that	O
transforms	O
(	O
generates	O
,	O
consumes	O
,	O
or	O
changes	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
)	O
an	O
object	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
mapped	O
to	O
any	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
SysML	O
entities	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
OPM	B-Architecture
and	O
SysML	O
are	O
two	O
distinct	O
and	O
differently	O
designed	O
languages	O
,	O
not	O
all	O
the	O
constructs	O
in	O
one	O
language	O
have	O
equivalent	O
constructs	O
in	O
the	O
other	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
type	O
of	O
diagram	O
in	O
UML	B-Language
that	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
from	O
an	O
OPM	B-Architecture
diagram	O
is	O
the	O
Use	O
Case	O
Diagram	O
which	O
is	O
intended	O
for	O
modeling	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generation	O
of	O
a	O
Use	O
Case	O
Diagram	O
from	O
OPM	B-Architecture
is	O
therefore	O
based	O
on	O
environmental	O
objects	O
(	O
the	O
actors	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
processes	O
(	O
the	O
use	O
cases	O
)	O
linked	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
figure	O
shows	O
the	O
root	O
OPM	B-Architecture
diagram	O
(	O
a	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
corresponding	O
OPL	O
text	O
(	O
b	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
created	O
Use	O
Case	O
Diagram	O
(	O
c	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Figure	O
2	O
shows	O
a	O
SD1	O
level	O
of	O
OPD	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
(	O
a	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
generated	O
Use	O
Case	O
Diagram	O
(	O
b	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generating	O
a	O
BDD	O
is	O
based	O
upon	O
the	O
systemic	O
objects	O
of	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
and	O
their	O
relationships	O
—	O
mainly	O
structural	O
relations	O
to	O
other	O
model	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
our	O
context	O
,	O
a	O
separate	O
Activity	O
Diagram	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
for	O
each	O
OPM	B-Architecture
process	O
containing	O
child	O
subprocesses	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
a	O
process	O
which	O
is	O
in-zoomed	O
in	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
one	O
deals	O
with	O
selection	O
of	O
the	O
OPM	B-Architecture
processes	O
:	O
One	O
option	O
is	O
to	O
explicitly	O
specify	O
the	O
required	O
OPM	B-Architecture
processes	O
by	O
selection	O
from	O
a	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
