<s>
Object	O
–	O
role	O
modeling	O
(	O
ORM	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
model	O
the	O
semantics	B-Application
of	O
a	O
universe	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
discourse	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORM	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
for	O
data	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
and	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
object	O
–	O
role	O
model	O
uses	O
graphical	O
symbols	O
that	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
first	O
order	O
predicate	O
logic	O
and	O
set	O
theory	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
modeler	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
unambiguous	O
definition	O
of	O
an	O
arbitrary	O
universe	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
discourse	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attribute	O
free	O
,	O
the	O
predicates	O
of	O
an	O
ORM	O
Model	O
lend	O
themselves	O
to	O
the	O
analysis	O
and	O
design	O
of	O
graph	B-Application
database	I-Application
models	O
in	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
ORM	O
was	O
originally	O
conceived	O
to	O
benefit	O
relational	O
database	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
object	O
–	O
role	O
model	O
"	O
was	O
coined	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
ORM	O
based	O
tools	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
more	O
than	O
30	O
years	O
–	O
principally	O
for	O
data	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1974	O
Jean-Raymond	O
Abrial	O
contributed	O
an	O
article	O
about	O
"	O
Data	O
Semantics	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nijssen	O
made	O
fundamental	O
contributions	O
by	O
introducing	O
the	O
"	O
circle-box	O
"	O
notation	O
for	O
object	O
types	O
and	O
roles	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
formulating	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
conceptual	B-Application
schema	I-Application
design	O
procedure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Application
role	I-Application
modeling	I-Application
also	O
evolved	O
from	O
the	O
Natural	B-Application
language	I-Application
Information	I-Application
Analysis	I-Application
Method	I-Application
,	O
a	O
methodology	O
that	O
was	O
initially	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
academic	O
researcher	O
,	O
G.M.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
acronym	O
NIAM	B-Application
originally	O
stood	O
for	O
"	O
Nijssen	O
's	O
Information	O
Analysis	O
Methodology	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
generalised	O
to	O
"	O
Natural	O
language	O
Information	O
Analysis	O
Methodology	O
"	O
and	O
Binary	O
Relationship	O
Modeling	O
since	O
G	O
.	O
M	O
.	O
Nijssen	O
was	O
only	O
one	O
of	O
many	O
people	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nijssen	O
co-authored	O
the	O
book	O
"	O
Conceptual	B-Application
Schema	I-Application
and	O
Relational	O
Database	O
Design	O
"	O
and	O
several	O
joint	O
papers	O
,	O
providing	O
the	O
first	O
formalization	O
of	O
object	O
–	O
role	O
modeling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
graphical	O
NIAM	B-Application
design	O
tool	O
which	O
included	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
generate	O
database-creation	O
scripts	O
for	O
Oracle	O
,	O
DB2	O
and	O
DBQ	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
in	O
Paris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
could	O
also	O
handle	O
ER	B-Architecture
diagram	I-Architecture
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
evolving	O
from	O
NIAM	B-Application
is	O
"	O
Fully	B-Application
Communication	I-Application
Oriented	I-Application
Information	I-Application
Modeling	I-Application
"	O
FCO-IM	B-Application
(	O
1992	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
attempting	O
to	O
model	O
the	O
domain	O
and	O
its	O
essential	O
concepts	O
,	O
it	O
models	O
the	O
communication	O
in	O
this	O
domain	O
(	O
universe	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
discourse	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ORM	O
is	O
attribute-free	O
:	O
unlike	O
models	O
in	O
the	O
entity	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
relationship	I-Architecture
(	O
ER	O
)	O
and	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
UML	B-Language
)	O
methods	O
,	O
ORM	O
treats	O
all	O
elementary	O
facts	O
as	O
relationships	O
and	O
so	O
treats	O
decisions	O
for	O
grouping	O
facts	O
into	O
structures	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
attribute-based	O
entity	O
types	O
,	O
classes	O
,	O
relation	O
schemes	O
,	O
XML	O
schemas	O
)	O
as	O
implementation	O
concerns	O
irrelevant	O
to	O
semantics	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fact-based	O
modeling	O
includes	O
procedures	O
for	O
mapping	O
facts	O
to	O
attribute-based	O
structures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
of	O
ER	O
or	O
UML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
proponents	O
argue	O
that	O
object	O
–	O
role	O
models	O
are	O
easier	O
to	O
understand	O
than	O
declarative	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Object	B-Language
Constraint	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
OCL	O
)	O
and	O
other	O
graphical	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
UML	B-Language
class	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fact-based	O
graphical	O
notations	O
are	O
more	O
expressive	O
than	O
those	O
of	O
ER	O
and	O
UML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
object	O
–	O
role	O
model	O
can	O
be	O
automatically	O
mapped	O
to	O
relational	O
and	O
deductive	O
databases	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
datalog	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
seven	O
steps	O
of	O
the	O
conceptual	B-Application
schema	I-Application
design	O
procedure	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ORM	O
's	O
conceptual	B-Application
schema	I-Application
design	O
procedure	O
(	O
CSDP	O
)	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
analysis	O
and	O
design	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
