<s>
In	O
computing	O
,	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
OOUI	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
based	O
on	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
metaphor	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
describes	O
most	O
modern	O
operating	O
systems	O
(	O
"	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
"	O
)	O
such	O
as	O
MacOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
,	O
the	O
user	O
interacts	O
explicitly	O
with	O
objects	O
that	O
represent	O
entities	O
in	O
the	O
domain	O
that	O
the	O
application	O
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
vector	O
drawing	O
applications	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
have	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
–	O
the	O
objects	O
being	O
lines	O
,	O
circles	O
and	O
canvases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
business	O
application	O
has	O
any	O
OOUI	B-Application
,	O
the	O
user	O
may	O
be	O
selecting	O
and/or	O
invoking	O
actions	O
on	O
objects	O
representing	O
entities	O
in	O
the	O
business	O
domain	O
such	O
as	O
customers	O
,	O
products	O
or	O
orders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jakob	O
Nielsen	O
defines	O
the	O
OOUI	B-Application
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
function-oriented	O
interfaces	O
:	O
"	O
Object-oriented	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
sometimes	O
described	O
as	O
turning	O
the	O
application	O
inside-out	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
function-oriented	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
focus	O
of	O
the	O
interaction	O
changes	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
users	O
 '	O
data	O
and	O
other	O
information	O
objects	O
that	O
are	O
typically	O
represented	O
graphically	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
as	O
icons	O
or	O
in	O
windows.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Dave	O
Collins	O
defines	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
as	O
demonstrating	O
three	O
characteristics	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
what	O
users	O
are	O
trying	O
to	O
do	O
,	O
all	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
objects	O
fit	O
together	O
into	O
a	O
coherent	O
overall	O
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jef	O
Raskin	O
suggests	O
that	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
characteristic	O
of	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
is	O
that	O
it	O
adopts	O
a	O
'	O
noun-verb	O
'	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
'	O
verb-noun	O
'	O
style	O
of	O
interaction	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
has	O
several	O
advantages	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
usability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
potential	O
synergy	O
between	O
the	O
OOUI	B-Application
concept	O
and	O
other	O
important	O
ideas	O
in	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
futuristic	O
imaginings	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
rely	O
heavily	O
on	O
OOUI	B-Application
and	O
especially	O
OOGUI	O
concepts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
examples	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
that	O
implement	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
those	O
other	O
ideas	O
,	O
but	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
in	O
fact	O
OOUIs	B-Application
-	O
though	O
they	O
are	O
often	O
wrongly	O
labelled	O
as	O
OOUIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
OOUIs	B-Application
that	O
are	O
neither	O
graphical	O
,	O
nor	O
employ	O
direct	O
manipulation	O
techniques	O
,	O
nor	O
employ	O
strong	O
metaphors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
earliest	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	I-Application
had	O
a	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
was	O
nonetheless	O
also	O
clearly	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
,	O
though	O
it	O
subsequently	O
became	O
better	O
known	O
for	O
its	O
pioneering	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
GUIs	B-Application
,	O
direct	O
manipulation	O
and	O
visual	O
metaphors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
conceptual	O
parallels	O
between	O
OOUIs	B-Application
and	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
follow	O
that	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
has	O
to	O
be	O
implemented	O
using	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
guidelines	O
for	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
's	I-General_Concept
Common	I-General_Concept
User	I-General_Concept
Access	I-General_Concept
(	O
CUA	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
(	O
possibly	O
the	O
most	O
comprehensive	O
attempt	O
at	O
defining	O
a	O
standard	O
for	O
OOUI	B-Application
design	O
)	O
stated	O
that	O
'	O
while	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
can	O
facilitate	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
pre-requisite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
can	O
be	O
developed	O
with	O
more	O
traditional	O
programming	O
languages	O
and	O
tools.	O
'	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
obvious	O
synergy	O
between	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
and	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
constructing	O
software	O
from	O
domain	B-General_Concept
objects	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
follow	O
that	O
the	O
objects	O
that	O
a	O
user	O
sees	O
and	O
interacts	O
within	O
an	O
OOUI	B-Application
have	O
to	O
correspond	O
to	O
the	O
domain	B-General_Concept
objects	I-General_Concept
on	O
which	O
the	O
application	O
is	O
built	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CUA	B-General_Concept
guidelines	O
stated	O
that	O
'	O
In	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
the	O
objects	O
that	O
a	O
user	O
works	O
with	O
do	O
not	O
necessarily	O
correspond	O
to	O
the	O
objects	O
or	O
modules	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
that	O
a	O
programmer	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
product.	O
'	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
design	O
methods	O
described	O
in	O
CUA	B-General_Concept
were	O
refined	O
further	O
into	O
the	O
OVID	O
method	O
which	O
used	O
UML	B-Language
to	O
model	O
the	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	O
van	O
Harmelen	O
states	O
that	O
'	O
Object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
designers	O
to	O
take	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
view	O
of	O
the	O
problem	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
designers	O
take	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
perspective	O
throughout	O
,	O
they	O
will	O
benefit	O
from	O
focusing	O
separately	O
on	O
the	O
object	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
design.	O
'	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
contrast	O
,	O
the	O
naked	B-Architecture
objects	I-Architecture
pattern	O
is	O
an	O
approach	O
to	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
applications	O
that	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
in	O
its	O
naive	O
form	O
,	O
enforces	O
a	O
direct	O
correspondence	O
between	O
the	O
objects	O
represented	O
in	O
the	O
OOUI	B-Application
and	O
the	O
underlying	O
domain	B-General_Concept
objects	I-General_Concept
,	O
auto-generating	O
the	O
former	O
from	O
the	O
latter	O
.	O
</s>
