<s>
An	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
is	O
designed	O
,	O
structured	B-Application
,	O
and	O
operated	O
using	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
or	O
programming	O
framework	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
non-object-oriented	O
operating	O
system	O
like	O
DOS	B-Device
or	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
already	O
object-based	B-Application
language	I-Application
concepts	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
a	O
more	O
typical	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
more	O
traditional	O
language	O
like	O
C	B-Language
does	O
not	O
support	O
object-orientation	B-Language
as	O
fluidly	O
as	O
more	O
recent	O
languages	O
,	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
file	B-Operating_System
,	O
stream	B-Architecture
,	O
or	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
(	O
in	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
each	O
represented	O
as	O
a	O
file	B-Application
descriptor	I-Application
)	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
good	O
example	O
of	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
,	O
after	O
all	O
,	O
abstract	O
data	O
types	O
,	O
with	O
various	O
methods	B-Language
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
system	B-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
which	O
behavior	O
varies	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
object	O
and	O
which	O
implementation	O
details	O
are	O
hidden	O
from	O
the	O
caller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-orientation	B-Language
has	O
been	O
defined	O
as	O
objects	O
+	O
inheritance	B-Language
,	O
and	O
inheritance	B-Language
is	O
only	O
one	O
approach	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
general	O
problem	O
of	O
delegation	O
that	O
occurs	O
in	O
every	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-orientation	B-Language
has	O
been	O
more	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
than	O
in	O
their	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
objects	O
can	O
be	O
differentiated	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
functionalities	O
(	O
or	O
methods	B-Language
)	O
they	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
context	O
,	O
objects	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
resource	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
object-oriented	B-Application
design	I-Application
principles	O
were	O
used	O
in	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
to	O
provide	O
several	O
protection	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Protection	O
mechanisms	O
in	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
help	O
in	O
providing	O
a	O
clear	O
separation	O
between	O
different	O
user	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
protects	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
from	O
any	O
malicious	O
user	O
program	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
consider	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
user	O
profiles	O
in	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
user	O
profiles	O
,	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
operations	O
is	O
limited	O
by	O
privilege	B-Device
level	I-Device
of	O
a	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Present-day	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
use	O
object-oriented	B-Application
design	I-Application
principles	O
for	O
many	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
protection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Athene	O
is	O
an	O
object-based	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
first	O
released	O
in	O
2000	O
by	O
Rocklyte	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	B-Application
environment	I-Application
was	O
constructed	O
entirely	O
from	O
objects	O
that	O
are	O
linked	O
together	O
at	O
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	B-Application
for	O
Athene	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
created	O
using	O
this	O
methodology	O
and	O
were	O
commonly	O
scripted	O
using	O
the	O
object	O
scripting	O
language	O
Dynamic	O
Markup	O
Language	O
(	O
DML	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Objects	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
shared	O
between	O
processes	B-Operating_System
by	O
creating	O
them	O
in	O
shared	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
and	O
locking	O
them	O
as	O
needed	O
for	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Athene	O
's	O
object	O
framework	B-Architecture
was	O
multi-platform	O
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
Windows	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
environments	O
for	O
developing	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BeOS	B-Application
was	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
released	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
objects	O
and	O
the	O
C++	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
the	O
application	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
(	O
API	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
with	O
C++	B-Language
wrappers	O
in	O
user	B-Operating_System
space	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Choices	O
is	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
developed	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
at	O
Urbana	O
–	O
Champaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
uses	O
objects	O
to	O
represent	O
core	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
components	O
like	O
the	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
,	O
processes	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inheritance	B-Language
is	O
used	O
to	O
separate	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
into	O
portable	O
machine-independent	O
classes	O
and	O
small	O
non-portable	O
dependent	O
classes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Choices	O
has	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
and	O
runs	O
on	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
,	O
x86	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
ARM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
PC/GEOS	B-Application
is	O
a	O
light-weight	O
object-oriented	B-Language
multitasking	O
graphical	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
with	O
sophisticated	O
window	O
and	O
desktop	O
management	B-General_Concept
featuring	O
scalable	O
fonts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
mostly	O
written	O
in	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
x86	B-Operating_System
assembly	O
language	O
dialect	O
and	O
some	O
C/C	O
++	O
and	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
DOS	B-Device
(	O
similar	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
up	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Me	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GEOS	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
originally	O
by	O
Berkeley	O
Softworks	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
which	O
later	O
became	O
GeoWorks	B-Application
Corporation	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
maintained	O
by	O
BreadBox	O
Computer	O
Company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Related	O
software	B-Application
suites	I-Application
were	O
named	O
Ensemble	O
and	O
New	O
Deal	O
Office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adaptations	O
exist	O
for	O
various	O
palmtops	O
,	O
and	O
32-bit	O
systems	O
with	O
non-x86-CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haiku	B-Language
(	O
originally	O
named	O
OpenBeOS	B-Language
)	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
replacement	O
for	O
BeOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
reached	O
its	O
first	O
development	O
milestone	O
in	O
September	O
2009	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Haiku	B-Language
R1/Alpha	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
x86	B-Operating_System
distribution	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
BeOS	B-Application
at	O
both	O
source	O
and	O
binary	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
BeOS	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
written	O
primarily	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
provides	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
API	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
introduced	O
OS/400	B-Application
in	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
OS	O
ran	O
exclusively	O
on	O
the	O
AS/400	B-Device
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Renamed	O
IBM	B-Application
i	I-Application
in	O
2008	O
,	O
this	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
runs	O
exclusively	O
on	O
Power	B-Device
Systems	I-Device
which	O
also	O
can	O
run	O
AIX	B-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
i	I-Application
uses	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
methodology	O
and	O
integrates	O
a	O
database	O
(	O
Db2	B-Application
for	I-Application
i	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Application
i	I-Application
OS	O
has	O
a	O
128-bit	O
unique	O
identifier	O
for	O
each	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
first	O
priority	O
based	O
pre-emptive	O
multitasking	O
,	O
graphical	O
,	O
windows-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
included	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
user	O
shell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
Intel	O
80386	O
that	O
used	O
virtual	B-Application
8086	I-Application
mode	I-Application
with	O
full	O
32-bit	O
support	O
and	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ArcaOS	B-Device
,	O
a	O
new	O
OS/2	O
based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
initially	O
called	O
Blue	O
Lion	O
is	O
being	O
developed	O
by	O
Arca	B-Device
Noae	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
TopView	B-Operating_System
was	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
operating	O
environment	O
that	O
loaded	O
on	O
a	O
PC	O
on	O
DOS	B-Device
,	O
and	O
then	O
took	O
control	O
from	O
DOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
point	O
it	O
effectively	O
became	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
with	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
API	B-General_Concept
(	O
TopView	B-Operating_System
API	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
IBM	O
's	O
first	O
multi-tasking	O
,	O
window	O
based	O
,	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
the	O
PC	O
led	O
by	O
David	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Morrill	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
February	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
that	O
Oracle	B-Application
's	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
 '	O
)	O
Java	B-Language
is	O
today	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
dominant	O
object-oriented	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
it	O
is	O
no	O
surprise	O
that	O
Java-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
attempted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
area	O
,	O
ideally	O
,	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
would	O
consist	O
of	O
the	O
bare	O
minimum	O
needed	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
(	O
JVM	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
component	O
of	O
such	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
language	O
other	O
than	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Built	O
on	O
the	O
JVM	B-Language
and	O
basic	O
hardware	O
support	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
write	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
in	O
Java	B-Language
;	O
even	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
that	O
are	O
more	O
traditionally	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
lower-level	O
language	O
such	O
as	O
C	B-Language
,	O
for	O
example	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
attempts	O
at	O
such	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
include	O
JavaOS	B-Application
,	O
JOS	O
,	O
JNode	O
,	O
and	O
JX	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
written	O
in	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Language
dialect	O
Lisp	B-Language
Machine	I-Language
Lisp	I-Language
(	O
and	O
later	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
)	O
was	O
developed	O
at	O
MIT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
commercialized	O
with	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machines	I-Operating_System
from	O
Symbolics	O
,	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
and	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
called	O
their	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
Genera	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
with	O
the	O
Flavors	B-Language
object-oriented	B-Language
extension	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
then	O
with	O
New	B-Language
Flavors	I-Language
,	O
and	O
then	O
with	O
the	O
Common	B-Application
Lisp	I-Application
Object	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
CLOS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Xerox	O
developed	O
several	O
workstations	B-Device
with	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
written	O
in	O
Interlisp-D	B-Language
.	O
Interlisp-D	B-Language
provided	O
object-oriented	B-Language
extensions	O
like	O
LOOPS	O
and	O
CLOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Movitz	O
and	O
are	O
two	O
more	O
recent	O
attempts	O
at	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
written	O
in	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medos-2	O
is	O
a	O
single	B-Operating_System
user	I-Operating_System
,	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
made	O
for	O
the	O
Lilith	B-Device
line	O
of	O
workstations	B-Device
(	O
processor	O
:	O
Advanced	O
Micro	O
Devices	O
(	O
AMD	O
)	O
2901	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
at	O
ETH	O
Zurich	O
by	O
Svend	O
Erik	O
Knudsen	O
with	O
advice	O
from	O
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
built	O
entirely	O
from	O
modules	O
of	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
Modula-2	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
succeeded	O
at	O
ETH	O
Zurich	O
by	O
the	O
Oberon	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
variant	O
named	O
Excelsior	O
was	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
Kronos	B-Device
workstation	B-Device
,	O
by	O
the	O
Academy	O
of	O
Sciences	O
of	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
,	O
Siberian	O
branch	O
,	O
Novosibirsk	O
Computing	O
Center	O
,	O
Modular	O
Asynchronous	O
Developable	O
Systems	O
(	O
MARS	O
)	O
project	O
,	O
Kronos	B-Device
Research	O
Group	O
(	O
KRG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Singularity	B-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
experimental	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
's	I-Application
.NET	I-Application
Framework	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
comparable	O
to	O
Java-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
including	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
8	B-Device
,	O
Phone	B-Protocol
8	I-Protocol
,	O
8.1	B-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
,	O
10	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Application
11	I-Application
and	O
Xbox	O
)	O
produced	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
July	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
high-level	O
programming	O
language-based	O
,	O
processor-independent	O
,	O
multiprocessing	B-Operating_System
,	O
multi-user	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
best	O
described	O
as	O
object-based	B-Application
rather	O
than	O
object-oriented	B-Language
as	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
the	O
full	O
inheritance	B-Language
properties	O
of	O
object-oriented	B-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
responsibility	O
,	O
it	O
maintains	O
an	O
internal	O
namespace	O
where	O
various	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
components	O
,	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Win32	O
programs	O
can	O
store	O
and	O
lookup	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NT	O
Native	B-Application
API	I-Application
provides	O
routines	O
that	O
allow	O
user	B-Operating_System
space	I-Operating_System
(	O
mode	O
)	O
programs	O
to	O
browse	O
the	O
namespace	O
and	O
query	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
objects	O
located	O
there	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
interfaces	O
are	O
undocumented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NT	O
supports	O
per-object	O
(	O
file	B-Operating_System
,	O
function	O
,	O
and	O
role	O
)	O
access	O
control	O
lists	O
allowing	O
a	O
rich	O
set	O
of	O
security	O
permissions	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
systems	O
and	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WinObj	O
is	O
a	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
program	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
NT	O
Native	B-Application
API	I-Application
(	O
provided	O
by	O
NTDLL.DLL	B-Application
)	O
to	O
access	O
and	O
display	O
information	O
on	O
the	O
NT	O
Object	O
Manager	O
's	O
name	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
user	B-Operating_System
mode	I-Operating_System
side	O
of	O
Windows	O
,	O
the	O
Component	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
(	O
COM	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
application	B-Operating_System
binary	I-Operating_System
interface	I-Operating_System
standard	O
for	O
software	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
introduced	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
enable	O
interprocess	B-Operating_System
communication	I-Operating_System
and	O
dynamic	O
object	O
creation	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
range	O
of	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
COM	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
several	O
other	O
Microsoft	O
technologies	O
and	O
frameworks	O
,	O
including	O
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
(	O
OLE	O
)	O
,	O
OLE	B-Application
Automation	I-Application
,	O
ActiveX	B-Application
,	O
COM+	O
,	O
Distributed	B-Operating_System
Component	I-Operating_System
Object	I-Operating_System
Model	I-Operating_System
(	O
DCOM	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
shell	I-Application
,	O
DirectX	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	O
Runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
a	O
technical	O
level	O
,	O
an	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
object	I-Operating_System
is	O
any	O
object	O
that	O
implements	O
the	O
IOleObject	B-Operating_System
interface	O
,	O
possibly	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
other	O
interfaces	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
object	O
's	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
primary	O
use	O
is	O
for	O
managing	O
compound	O
documents	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
transferring	O
data	O
between	O
different	O
applications	B-Application
using	O
drag	O
and	O
drop	O
and	O
clipboard	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compound	O
File	B-Operating_System
Binary	O
Format	O
(	O
CFBF	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
file	B-Operating_System
format	O
for	O
storing	O
many	O
files	O
and	O
streams	O
within	O
one	O
file	B-Operating_System
on	O
a	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CFBF	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
is	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
COM	B-Library
Structured	I-Library
Storage	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Structured	B-Application
storage	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
as	O
main	O
file	B-Operating_System
format	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
Office	O
applications	B-Application
including	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
PowerPoint	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
and	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
Advanced	O
Authoring	O
Format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
(	O
OLE	O
)	O
was	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
grander	O
plan	O
named	O
Cairo	B-Application
,	O
the	O
code	O
name	O
for	O
a	O
project	O
at	O
Microsoft	O
from	O
1991	O
to	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
charter	O
was	O
to	O
build	O
technologies	O
for	O
a	O
next	O
generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
would	O
fulfill	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
 '	O
vision	O
of	O
"	O
information	O
at	O
your	O
fingertips	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cairo	B-Application
never	B-Application
shipped	I-Application
,	O
although	O
parts	O
of	O
its	O
technologies	O
have	O
since	O
appeared	O
in	O
other	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
initial	O
design	O
work	O
that	O
was	O
done	O
on	O
the	O
Cairo	B-Application
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
remaining	O
component	O
is	O
the	O
object-based	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
once	O
planned	O
to	O
be	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Future	I-Application
Storage	I-Application
(	O
WinFS	B-Application
)	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
WinFS	B-Application
is	O
the	O
code	O
name	O
for	O
data	O
storage	O
and	O
management	B-General_Concept
system	O
project	O
based	O
on	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
,	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
NTFS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
object-oriented	B-Language
in	O
that	O
it	O
can	O
store	O
the	O
NT	O
objects	O
including	O
its	O
NT	O
object	O
identifier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
NTFS	B-Application
object	O
has	O
an	O
object	O
identifier	O
;	O
a	O
shortcut	O
with	O
a	O
target	O
that	O
's	O
on	O
an	O
NTFS	B-Application
volume	O
also	O
records	O
the	O
object	O
identifier	O
of	O
the	O
shortcut	O
target	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
object	O
identifier	O
of	O
the	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WinFS	B-Application
was	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
2003	O
as	O
an	O
advanced	O
storage	O
subsystem	O
for	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
designed	O
for	O
persistence	B-Application
and	O
management	B-General_Concept
of	O
structured	B-Application
,	O
semi-structured	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
WinFS	B-Application
development	O
was	O
cancelled	O
in	O
June	O
2006	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
technologies	O
merged	O
into	O
other	O
Microsoft	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2008	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
subsequently	O
confirmed	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
planned	O
to	O
migrate	O
applications	B-Application
like	O
Windows	B-Device
Media	I-Device
Player	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Photo	I-Device
Gallery	I-Device
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
Outlook	I-Application
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
to	O
use	O
WinFS	B-Application
as	O
the	O
data	O
storage	O
back-end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
NeXT	O
's	O
first	O
tasks	O
was	O
to	O
design	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
did	O
this	O
by	O
adding	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
framework	B-Architecture
on	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
and	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
using	O
the	O
Objective-C	B-Language
language	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXTStep	B-Application
later	O
evolved	O
into	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
API	I-Operating_System
on	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
was	O
provided	O
as	O
an	O
API	B-General_Concept
layer	O
on	O
many	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
namely	O
HP-UX	B-Application
,	O
NextStep	B-Application
,	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oberon	B-Language
is	O
a	O
single	B-Operating_System
user	I-Operating_System
,	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
made	O
for	O
the	O
Ceres	B-Device
line	O
of	O
workstations	B-Device
(	O
processor	O
:	O
National	B-Device
Semiconductor	I-Device
NS32000	I-Device
)	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
later	O
1980s	O
at	O
ETH	O
Zurich	O
by	O
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
and	O
Jürg	O
Gutknecht	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
built	O
entirely	O
from	O
modules	O
of	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
Oberon	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
later	O
evolution	O
was	O
named	O
Active	O
Object	B-Language
System	I-Language
(	O
AOS	O
)	O
,	O
then	O
renamed	O
Bluebottle	O
,	O
then	O
renamed	O
A2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Object-Oriented	B-Language
State	O
Machine	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
(	O
OOSMOS	O
)	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
promotes	O
object-oriented	B-Language
encapsulation	O
and	O
implements	O
a	O
full	O
table-driven	O
hierarchical	O
state	O
machine	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
generates	O
C	B-Language
code	O
directly	O
from	O
state	O
charts	O
drawn	O
with	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
tool	O
UMLet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OOSMOS	O
operates	O
on	O
a	O
bare	O
board	O
or	O
in	O
cooperation	O
with	O
an	O
existing	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReactOS	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
intended	O
to	O
be	O
binary	O
compatible	O
with	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
made	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
NT	I-Device
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Written	O
from	O
scratch	O
,	O
it	O
aims	O
to	O
follow	O
the	O
architecture	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
designed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
from	O
the	O
hardware	O
level	O
right	O
through	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
Linux-based	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
shares	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
unix	B-Application
architecture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smalltalk	B-Application
was	O
invented	O
at	O
Xerox	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
system	O
is	O
fully	O
object-oriented	B-Language
and	O
needs	O
very	O
little	O
support	O
by	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
run-time	B-Device
system	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Syllable	B-Application
makes	O
heavy	O
use	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
for	O
that	O
reason	O
is	O
often	O
compared	O
to	O
BeOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genera	B-Application
from	O
Symbolics	O
is	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machines	I-Operating_System
written	O
in	O
ZetaLisp	B-Language
and	O
Symbolics	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
makes	O
heavy	O
use	O
of	O
Flavors	B-Language
(	O
an	O
early	O
object-oriented	B-Language
extension	O
to	O
Lisp	B-Language
)	O
and	O
the	O
Common	B-Application
Lisp	I-Application
Object	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
CLOS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
project	O
,	O
begun	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
jointly	O
developed	O
with	O
IBM	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
spun	O
off	O
to	O
an	O
IBM	O
subsidiary	O
and	O
transformed	O
from	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
a	O
programming	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
