<s>
OS/2	B-Application
(	O
Operating	B-Application
System/2	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
initially	O
created	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
IBM	O
under	O
the	O
leadership	O
of	O
IBM	O
software	O
designer	O
Ed	O
Iacobucci	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
feud	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
over	O
how	O
to	O
position	O
OS/2	B-Application
relative	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
new	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1	I-Application
operating	O
environment	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
severed	O
the	O
relationship	O
in	O
1992	O
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
development	O
fell	O
to	O
IBM	O
exclusively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
stands	O
for	B-Language
"	O
Operating	B-Application
System/2	I-Application
"	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
introduced	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
generation	O
change	O
release	O
as	O
IBM	O
's	O
"	O
Personal	B-Device
System/2	I-Device
(	O
PS/2	B-Device
)	O
"	O
line	O
of	O
second-generation	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
1987	O
and	O
newer	O
versions	O
were	O
released	O
until	O
December	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
protected-mode	B-Application
successor	O
of	O
PC	O
DOS	O
targeting	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80286	I-General_Concept
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notably	O
,	O
basic	O
system	B-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
were	O
modeled	O
after	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
calls	O
;	O
their	O
names	O
even	O
started	O
with	O
"	O
Dos	O
"	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
create	O
"	O
Family	O
Mode	O
"	O
applications	O
–	O
text	B-Application
mode	I-Application
applications	O
that	O
could	O
work	O
on	O
both	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
heritage	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
shares	O
similarities	O
with	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
Xenix	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
$990	O
million	O
per	O
year	O
was	O
spent	O
developing	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
its	O
replacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
sales	O
were	O
largely	O
concentrated	O
in	O
networked	O
computing	O
used	O
by	O
corporate	O
professionals	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
overtaken	O
by	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
discontinued	O
its	O
support	O
for	B-Language
OS/2	B-Application
on	O
31	O
December	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
been	O
developed	O
,	O
supported	O
and	O
sold	O
by	O
two	O
different	O
third-party	O
vendors	O
under	O
license	O
from	O
IBM	O
–	O
first	O
by	O
Serenity	O
Systems	O
as	O
eComStation	B-Device
since	O
2001	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
by	O
Arca	B-Device
Noae	I-Device
LLC	O
as	O
ArcaOS	B-Device
since	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
began	O
when	O
IBM	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
signed	O
the	O
"	O
Joint	O
Development	O
Agreement	O
"	O
in	O
August	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
code-named	O
"	O
CP/DOS	O
"	O
and	O
it	O
took	O
two	O
years	O
for	B-Language
the	O
first	O
product	O
to	O
be	O
delivered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
1.0	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
April	O
1987	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
release	O
was	O
textmode-only	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.1	O
about	O
a	O
year	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
features	O
an	O
API	B-Application
for	B-Language
controlling	O
the	O
video	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
VIO	O
)	O
and	O
handling	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
mouse	O
events	O
so	O
that	O
programmers	O
writing	O
for	B-Language
protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
need	O
not	O
call	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
or	O
access	O
hardware	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
development	O
tools	O
included	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
and	O
keyboard	B-Device
APIs	B-Application
as	O
linkable	O
libraries	O
so	O
that	O
family	O
mode	O
programs	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
under	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
Extended	O
Edition	O
v1.0	O
,	O
a	O
database	O
engine	O
called	O
Database	O
Manager	O
or	O
DBM	B-General_Concept
(	O
this	O
was	O
related	O
to	O
DB2	B-Application
,	O
and	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
the	O
DBM	B-General_Concept
family	O
of	O
database	O
engines	O
for	B-Language
Unix	B-Application
and	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
task-switcher	O
named	O
Program	O
Selector	O
was	O
available	O
through	O
the	O
Ctrl-Esc	O
hotkey	O
combination	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
select	O
among	O
multitasked	O
text-mode	B-Application
sessions	O
(	O
or	O
screen	O
groups	O
;	O
each	O
can	O
run	O
multiple	O
programs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communications	O
and	O
database-oriented	O
extensions	O
were	O
delivered	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.0	O
Extended	O
Edition	O
:	O
SNA	B-Architecture
,	O
X.25/APPC/LU	O
6.2	O
,	O
LAN	B-Algorithm
Manager	I-Algorithm
,	O
Query	B-Application
Manager	I-Application
,	O
SQL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
promised	O
user	O
interface	O
,	O
Presentation	B-Device
Manager	I-Device
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.1	O
in	O
October	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
a	O
similar	O
user	O
interface	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
2.1	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
May	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
The	O
interface	O
was	O
replaced	O
in	O
versions	O
1.2	O
and	O
1.3	O
by	O
a	O
look	O
closer	O
in	O
appearance	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Extended	O
Edition	O
of	O
1.1	O
,	O
sold	O
only	O
through	O
IBM	O
sales	O
channels	O
,	O
introduced	O
distributed	O
database	O
support	O
to	O
IBM	O
database	O
systems	O
and	O
SNA	B-Architecture
communications	O
support	O
to	O
IBM	O
mainframe	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
Version	O
1.2	O
introduced	O
Installable	O
Filesystems	B-Application
and	O
,	O
notably	O
,	O
the	O
HPFS	B-Application
filesystem	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HPFS	B-Application
provided	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
improvements	O
over	O
the	O
older	O
FAT	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
including	O
long	O
filenames	O
and	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
alternate	B-Application
data	I-Application
streams	I-Application
called	O
Extended	B-Application
Attributes	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
extended	B-Application
attributes	I-Application
were	O
also	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
FAT	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Extended	O
Edition	O
of	O
1.2	O
introduced	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
and	O
Ethernet	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
-	O
and	O
Windows-related	O
books	O
of	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
acknowledged	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
both	O
systems	O
and	O
promoted	O
OS/2	B-Application
as	O
the	O
system	O
of	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
collaboration	O
between	O
IBM	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
unravelled	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
between	O
the	O
releases	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	B-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
became	O
a	O
tremendous	O
success	O
,	O
selling	O
millions	O
of	O
copies	O
in	O
its	O
first	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
its	O
success	O
was	O
because	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
(	O
along	O
with	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
)	O
was	O
bundled	O
with	O
most	O
new	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
was	O
available	O
only	O
as	O
an	O
additional	O
stand-alone	O
software	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
lacked	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
for	B-Language
many	O
common	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
printers	O
,	O
particularly	O
non-IBM	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increasing	O
popularity	O
of	O
Windows	O
prompted	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
shift	O
its	O
development	O
focus	O
from	O
cooperating	O
on	O
OS/2	B-Application
with	O
IBM	O
to	O
building	O
its	O
own	O
business	O
based	O
on	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
sought	O
to	O
use	O
OS/2	B-Application
to	O
drive	O
sales	O
of	O
its	O
own	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
urged	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
drop	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
fonts	O
,	O
that	O
IBM	O
's	O
hardware	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
products	O
have	O
significant	O
differences	O
in	O
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
announced	O
when	O
Windows	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
was	O
near	O
completion	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Windows	B-Library
API	I-Library
already	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
IBM	O
requested	O
that	O
this	O
API	B-Application
be	O
significantly	O
changed	O
for	B-Language
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
designers	O
hoped	O
for	B-Language
source	O
code	O
conversion	O
tools	O
,	O
allowing	O
complete	O
migration	O
of	O
Windows	O
application	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
OS/2	B-Application
at	O
some	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.x	O
did	O
not	O
gain	O
enough	O
momentum	O
to	O
allow	O
vendors	O
to	O
avoid	O
developing	O
for	B-Language
both	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
in	O
parallel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
1.x	O
targets	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80286	I-General_Concept
processor	O
and	O
DOS	O
fundamentally	O
does	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
insisted	O
on	O
supporting	O
the	O
80286	B-General_Concept
processor	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
16-bit	O
segmented	B-Device
memory	I-Device
mode	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
commitments	O
made	O
to	O
customers	O
who	O
had	O
purchased	O
many	O
80286-based	O
PS/2s	B-Device
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
promises	O
surrounding	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
release	O
2.0	O
in	O
April	O
1992	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
ran	O
in	O
16-bit	O
protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
and	O
therefore	O
could	O
not	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80386	I-General_Concept
's	O
much	O
simpler	O
32-bit	O
flat	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
and	O
virtual	B-Application
8086	I-Application
mode	I-Application
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
especially	O
painful	O
in	O
providing	O
support	O
for	B-Language
DOS	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
,	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
Windows/386	B-Application
2.1	I-Application
could	O
run	O
several	O
cooperatively	B-Operating_System
multitasked	I-Operating_System
DOS	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
expanded	B-Device
memory	I-Device
(	O
EMS	O
)	O
emulation	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.3	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
was	O
still	O
limited	O
to	O
one	O
"	O
DOS	O
box	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
these	O
issues	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
started	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
parallel	O
on	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
which	O
was	O
more	B-Device
future-oriented	O
and	O
more	B-Device
portable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hiring	O
of	O
Dave	O
Cutler	O
,	O
former	O
VAX/VMS	B-Operating_System
architect	O
,	O
in	O
1988	O
created	O
an	O
immediate	O
competition	O
with	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
team	O
,	O
as	O
Cutler	O
did	O
not	O
think	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
technology	O
and	O
wanted	O
to	O
build	O
on	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
MICA	B-Operating_System
project	O
at	O
Digital	O
rather	O
than	O
creating	O
a	O
"	O
DOS	O
plus	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
NT	B-Device
OS/2	I-Device
was	O
a	O
completely	O
new	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
grew	O
concerned	O
about	O
the	O
delays	O
in	O
development	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
the	O
companies	O
agreed	O
that	O
IBM	O
would	O
take	O
over	O
maintenance	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.0	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
while	O
Microsoft	O
would	O
continue	O
development	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
end	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
decided	O
to	O
recast	O
NT	B-Device
OS/2	I-Device
3.0	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
leaving	O
all	O
future	O
OS/2	B-Application
development	O
to	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
business	O
perspective	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
logical	O
to	O
concentrate	O
on	O
a	O
consumer	O
line	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
DOS	O
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
prepare	O
a	O
new	O
high-end	O
system	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
as	O
to	O
keep	O
good	O
compatibility	O
with	O
existing	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
waited	O
for	B-Language
this	O
new	O
high-end	O
system	O
to	O
develop	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
would	O
still	O
receive	O
licensing	O
money	O
from	O
Xenix	B-Application
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
's	O
OS/2	B-Application
heritage	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
its	O
initial	O
support	O
for	B-Language
the	O
HPFS	B-Application
filesystem	I-Application
,	O
text	B-Application
mode	I-Application
OS/2	B-Application
1.x	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
OS/2	B-Algorithm
LAN	I-Algorithm
Manager	I-Algorithm
network	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
early	O
NT	O
materials	O
even	O
included	O
OS/2	B-Application
copyright	O
notices	O
embedded	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
of	O
NT	B-Device
OS/2	I-Device
1.x	O
support	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
WIN2K	O
resource	O
kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
could	O
also	O
support	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.x	O
Presentation	B-Device
Manager	I-Device
and	O
AVIO	O
applications	O
with	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
Add-On	O
Subsystem	O
for	B-Language
Presentation	B-Device
Manager	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	B-Device
,	O
the	O
suggested	O
retail	O
price	O
was	O
,	O
while	O
Windows	O
retailed	O
for	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
provided	O
a	O
32-bit	O
API	B-Application
for	B-Language
native	O
programs	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
OS	O
itself	O
still	O
contained	O
some	O
16-bit	O
code	O
and	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
included	O
a	O
new	O
OOUI	O
(	O
object-oriented	B-Language
user	O
interface	O
)	O
called	O
the	O
Workplace	B-Device
Shell	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
fully	O
object-oriented	B-Language
interface	O
that	O
was	O
a	O
significant	O
departure	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
merely	O
providing	O
an	O
environment	O
for	B-Language
program	O
windows	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Program	O
Manager	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Workplace	B-Device
Shell	I-Device
provided	O
an	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
could	O
manage	O
programs	O
,	O
files	O
and	O
devices	O
by	O
manipulating	O
objects	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
Workplace	B-Device
Shell	I-Device
,	O
everything	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
an	O
"	O
object	O
"	O
to	O
be	O
manipulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
was	O
touted	O
by	O
IBM	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
better	O
DOS	O
than	O
DOS	O
and	O
a	O
better	O
Windows	O
than	O
Windows	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
managed	O
this	O
by	O
including	O
the	O
fully-licensed	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
5.0	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
patched	O
and	O
improved	O
upon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
the	O
first	O
time	B-Device
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
more	B-Device
than	O
one	O
DOS	O
application	O
at	O
a	O
time	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
so	O
effective	O
that	O
it	O
allowed	O
OS/2	B-Application
to	O
run	O
a	O
modified	O
copy	B-Device
of	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
,	O
itself	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
extender	I-Device
,	O
including	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80286	I-General_Concept
processor	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.x	O
could	O
run	O
only	O
one	O
DOS	O
program	O
at	O
a	O
time	B-Device
,	O
and	O
did	O
this	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
DOS	O
program	O
to	O
have	O
total	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
could	O
leverage	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
8086	I-Application
mode	I-Application
of	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80386	I-General_Concept
processor	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
much	O
safer	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
in	O
which	O
to	O
run	O
DOS	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
real-mode	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
such	O
as	O
8086	O
Xenix	B-Application
)	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
run	O
using	O
OS/2	B-Application
'	O
s	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
capabilities	O
,	O
subject	O
to	O
certain	O
direct	O
hardware	O
access	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
most	O
32-bit	O
environments	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
could	O
not	O
run	O
protected-mode	B-Application
DOS	O
programs	O
using	O
the	O
older	O
VCPI	O
interface	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
Standard	O
mode	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1	I-Application
;	O
it	O
only	O
supported	O
programs	O
written	O
according	O
to	O
DPMI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Microsoft	O
discouraged	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
VCPI	O
under	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1	I-Application
,	O
however	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
performance	O
degradation	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
always	O
allowed	O
DOS	O
programs	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
masking	O
real	O
hardware	O
interrupts	O
,	O
so	O
any	O
DOS	O
program	O
could	O
deadlock	B-Operating_System
the	O
machine	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
could	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
use	O
a	O
hardware	O
watchdog	B-General_Concept
on	O
selected	O
machines	O
(	O
notably	O
IBM	O
machines	O
)	O
to	O
break	O
out	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
deadlock	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
release	O
3.0	O
leveraged	O
the	O
enhancements	O
of	O
newer	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80486	I-General_Concept
and	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
Pentium	I-General_Concept
processorsthe	O
Virtual	O
Interrupt	O
Flag	O
(	O
VIF	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Virtual	O
Mode	O
Extensions	O
(	O
VME	O
)	O
to	O
solve	O
this	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatibility	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
(	O
and	O
later	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1	I-Application
)	O
was	O
achieved	O
by	O
adapting	O
Windows	O
user-mode	B-Operating_System
code	O
components	O
to	O
run	O
inside	O
a	O
virtual	O
DOS	O
machine	O
(	O
VDM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
a	O
nearly	O
complete	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
code	O
was	O
included	O
with	O
OS/2	B-Application
itself	O
:	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
in	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1	I-Application
in	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
IBM	O
developed	O
versions	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
that	O
would	O
use	O
whatever	O
Windows	O
version	O
the	O
user	O
had	O
installed	O
previously	O
,	O
patching	O
it	O
on	O
the	O
fly	O
,	O
and	O
sparing	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
an	O
additional	O
Windows	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
could	O
either	O
run	O
full-screen	O
,	O
using	O
its	O
own	O
set	O
of	O
video	O
drivers	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
seamlessly	O
,	O
"	O
where	O
Windows	O
programs	O
would	O
appear	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
desktop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
containing	O
Windows	O
was	O
given	O
fairly	O
extensive	O
access	O
to	O
hardware	O
,	O
especially	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
result	O
was	O
that	O
switching	O
between	O
a	O
full-screen	O
WinOS/2	B-Application
session	O
and	O
the	O
Workplace	B-Device
Shell	I-Device
could	O
occasionally	O
cause	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
OS/2	B-Application
only	O
runs	O
the	O
user-mode	B-Operating_System
system	O
components	O
of	O
Windows	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
Windows	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
(	O
VxDs	B-Application
)	O
and	O
applications	O
that	O
require	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
run	O
by	O
default	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
Windows	O
session	O
–	O
multitasking	O
cooperatively	O
and	O
without	O
memory	O
protection	O
–	O
just	O
as	O
they	O
would	O
under	O
native	O
Windows	O
3.x	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
to	O
achieve	O
true	O
isolation	O
between	O
Windows	O
3.x	O
programs	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
can	O
also	O
run	O
multiple	O
copies	O
of	O
Windows	O
in	O
parallel	O
,	O
with	O
each	O
copy	B-Device
residing	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
VDM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
can	O
then	O
optionally	O
place	O
each	O
program	O
either	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
Windows	O
session	O
–	O
with	O
preemptive	O
multitasking	O
and	O
full	O
memory	O
protection	O
between	O
sessions	O
,	O
though	O
not	O
within	O
them	O
–	O
or	O
allow	O
some	O
applications	O
to	O
run	O
together	O
cooperatively	O
in	O
a	O
shared	O
Windows	O
session	O
while	O
isolating	O
other	O
applications	O
in	O
one	O
or	O
more	B-Device
separate	O
Windows	O
sessions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whether	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
are	O
running	O
in	O
full-screen	O
or	O
windowed	O
mode	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
one	O
Windows	O
session	O
or	O
several	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
DDE	B-Operating_System
between	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
and	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
between	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
OS/2	B-Application
for	I-Application
Windows	I-Application
product	O
(	O
codename	O
Ferengi	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
Special	O
Edition	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
interpreted	O
as	O
a	O
deliberate	O
strategy	O
"	O
of	O
cashing	O
in	O
on	O
the	O
pervasive	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
platform	O
"	O
but	O
risked	O
confusing	O
consumers	O
with	O
the	O
notion	O
that	O
the	O
product	O
was	O
a	O
mere	O
accessory	O
or	O
utility	O
running	O
on	O
Windows	O
such	O
as	O
Norton	B-Application
Desktop	I-Application
for	I-Application
Windows	I-Application
when	O
,	O
in	O
fact	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
"	O
a	O
complete	O
,	O
modern	O
,	O
multi-tasking	O
,	O
pre-emptive	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
itself	O
hosting	O
Windows	O
instead	O
of	O
running	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Available	O
on	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
or	O
18	O
floppy	O
disks	O
,	O
the	O
product	O
documentation	O
reportedly	O
suggested	O
Windows	O
as	O
a	O
prerequisite	O
for	B-Language
installing	O
the	O
product	O
,	O
also	O
being	O
confined	O
to	O
its	O
original	O
FAT	B-Application
partition	I-Application
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
product	O
apparently	O
supported	O
the	O
later	O
installation	O
of	O
Windows	O
running	O
from	O
an	O
HPFS	B-Application
partition	O
,	O
particularly	O
beneficial	O
for	B-Language
users	O
of	O
larger	O
hard	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
version	O
3.0	O
was	O
labelled	O
as	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
to	O
highlight	O
the	O
new	O
performance	O
benefits	O
,	O
and	O
generally	O
to	O
freshen	O
the	O
product	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Warp	O
"	O
had	O
originally	O
been	O
the	O
internal	O
IBM	O
name	O
for	B-Language
the	O
release	O
:	O
IBM	O
claimed	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
used	O
Star	B-Operating_System
Trek	I-Operating_System
terms	O
as	O
internal	O
names	O
for	B-Language
prior	O
OS/2	B-Application
releases	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
this	O
one	O
seemed	O
appropriate	O
for	B-Language
external	O
use	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
Patrick	O
Stewart	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
Master	O
of	O
Ceremonies	O
;	O
however	O
Kate	O
Mulgrew	O
of	O
the	O
then-upcoming	O
series	O
Star	B-Operating_System
Trek	I-Operating_System
:	O
Voyager	O
substituted	O
for	B-Language
him	O
at	O
the	O
last	O
minute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
offers	O
a	O
host	O
of	O
benefits	O
over	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.1	O
,	O
notably	O
broader	O
hardware	O
support	O
,	O
greater	O
multimedia	O
capabilities	O
,	O
Internet-compatible	O
networking	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
includes	O
a	O
basic	O
office	O
application	O
suite	O
known	O
as	O
IBM	B-Application
Works	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
two	O
versions	O
:	O
the	O
less	O
expensive	O
"	O
Red	O
Spine	O
"	O
and	O
the	O
more	B-Device
expensive	O
"	O
Blue	O
Spine	O
"	O
(	O
named	O
for	B-Language
the	O
color	O
of	O
their	O
boxes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Red	O
Spine	O
"	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
applications	O
by	O
utilizing	O
any	O
existing	O
installation	O
of	O
Windows	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
hard	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Blue	O
Spine	O
"	O
includes	O
Windows	O
support	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
installation	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
can	O
support	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
without	O
a	O
Windows	O
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
most	O
computers	O
were	O
sold	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
pre-installed	O
and	O
the	O
price	O
was	O
less	O
,	O
"	O
Red	O
Spine	O
"	O
was	O
the	O
more	B-Device
popular	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	I-Application
Connect	I-Application
—	O
which	O
has	O
full	O
LAN	O
client	O
support	O
built-in	O
—	O
followed	O
in	O
mid-1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
most	O
performance-sensitive	O
subsystems	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
graphics	O
(	O
Gre	O
)	O
and	O
multimedia	O
(	O
MMPM/2	O
)	O
systems	O
,	O
were	O
updated	O
to	O
32-bit	O
code	O
in	O
a	O
fixpack	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Warp	B-Application
3	I-Application
brought	O
about	O
a	O
fully	O
32-bit	O
windowing	O
system	O
,	O
while	O
Warp	O
4	O
introduced	O
the	O
object-oriented	B-Language
32-bit	O
GRADD	O
display	O
driver	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
Warp	O
4	O
added	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
also	O
released	O
server	O
editions	O
of	O
Warp	B-Application
3	I-Application
and	O
Warp	O
4	O
which	O
bundled	O
IBM	O
's	O
LAN	O
Server	O
product	O
directly	O
into	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
personal	O
version	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
was	O
also	O
included	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
template	O
databases	O
for	B-Language
contact	O
management	O
,	O
brainstorming	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
forth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UK-distributed	O
free	O
demo	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
essentially	O
contained	O
the	O
entire	O
OS	O
and	O
was	O
easily	O
,	O
even	O
accidentally	O
,	O
cracked	B-Application
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
even	O
people	O
who	O
liked	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
buy	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
backdoor	O
tactic	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
users	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
belief	O
that	O
this	O
would	O
increase	O
sales	O
and	O
demand	O
for	B-Language
third-party	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
strengthen	O
OS/2	B-Application
'	O
s	O
desktop	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
suggestion	O
was	O
bolstered	O
by	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
this	O
demo	O
version	O
had	O
replaced	O
another	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
so	O
easily	O
cracked	B-Application
,	O
but	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
released	O
with	O
trial	O
versions	O
of	O
various	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
July	O
edition	O
of	O
Australian	O
Personal	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
magazine	O
bundled	O
software	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
,	O
included	O
a	O
full	O
version	O
of	O
Warp	O
4	O
that	O
required	O
no	O
activation	O
and	O
was	O
essentially	O
a	O
free	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Special	O
versions	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.11	O
and	O
Warp	O
4	O
also	O
included	O
symmetric	B-Operating_System
multiprocessing	I-Operating_System
(	O
SMP	O
)	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
sales	O
were	O
largely	O
concentrated	O
in	O
networked	O
computing	O
used	O
by	O
corporate	O
professionals	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
overtaken	O
by	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
arguably	O
technically	O
superior	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
failed	O
to	O
develop	O
much	O
penetration	O
in	O
the	O
consumer	O
and	O
stand-alone	O
desktop	O
PC	O
segments	O
;	O
there	O
were	O
reports	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
installed	O
properly	O
on	O
IBM	O
's	O
own	O
Aptiva	O
series	O
of	O
home	O
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
made	O
an	O
offer	O
in	O
1994	O
where	O
IBM	O
would	O
receive	O
the	O
same	O
terms	O
as	O
Compaq	O
(	O
the	O
largest	O
PC	O
manufacturer	O
at	O
the	O
time	B-Device
)	O
for	B-Language
a	O
license	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
if	O
IBM	O
ended	O
development	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
completely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
refused	O
and	O
instead	O
went	O
with	O
an	O
"	O
IBM	O
First	O
"	O
strategy	O
of	O
promoting	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
and	O
disparaging	O
Windows	O
,	O
as	O
IBM	O
aimed	O
to	O
drive	O
sales	O
of	O
its	O
own	O
software	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1995	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
negotiations	O
between	O
IBM	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
already	O
difficult	O
,	O
stalled	O
when	O
IBM	O
purchased	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
SmartSuite	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
directly	O
competed	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
dispute	O
,	O
IBM	O
signed	O
the	O
license	O
agreement	O
15	O
minutes	O
before	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
launch	O
event	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
than	O
their	O
competitors	O
and	O
this	O
badly	O
hurt	O
sales	O
of	O
IBM	O
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
officials	O
later	O
conceded	O
that	O
OS/2	B-Application
would	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
a	O
viable	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
keep	O
them	O
in	O
the	O
PC	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
IBM	O
started	O
development	O
on	O
an	O
intended	O
replacement	O
for	B-Language
OS/2	B-Application
called	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
an	O
entirely	O
new	O
product	O
,	O
brand	O
new	O
code	O
,	O
that	O
borrowed	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
sections	O
of	O
code	O
from	O
both	O
the	O
existing	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
AIX	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
an	O
entirely	O
new	O
microkernel	O
code	O
base	O
,	O
intended	O
(	O
eventually	O
)	O
to	O
host	O
several	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
including	O
OS/2	B-Application
)	O
as	O
microkernel	O
"	O
personalities	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
included	O
major	O
new	O
architectural	O
features	O
including	O
a	O
system	O
registry	O
,	O
JFS	B-Application
,	O
support	O
for	B-Language
UNIX	B-Application
graphics	O
libraries	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
driver	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
was	O
developed	O
solely	O
for	B-Language
POWER	B-Architecture
platforms	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
intended	O
to	O
market	O
a	O
full	O
line	O
of	O
PowerPCs	B-Architecture
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
take	O
over	O
the	O
market	O
from	O
Intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
plans	O
for	B-Language
the	O
new	O
code	O
base	O
would	O
eventually	O
include	O
replacement	O
of	O
the	O
OS/400	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
by	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
microkernel	O
product	O
that	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
industries	O
such	O
as	O
telecommunications	O
and	O
set-top	O
television	O
receivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
partially	O
functional	O
pre-alpha	O
version	O
of	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
was	O
demonstrated	O
at	O
Comdex	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
bemused	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
stopped	O
by	O
the	O
booth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
and	O
last	O
time	B-Device
it	O
would	O
be	O
shown	O
in	O
public	O
was	O
at	O
an	O
OS/2	B-Application
user	O
group	O
in	O
Phoenix	O
,	O
Arizona	O
;	O
the	O
pre-alpha	O
code	O
refused	O
to	O
boot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
with	O
$990	O
million	O
being	O
spent	O
per	O
year	O
on	O
development	O
of	O
this	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
no	O
possible	O
profit	O
or	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
,	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
entire	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
product	O
line	O
was	O
near	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
project	O
was	O
launched	O
internally	O
by	O
IBM	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
looming	O
competitive	O
situation	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
95	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	O
concerns	O
included	O
the	O
major	O
code	O
quality	O
issues	O
in	O
the	O
existing	O
OS/2	B-Application
product	O
(	O
resulting	O
in	O
over	O
20	O
service	O
packs	O
,	O
each	O
requiring	O
more	B-Device
diskettes	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
installation	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ineffective	O
and	O
heavily	O
matrixed	O
development	O
organization	O
in	O
Boca	O
Raton	O
(	O
where	O
the	O
consultants	O
reported	O
that	O
"	O
basically	O
,	O
everybody	O
reports	O
to	O
everybody	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
Austin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
decision	O
being	O
made	O
at	O
a	O
level	O
above	O
the	O
Division	O
to	O
cut	O
over	O
95%	O
of	O
the	O
overall	O
budget	O
for	B-Language
the	O
entire	O
product	O
line	O
,	O
end	O
all	O
new	O
development	O
(	O
including	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
eliminate	O
the	O
Boca	O
Raton	O
development	O
lab	O
,	O
end	O
all	O
sales	O
and	O
marketing	O
efforts	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
,	O
and	O
lay	O
off	O
over	O
1,300	O
development	O
individuals	O
(	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
sales	O
and	O
support	O
personnel	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Warp	O
4	O
became	O
the	O
last	O
distributed	O
version	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
a	O
small	O
and	O
dedicated	O
community	O
remains	O
faithful	O
to	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
failed	O
to	O
catch	O
on	O
in	O
the	O
mass	O
market	O
and	O
is	O
little	O
used	O
outside	O
certain	O
niches	O
where	O
IBM	O
traditionally	O
had	O
a	O
stronghold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	B-Language
example	O
,	O
many	O
bank	O
installations	O
,	O
especially	O
automated	O
teller	O
machines	O
,	O
run	O
OS/2	B-Application
with	O
a	O
customized	O
user	O
interface	O
;	O
French	O
SNCF	O
national	O
railways	O
used	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.x	O
in	O
thousands	O
of	O
ticket	O
selling	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telecom	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Nortel	O
used	O
OS/2	B-Application
in	O
some	O
voicemail	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
for	B-Language
the	O
host	O
PC	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
Satellite	O
Operations	O
Support	O
System	O
equipment	O
installed	O
at	O
NPR	O
member	O
stations	O
from	O
1994	O
to	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
to	O
receive	O
the	O
network	O
's	O
programming	O
via	O
satellite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
IBM	O
began	O
indicating	O
shortly	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Warp	O
4	O
that	O
OS/2	B-Application
would	O
eventually	O
be	O
withdrawn	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
did	O
not	O
end	O
support	O
until	O
December	O
31	O
,	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sales	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
stopped	O
on	O
December	O
23	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
IBM	B-Application
OS/2	I-Application
Warp	O
version	O
is	O
4.52	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
for	B-Language
both	O
desktop	O
and	O
server	O
systems	O
in	O
December	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
is	I-Application
still	O
delivering	O
defect	O
support	O
for	B-Language
a	O
fee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
urges	O
customers	O
to	O
migrate	O
their	O
often	O
highly	O
complex	O
applications	O
to	O
e-business	B-Application
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Java	B-Language
in	O
a	O
platform-neutral	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
application	O
migration	O
is	O
completed	O
,	O
IBM	O
recommends	O
migration	O
to	O
a	O
different	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
suggesting	O
Linux	B-Application
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
IBM	O
discontinued	O
development	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
various	O
third	O
parties	O
approached	O
IBM	O
to	O
take	O
over	O
future	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OS/2	B-Application
software	O
vendor	O
Stardock	O
made	O
such	O
a	O
proposal	O
to	O
IBM	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
followed	O
through	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Serenity	O
Systems	O
succeeded	O
in	O
negotiating	O
an	O
agreement	O
with	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
began	O
reselling	O
OS/2	B-Application
as	O
eComStation	B-Device
in	O
2001	O
.	O
eComStation	B-Device
is	O
now	O
sold	O
by	O
XEU.com,	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
version	O
(	O
2.1	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Arca	B-Device
Noae	I-Device
,	I-Device
LLC	I-Device
announced	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
secured	O
an	O
agreement	O
with	O
IBM	O
to	O
resell	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
their	O
OS/2	B-Application
-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
in	O
2017	O
as	O
ArcaOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
multiple	O
releases	O
of	O
ArcaOS	B-Device
,	O
and	O
it	O
remains	O
under	O
active	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
people	O
hoped	O
that	O
IBM	O
would	O
release	O
OS/2	B-Application
or	O
a	O
significant	O
part	O
of	O
it	O
as	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
also	O
once	O
engaged	O
in	O
a	O
technology	O
transfer	O
with	O
Commodore	O
,	O
licensing	O
Amiga	B-Device
technology	O
for	B-Language
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
and	O
above	O
,	O
in	O
exchange	O
for	B-Language
the	O
REXX	B-Language
scripting	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
OS/2	B-Application
may	O
have	O
some	O
code	O
that	O
was	O
not	O
written	O
by	O
IBM	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
therefore	O
prevent	O
the	O
OS	O
from	O
being	O
re-announced	O
as	O
open-sourced	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
IBM	O
donated	O
Object	B-Application
REXX	I-Application
for	B-Language
Windows	O
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
to	O
the	O
Open	B-Application
Object	I-Application
REXX	I-Application
project	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
REXX	B-Language
Language	O
Association	O
on	O
SourceForge	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Application
source	I-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Application
have	O
already	O
profited	O
from	O
OS/2	B-Application
indirectly	O
through	O
IBM	O
's	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
improved	O
JFS	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
ported	O
from	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
code	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
IBM	O
did	O
n't	O
release	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
JFS	B-Application
driver	O
,	O
developers	O
ported	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
driver	O
back	O
to	O
eComStation	B-Device
and	O
added	O
the	O
functionality	O
to	O
boot	O
from	O
a	O
JFS	B-Application
partition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
JFS	B-Application
driver	O
has	O
been	O
integrated	O
into	O
eComStation	B-Device
v2.0	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
into	O
ArcaOS	B-Device
5.0	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphic	O
system	O
has	O
a	O
layer	O
named	O
Presentation	B-Device
Manager	I-Device
that	O
manages	O
windows	O
,	O
fonts	O
,	O
and	O
icons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
similar	O
in	O
functionality	O
to	O
a	O
non-networked	O
version	O
of	O
X11	B-Operating_System
or	O
the	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
GDI	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
top	O
of	O
this	O
lies	O
the	O
Workplace	B-Device
Shell	I-Device
(	O
WPS	O
)	O
introduced	O
in	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WPS	O
is	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
shell	B-Operating_System
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
perform	O
traditional	O
computing	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
accessing	O
files	O
,	O
printers	O
,	O
launching	O
legacy	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
advanced	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
tasks	O
using	O
built-in	O
and	O
third-party	O
application	O
objects	O
that	O
extended	O
the	O
shell	B-Operating_System
in	O
an	O
integrated	O
fashion	O
not	O
available	O
on	O
any	O
other	O
mainstream	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
WPS	O
follows	O
IBM	O
's	O
Common	B-General_Concept
User	I-General_Concept
Access	I-General_Concept
user	O
interface	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WPS	O
represents	O
objects	O
such	O
as	O
disks	O
,	O
folders	O
,	O
files	O
,	O
program	O
objects	O
,	O
and	O
printers	O
using	O
the	O
System	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
(	O
SOM	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
among	O
applications	O
,	O
possibly	O
written	O
in	O
different	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSOM	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
aspect	O
of	O
SOM	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
direct	O
competitor	O
to	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Component	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
,	O
though	O
it	O
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
a	O
radically	O
different	O
manner	O
;	O
for	B-Language
instance	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
differences	O
between	O
SOM	O
and	O
COM	O
is	O
SOM	O
's	O
support	O
for	B-Language
inheritance	O
(	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
fundamental	O
concepts	O
of	O
OO	O
programming	O
)	O
—	O
COM	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
such	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
multimedia	O
capabilities	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
are	O
accessible	O
through	O
Media	B-Device
Control	I-Device
Interface	I-Device
commands	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
update	O
(	O
bundled	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	O
version	O
of	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
Navigator	I-Protocol
plugins	O
)	O
added	O
support	O
for	B-Language
MPEG	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	B-Language
newer	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
PNG	O
,	O
progressive	O
JPEG	O
,	O
DivX	B-Application
,	O
Ogg	O
,	O
and	O
MP3	B-Application
comes	O
from	O
third	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
list	O
of	O
commands	B-Application
is	O
supported	O
by	O
cmd.exe	B-Device
on	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
BSD	B-Operating_System
stack	O
as	O
visible	O
with	O
SCCS	B-Device
what	B-Application
compatible	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
included	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
ftp	O
and	O
telnet	O
and	O
even	O
servers	O
for	B-Language
both	O
commands	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
sold	O
several	O
networking	O
extensions	O
including	O
NFS	O
support	O
and	O
an	O
X11	B-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
vendors	O
were	O
reluctant	O
to	O
support	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
for	B-Language
alternative	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
including	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
leaving	O
users	O
with	O
few	O
choices	O
from	O
a	O
select	O
few	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
relieve	O
this	O
issue	O
for	B-Language
video	O
cards	O
,	O
IBM	O
licensed	O
a	O
reduced	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Scitech	B-Application
display	I-Application
drivers	I-Application
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
choose	O
from	O
a	O
wide	O
selection	O
of	O
cards	O
supported	O
through	O
Scitech	O
's	O
modular	O
driver	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
historically	O
been	O
more	B-Device
difficult	O
to	O
run	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
than	O
most	O
other	O
legacy	O
x86	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
because	O
of	O
its	O
extensive	O
reliance	O
on	O
the	O
full	O
set	O
of	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
x86	B-Operating_System
CPU	O
;	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
'	O
s	O
use	O
of	O
ring	B-Operating_System
2	I-Operating_System
prevented	O
it	O
from	O
running	O
in	O
early	O
versions	O
of	O
VMware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
versions	O
of	O
VMware	O
provide	O
official	O
support	O
for	B-Language
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
specifically	O
for	B-Language
eComStation	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
VirtualPC	B-Application
from	O
Microsoft	O
(	O
originally	O
Connectix	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
OS/2	B-Application
without	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
virtualization	I-General_Concept
support	O
for	B-Language
many	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
provided	O
"	O
additions	O
"	O
code	O
which	O
greatly	O
improves	O
host	O
–	O
guest	O
OS	O
interactions	O
in	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
additions	O
are	O
not	O
provided	O
with	O
the	O
current	O
version	O
of	O
VirtualPC	B-Application
,	O
but	O
the	O
version	O
last	O
included	O
with	O
a	O
release	O
may	O
still	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
current	O
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
one	O
point	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
a	O
supported	O
host	O
for	B-Language
VirtualPC	B-Application
in	O
addition	O
to	O
a	O
guest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
OS/2	B-Application
runs	O
only	O
as	O
a	O
guest	O
on	O
those	O
versions	O
of	O
VirtualPC	B-Application
that	O
use	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
(	O
x86	B-Operating_System
based	I-Operating_System
hosts	O
)	O
and	O
not	O
those	O
doing	O
full	O
emulation	O
(	O
VirtualPC	B-Application
for	B-Language
Mac	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VirtualBox	B-Operating_System
from	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
(	O
originally	O
InnoTek	B-Operating_System
,	O
later	O
Sun	O
)	O
supports	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.x	O
,	O
Warp	B-Application
3	I-Application
through	O
4.5	O
,	O
and	O
eComStation	B-Device
as	O
well	O
as	O
"	O
Other	O
OS/2	B-Application
"	O
as	O
guests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
attempting	O
to	O
run	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
eComStation	B-Device
can	O
still	O
be	O
difficult	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
impossible	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
strict	O
requirements	O
of	O
VT-x/AMD	O
-V	O
hardware-enabled	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
and	O
only	O
ACP2/MCP2	O
is	O
reported	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
a	O
reliable	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ArcaOS	B-Device
supports	O
being	O
run	O
as	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
guest	O
inside	O
VirtualBox	B-Operating_System
,	O
VMware	B-Operating_System
ESXi	I-Operating_System
and	O
VMWare	B-Operating_System
Workstation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
ships	O
with	O
VirtualBox	B-Operating_System
Guest	B-Operating_System
Additions	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
driver	O
improvements	O
to	O
improve	O
performance	O
as	O
a	O
guest	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
difficulties	O
in	O
efficiently	O
running	O
OS/2	B-Application
have	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
once	O
,	O
created	O
an	O
opportunity	O
for	B-Language
a	O
new	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
bank	O
in	O
Moscow	O
needed	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
use	O
OS/2	B-Application
on	O
newer	O
hardware	O
that	O
OS/2	B-Application
did	O
not	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
software	O
is	O
an	O
easy	O
way	O
around	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
desired	O
to	O
run	O
OS/2	B-Application
under	O
a	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
it	O
was	O
determined	O
that	O
VMware	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
possibility	O
,	O
it	O
hired	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
Russian	O
software	O
developers	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
host-based	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
that	O
would	O
officially	O
support	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
Parallels	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
company	O
and	O
their	O
Parallels	B-Operating_System
Workstation	I-Operating_System
product	O
was	O
born	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
few	O
native	O
computer	O
viruses	O
;	O
while	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
invulnerable	O
by	O
design	O
,	O
its	O
reduced	O
market	O
share	B-Application
appears	O
to	O
have	O
discouraged	O
virus	O
writers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
-based	O
antivirus	O
programs	O
,	O
dealing	O
with	O
DOS	O
viruses	O
and	O
Windows	O
viruses	O
that	O
could	O
pass	O
through	O
an	O
OS/2	B-Application
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
problems	O
were	O
classic	O
subjects	O
of	O
comparison	O
with	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Synchronous	O
input	O
queue	O
(	O
SIQ	O
)	O
:	O
if	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
application	O
was	O
not	O
servicing	O
its	O
window	O
messages	O
,	O
the	O
entire	O
GUI	B-Application
system	O
could	O
get	O
stuck	O
and	O
a	O
reboot	O
was	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
problem	O
was	O
considerably	O
reduced	O
with	O
later	O
Warp	B-Application
3	I-Application
fixpacks	O
and	O
refined	O
by	O
Warp	O
4	O
,	O
by	O
taking	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
application	O
after	O
it	O
had	O
not	O
responded	O
for	B-Language
several	O
seconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
unified	O
object	O
handles	O
(	O
OS/2	B-Application
v2.11	O
and	O
earlier	O
)	O
:	O
The	O
availability	O
of	O
threads	O
probably	O
led	O
system	O
designers	O
to	O
overlook	O
mechanisms	O
which	O
allow	O
a	O
single	O
thread	O
to	O
wait	O
for	B-Language
different	O
types	O
of	O
asynchronous	O
events	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	B-Device
,	O
for	B-Language
example	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
the	O
mouse	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
console	O
"	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
console	O
program	O
,	O
dedicating	O
a	O
separate	O
thread	O
for	B-Language
waiting	O
on	O
each	O
source	O
of	O
events	O
made	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
properly	O
release	O
all	O
the	O
input	O
devices	O
before	O
starting	O
other	O
programs	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
"	O
session	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
console	O
programs	O
usually	O
polled	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
the	O
mouse	O
alternately	O
,	O
which	O
resulted	O
in	O
wasted	O
CPU	O
and	O
a	O
characteristic	O
"	O
jerky	O
"	O
reactivity	O
to	O
user	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
OS/2	B-Application
3.0	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
call	O
for	B-Language
this	O
specific	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
Iran	O
Export	O
Bank	O
(	O
Bank	O
Saderat	O
Iran	O
)	O
in	O
their	O
teller	O
machines	O
,	O
ATMs	O
and	O
local	O
servers	O
(	O
over	O
30,000	O
working	O
stations	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
bank	O
moved	O
to	O
virtualize	O
and	O
renew	O
their	O
infrastructure	O
by	O
moving	O
OS/2	B-Application
to	O
Virtual	B-Architecture
Machines	I-Architecture
running	O
over	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
Brazilian	O
banks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Banco	O
do	O
Brasil	O
had	O
a	O
peak	O
10,000	O
machines	O
running	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
in	O
automated	O
teller	O
machines	O
until	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
workstations	O
and	O
automated	O
teller	O
machines	O
and	O
attendant	O
computers	O
have	O
been	O
migrated	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
banking	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Suncorp	O
bank	O
in	O
Australia	O
still	O
ran	O
its	O
ATM	O
network	O
on	O
OS/2	B-Application
as	O
late	O
as	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ATMs	O
at	O
Perisher	O
Blue	O
used	O
OS/2	B-Application
as	O
late	O
as	O
2009	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
the	O
turn	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
widely	O
adopted	O
by	O
accounting	O
professionals	O
and	O
auditing	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
ran	O
the	O
faulty	O
baggage	O
handling	O
system	O
at	O
Denver	O
International	O
Airport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OS	O
was	O
eventually	O
scrapped	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
software	O
written	O
for	B-Language
the	O
system	O
led	O
to	O
massive	O
delays	O
in	O
the	O
opening	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
airport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
by	O
radio	O
personality	O
Howard	O
Stern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
once	O
had	O
a	O
10-minute	O
on-air	O
rant	O
about	O
OS/2	B-Application
versus	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
and	O
recommended	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
used	O
OS/2	B-Application
on	O
his	O
IBM	B-Device
760CD	I-Device
laptop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Satellite	O
Operations	O
Support	O
System	O
(	O
SOSS	O
)	O
for	B-Language
NPR	O
's	O
Public	O
Radio	O
Satellite	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SOSS	O
was	O
a	O
computer-controlled	O
system	O
using	O
OS/2	B-Application
that	O
NPR	O
member	O
stations	O
used	O
to	O
receive	O
programming	O
feeds	O
via	O
satellite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SOSS	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1994	O
using	O
OS/2	B-Application
3.0	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
retired	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
when	O
NPR	O
switched	O
over	O
to	O
its	O
successor	O
,	O
the	O
ContentDepot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
SkyTrain	O
automated	O
light	O
rail	O
system	O
in	O
Vancouver	O
,	O
Canada	O
until	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
London	O
Underground	O
Jubilee	O
Line	O
Extension	O
Signals	O
Control	O
System	O
(	O
JLESCS	O
)	O
in	O
London	O
,	O
England	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Six	O
OS/2	B-Application
local	O
site	O
computers	O
were	O
distributed	O
along	O
the	O
railway	O
between	O
Stratford	O
and	O
Westminster	O
,	O
the	O
shunting	O
tower	O
at	O
Stratford	O
Market	O
Depot	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
formed	O
the	O
central	O
equipment	O
located	O
at	O
Neasden	O
Depot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
The	O
Co-operative	O
Bank	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
for	B-Language
its	O
domestic	O
call	O
centre	O
staff	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
bespoke	O
program	O
created	O
to	O
access	O
customer	O
accounts	O
which	O
cannot	O
easily	O
be	O
migrated	O
to	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Stop	O
&	O
Shop	O
supermarket	O
chain	O
(	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
installed	O
in	O
new	O
stores	O
as	O
recently	O
as	O
March	O
2010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
on	O
ticket	O
machines	O
for	B-Language
Tramlink	O
in	O
outer-London	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
's	O
subway	O
system	O
for	B-Language
MetroCards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
NYC	O
MTA	O
finishes	O
its	O
transition	O
to	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
will	O
be	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
in	O
checkout	O
systems	O
at	O
Safeway	O
supermarkets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
by	O
Trenitalia	O
,	O
both	O
for	B-Language
the	O
desktops	O
at	O
Ticket	O
Counters	O
and	O
for	B-Language
the	O
Automatic	O
Ticket	O
Counters	O
up	O
to	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Incidentally	O
,	O
the	O
Automatic	O
Ticket	O
Counters	O
with	O
OS/2	B-Application
were	O
more	B-Device
reliable	O
than	O
the	O
current	O
ones	O
running	O
a	O
flavor	O
of	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
main	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	B-Language
Abbey	O
National	O
General	O
Insurance	O
motor	O
and	O
home	O
direct	O
call	O
centre	O
products	O
using	O
the	O
PMSC	O
Series	O
III	O
insurance	O
platform	O
on	O
DB2.2	O
from	O
1996-2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BYTE	B-Application
in	O
1989	O
listed	O
OS/2	B-Application
as	O
among	O
the	O
"	O
Excellence	O
"	O
winners	O
of	O
the	O
BYTE	B-Application
Awards	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
is	O
today	O
where	O
the	O
Macintosh	O
was	O
in	O
1984	O
:	O
It	O
's	O
a	O
development	O
platform	O
in	O
search	O
of	O
developers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
predicted	O
that	O
"	O
When	O
it	O
's	O
complete	O
and	O
bug-free	O
,	O
when	O
it	O
can	O
really	O
use	O
the	O
80386	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
when	O
more	B-Device
desktops	O
sport	O
OS/2	B-Application
-capable	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
will	O
—	O
deservedly	O
—	O
supersede	O
DOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
even	O
as	O
it	O
stands	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
is	O
a	O
milestone	O
product	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CHIP	O
Magazine	O
named	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
the	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
Year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DOS	O
International	O
named	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
the	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
Year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
has	O
used	O
OS/2	B-Application
in	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
hardware	O
products	O
,	O
effectively	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
embedded	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Product	O
Product	O
Type	B-Device
Usage	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
IBM	O
3494	O
Tape	O
Library	O
Used	O
as	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	B-Language
the	O
Library	O
Manager	O
(	O
LM	O
)	O
that	O
controlled	O
the	O
tape	O
accessor	O
(	O
robot	O
)	O
IBM	B-Device
3745	I-Device
Communications	O
Controller	O
Used	O
as	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	B-Language
the	O
Service	O
Processor	O
(	O
SP	O
)	O
and	O
if	O
installed	O
,	O
the	O
Network	O
Node	O
Processor	O
(	O
NNP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
initially	O
used	O
OS/2	B-Application
1.1	O
Extended	O
Edition	O
on	O
a	O
PS/2	B-Device
Model	O
80	O
to	O
emulate	O
the	O
stacker	O
control	O
software	O
that	O
previously	O
ran	O
on	O
a	O
System/360	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
later	O
switched	O
to	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
9672	O
Mainframe	O
Used	O
as	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	B-Language
the	O
Support	O
Element	O
(	O
SE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
