<s>
An	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diode	I-Device
(	O
OLED	B-Device
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
organic	O
electroluminescent	O
(	O
organic	O
EL	O
)	O
diode	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
light-emitting	O
diode	O
(	O
LED	O
)	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
emissive	O
electroluminescent	O
layer	O
is	O
a	O
film	O
of	O
organic	O
compound	O
that	O
emits	O
light	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
an	O
electric	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLEDs	B-Device
are	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
digital	B-Device
displays	I-Device
in	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
television	B-Device
screens	I-Device
,	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
and	O
portable	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
is	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
white	O
OLED	B-Device
devices	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
solid-state	O
lighting	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
families	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
:	O
those	O
based	O
on	O
small	O
molecules	O
and	O
those	O
employing	O
polymers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adding	O
mobile	O
ions	O
to	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
creates	O
a	O
light-emitting	B-Algorithm
electrochemical	I-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
(	O
LEC	O
)	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
slightly	O
different	O
mode	O
of	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
can	O
be	O
driven	O
with	O
a	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
(	O
PMOLED	O
)	O
or	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
(	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
)	O
control	O
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
PMOLED	O
scheme	O
,	O
each	O
row	O
and	O
line	O
in	O
the	O
display	O
is	O
controlled	O
sequentially	O
,	O
one	O
by	O
one	O
,	O
whereas	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
control	O
uses	O
a	O
thin-film	O
transistor	O
(	O
TFT	O
)	O
backplane	O
to	O
directly	O
access	O
and	O
switch	B-Application
each	O
individual	O
pixel	O
on	O
or	O
off	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
higher	O
resolution	O
and	O
larger	O
display	O
sizes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
is	O
fundamentally	O
different	O
from	O
LED	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
p-n	O
diode	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
LEDs	O
doping	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
p	O
-	O
and	O
n	O
-	O
regions	O
by	O
changing	O
the	O
conductivity	O
of	O
the	O
host	O
semiconductor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLEDs	B-Device
do	O
not	O
employ	O
a	O
p-n	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doping	B-Algorithm
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
is	O
used	O
to	O
increase	O
radiative	O
efficiency	O
by	O
direct	O
modification	O
of	O
the	O
quantum-mechanical	O
optical	O
recombination	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doping	B-Algorithm
is	O
additionally	O
used	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
wavelength	O
of	O
photon	O
emission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
works	O
without	O
a	O
backlight	O
because	O
it	O
emits	O
its	O
own	O
visible	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
display	O
deep	O
black	O
levels	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
thinner	O
and	O
lighter	O
than	O
a	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
low	O
ambient	O
light	O
conditions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
dark	O
room	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
screen	I-Device
can	O
achieve	O
a	O
higher	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
than	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
whether	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
uses	O
cold	O
cathode	O
fluorescent	O
lamps	O
or	O
an	O
LED	O
backlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
are	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
but	O
after	O
TFT	O
(	O
for	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
displays	O
)	O
,	O
addressable	O
grid	O
(	O
for	O
passive	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
displays	O
)	O
or	O
indium-tin	O
oxide	O
(	O
ITO	O
)	O
segment	O
(	O
for	O
segment	B-Device
displays	I-Device
)	O
formation	O
,	O
the	O
display	O
is	O
coated	O
with	O
hole	O
injection	O
,	O
transport	O
and	O
blocking	O
layers	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
with	O
electroluminescent	O
material	O
after	O
the	O
first	O
2	O
layers	O
,	O
after	O
which	O
ITO	O
or	O
metal	O
may	O
be	O
applied	O
again	O
as	O
a	O
cathode	O
and	O
later	O
the	O
entire	O
stack	O
of	O
materials	O
is	O
encapsulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLEDs	B-Device
can	O
be	O
made	O
flexible	O
and	O
transparent	O
,	O
with	O
transparent	B-Device
displays	I-Device
being	O
used	O
in	O
smartphones	B-Application
with	O
optical	O
fingerprint	O
scanners	O
and	O
flexible	B-Application
displays	I-Application
being	O
used	O
in	O
foldable	B-Application
smartphones	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
contacts	O
are	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
charge	O
injection	O
in	O
all	O
modern	O
OLED	B-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Dow	O
Chemical	O
researchers	O
patented	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
preparing	O
electroluminescent	O
cells	O
using	O
high-voltage	O
(	O
500	O
–	O
1500	O
V	O
)	O
AC-driven	O
(	O
100	O
–	O
3000Hz	O
)	O
electrically	O
insulated	O
one	O
millimetre	O
thin	O
layers	O
of	O
a	O
melted	O
phosphor	O
consisting	O
of	O
ground	O
anthracene	O
powder	O
,	O
tetracene	O
,	O
and	O
graphite	B-Application
powder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
proposed	O
mechanism	O
involved	O
electronic	O
excitation	O
at	O
the	O
contacts	O
between	O
the	O
graphite	B-Application
particles	O
and	O
the	O
anthracene	O
molecules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Polymer	B-Device
LED	I-Device
(	O
PLED	O
)	O
to	O
be	O
created	O
was	O
by	O
Roger	O
Partridge	O
at	O
the	O
National	O
Physical	O
Laboratory	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
light	O
generated	O
was	O
readily	O
visible	O
in	O
normal	O
lighting	O
conditions	O
though	O
the	O
polymer	B-Language
used	O
had	O
2	O
limitations	O
;	O
low	O
conductivity	O
and	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
injecting	O
electrons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
development	O
of	O
conjugated	O
polymers	B-Language
would	O
allow	O
others	O
to	O
largely	O
eliminate	O
these	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chemists	O
Ching	O
Wan	O
Tang	O
and	O
Steven	O
Van	O
Slyke	O
at	O
Eastman	O
Kodak	O
built	O
the	O
first	O
practical	O
OLED	B-Device
device	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
into	O
polymer	B-Language
electroluminescence	O
culminated	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
with	O
J	O
.	O
H	O
.	O
Burroughes	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
at	O
the	O
Cavendish	O
Laboratory	O
at	O
Cambridge	O
University	O
,	O
UK	O
,	O
reporting	O
a	O
high-efficiency	O
green	O
light-emitting	O
polymer-based	O
device	O
using	O
100nm	O
thick	O
films	O
of	O
poly(p-phenylene vinylene )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequent	O
research	O
developed	O
multilayer	O
polymers	B-Language
and	O
the	O
new	O
field	O
of	O
plastic	O
electronics	O
and	O
OLED	B-Device
research	O
and	O
device	O
production	O
grew	O
rapidly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
White	O
OLEDs	B-Device
,	O
pioneered	O
by	O
J	O
.	O
Kido	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
at	O
Yamagata	O
University	O
,	O
Japan	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
achieved	O
the	O
commercialization	O
of	O
OLED-backlit	O
displays	O
and	O
lighting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Kodak	O
and	O
Sanyo	O
had	O
entered	O
into	O
a	O
partnership	O
to	O
jointly	O
research	O
,	O
develop	O
,	O
and	O
produce	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
announced	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
2.4-inch	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
,	O
full-color	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
in	O
September	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2002	O
,	O
they	O
presented	O
a	O
prototype	O
of	O
15-inch	O
HDTV	O
format	O
display	O
based	O
on	O
white	O
OLEDs	B-Device
with	O
color	O
filters	O
at	O
the	O
CEATEC	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturing	O
of	O
small	O
molecule	O
OLEDs	B-Device
was	O
started	O
in	O
1997	O
by	O
Pioneer	O
Corporation	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
TDK	O
in	O
2001	O
and	O
Samsung-NEC	O
Mobile	O
Display	O
(	O
SNMD	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
later	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
manufacturers	O
-	O
Samsung	B-Application
Display	O
,	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sony	O
XEL-1	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
OLED	B-Device
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universal	O
Display	O
Corporation	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
materials	O
companies	O
,	O
holds	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
patents	O
concerning	O
the	O
commercialization	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
that	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
major	O
OLED	B-Device
manufacturers	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
5	O
December	O
2017	O
,	O
JOLED	O
,	O
the	O
successor	O
of	O
Sony	O
and	O
Panasonic	O
's	O
printable	O
OLED	B-Device
business	O
units	O
,	O
began	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
commercial	O
shipment	O
of	O
inkjet-printed	O
OLED	B-Device
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
OLED	B-Device
is	O
composed	O
of	O
a	O
layer	O
of	O
organic	O
materials	O
situated	O
between	O
two	O
electrodes	O
,	O
the	O
anode	O
and	O
cathode	O
,	O
all	O
deposited	O
on	O
a	O
substrate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
materials	O
have	O
conductivity	O
levels	O
ranging	O
from	O
insulators	O
to	O
conductors	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
therefore	O
considered	O
organic	B-Algorithm
semiconductors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
highest	O
occupied	O
and	O
lowest	O
unoccupied	O
molecular	O
orbitals	O
(	O
HOMO	O
and	O
LUMO	O
)	O
of	O
organic	B-Algorithm
semiconductors	I-Algorithm
are	O
analogous	O
to	O
the	O
valence	O
and	O
conduction	O
bands	O
of	O
inorganic	O
semiconductors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
basic	O
polymer	B-Language
OLEDs	B-Device
consisted	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
organic	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
multilayer	O
OLEDs	B-Device
can	O
be	O
fabricated	O
with	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
layers	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
improve	O
device	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
modern	O
OLEDs	B-Device
incorporate	O
a	O
simple	O
bilayer	O
structure	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
conductive	O
layer	O
and	O
an	O
emissive	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developments	O
in	O
OLED	B-Device
architecture	O
in	O
2011	O
improved	O
quantum	O
efficiency	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
19%	O
)	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
graded	O
heterojunction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
operation	O
,	O
a	O
voltage	O
is	O
applied	O
across	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
such	O
that	O
the	O
anode	O
is	O
positive	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
the	O
cathode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
happens	O
closer	O
to	O
the	O
electron-transport	O
layer	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
emissive	O
layer	O
,	O
because	O
in	O
organic	B-Algorithm
semiconductors	I-Algorithm
holes	O
are	O
generally	O
more	O
mobile	O
than	O
electrons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phosphorescent	B-Algorithm
organic	I-Algorithm
light-emitting	I-Algorithm
diodes	I-Algorithm
make	O
use	O
of	O
spin	O
–	O
orbit	O
interactions	O
to	O
facilitate	O
intersystem	O
crossing	O
between	O
singlet	O
and	O
triplet	O
states	O
,	O
thus	O
obtaining	O
emission	O
from	O
both	O
singlet	O
and	O
triplet	O
states	O
and	O
improving	O
the	O
internal	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
conductive	O
(	O
injection	O
)	O
layer	O
is	O
typically	O
added	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
consist	O
of	O
PEDOT:PSS	B-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
the	O
HOMO	O
level	O
of	O
this	O
material	O
generally	O
lies	O
between	O
the	O
work	O
function	O
of	O
ITO	O
and	O
the	O
HOMO	O
of	O
other	O
commonly	O
used	O
polymers	B-Language
,	O
reducing	O
the	O
energy	O
barriers	O
for	O
hole	O
injection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experimental	O
research	O
has	O
proven	O
that	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
anode	O
,	O
specifically	O
the	O
anode/hole	O
transport	O
layer	O
(	O
HTL	O
)	O
interface	O
topography	O
plays	O
a	O
major	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
efficiency	O
,	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
lifetime	O
of	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diodes	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imperfections	O
in	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
anode	O
decrease	O
anode-organic	O
film	O
interface	O
adhesion	O
,	O
increase	O
electrical	O
resistance	O
,	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
more	O
frequent	O
formation	O
of	O
non-emissive	O
dark	O
spots	O
in	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
material	O
adversely	O
affecting	O
lifetime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
alternative	O
substrates	O
and	O
anode	O
materials	O
are	O
being	O
considered	O
to	O
increase	O
OLED	B-Device
performance	O
and	O
lifetime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Possible	O
examples	O
include	O
single	O
crystal	O
sapphire	O
substrates	O
treated	O
with	O
gold	O
(	O
Au	O
)	O
film	O
anodes	O
yielding	O
lower	O
work	O
functions	O
,	O
operating	O
voltages	O
,	O
electrical	O
resistance	O
values	O
,	O
and	O
increasing	O
lifetime	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
using	O
exciplex	O
is	O
grafting	O
Oxadiazole	O
and	O
carbazole	O
side	O
units	O
in	O
red	O
diketopyrrolopyrrole-doped	O
Copolymer	O
main	O
chain	O
shows	O
improved	O
external	O
quantum	O
efficiency	O
and	O
color	O
purity	O
in	O
no	O
optimized	O
OLED	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Efficient	O
OLEDs	B-Device
using	O
small	O
molecules	O
were	O
first	O
developed	O
by	O
Ching	O
W	O
.	O
Tang	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
OLED	B-Device
traditionally	O
refers	O
specifically	O
to	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
device	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
term	O
SM-OLED	B-Device
is	O
also	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Molecules	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
OLEDs	B-Device
include	O
organometallic	O
chelates	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
Alq3	O
,	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
device	I-Device
reported	O
by	O
Tang	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vacuum	O
coating	O
system	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
can	O
make	O
the	O
entire	O
process	O
from	O
film	O
growth	O
to	O
OLED	B-Device
device	O
preparation	O
in	O
a	O
controlled	O
and	O
complete	O
operating	O
environment	O
,	O
helping	O
to	O
obtain	O
uniform	O
and	O
stable	O
films	O
,	O
thus	O
ensuring	O
the	O
final	O
fabrication	O
of	O
high-performance	O
OLED	B-Device
devices.However	O
,	O
small	O
molecule	O
organic	O
dyes	O
are	O
prone	O
to	O
fluorescence	O
quenching	O
in	O
the	O
solid	O
state	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
lower	O
luminescence	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
doped	O
OLED	B-Device
devices	O
are	O
also	O
prone	O
to	O
crystallization	O
,	O
which	O
reduces	O
the	O
luminescence	O
and	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coherent	O
emission	O
from	O
a	O
laser	O
dye-doped	O
tandem	O
SM-OLED	B-Device
device	O
,	O
excited	O
in	O
the	O
pulsed	O
regime	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
demonstrated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
report	O
luminescence	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
polymer	B-Language
molecule	O
,	O
representing	O
the	O
smallest	O
possible	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diode	I-Device
(	O
OLED	B-Device
)	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polymer	B-Language
light-emitting	O
diodes	O
(	O
PLED	O
,	O
P-OLED	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
light-emitting	O
polymers	B-Language
(	O
LEP	O
)	O
,	O
involve	O
an	O
electroluminescent	O
conductive	B-Algorithm
polymer	I-Algorithm
that	O
emits	O
light	O
when	O
connected	O
to	O
an	O
external	O
voltage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polymer	B-Language
OLEDs	B-Device
are	O
quite	O
efficient	O
and	O
require	O
a	O
relatively	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
power	O
for	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
light	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vacuum	O
deposition	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
suitable	O
method	O
for	O
forming	O
thin	O
films	O
of	O
polymers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
polymeric	O
OLED	B-Device
films	O
are	O
made	O
by	O
vacuum	O
vapor	O
deposition	O
,	O
the	O
chain	O
elements	O
will	O
be	O
cut	O
off	O
and	O
the	O
original	O
photophysical	O
properties	O
will	O
be	O
compromised	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
polymers	B-Language
can	O
be	O
processed	O
in	O
solution	O
,	O
and	O
spin	O
coating	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
method	O
of	O
depositing	O
thin	O
polymer	B-Language
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
polymers	B-Language
used	O
in	O
PLED	O
displays	O
include	O
derivatives	O
of	O
poly(p-phenylene vinylene )	O
and	O
polyfluorene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Substitution	O
of	O
side	O
chains	O
onto	O
the	O
polymer	B-Language
backbone	O
may	O
determine	O
the	O
colour	O
of	O
emitted	O
light	O
or	O
the	O
stability	O
and	O
solubility	O
of	O
the	O
polymer	B-Language
for	O
performance	O
and	O
ease	O
of	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
water-soluble	O
polymers	B-Language
or	O
conjugated	O
poly	O
electrolytes	O
(	O
CPEs	O
)	O
also	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
hole	O
injection	O
layers	O
alone	O
or	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
nanoparticles	O
like	O
graphene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phosphorescent	B-Algorithm
organic	I-Algorithm
light-emitting	I-Algorithm
diodes	I-Algorithm
use	O
the	O
principle	O
of	O
electrophosphorescence	O
to	O
convert	O
electrical	O
energy	O
in	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
into	O
light	O
in	O
a	O
highly	O
efficient	O
manner	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
internal	O
quantum	O
efficiencies	O
of	O
such	O
devices	O
approaching	O
100%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
a	O
polymer	B-Language
such	O
as	O
poly(N-vinylcarbazole )	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
host	O
material	O
to	O
which	O
an	O
organometallic	O
complex	O
is	O
added	O
as	O
a	O
dopant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
using	O
these	O
phosphorescent	O
materials	O
,	O
both	O
singlet	O
and	O
triplet	O
excitons	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
decay	O
radiatively	O
,	O
hence	O
improving	O
the	O
internal	O
quantum	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
compared	O
to	O
a	O
standard	O
OLED	B-Device
where	O
only	O
the	O
singlet	O
states	O
will	O
contribute	O
to	O
emission	O
of	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
in	O
solid	O
state	O
lighting	O
require	O
the	O
achievement	O
of	O
high	O
brightness	O
with	O
good	O
CIE	O
coordinates	O
(	O
for	O
white	O
emission	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
macromolecular	O
species	O
like	O
polyhedral	O
oligomeric	O
silsesquioxanes	O
(	O
POSS	O
)	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
phosphorescent	O
species	O
such	O
as	O
Ir	O
for	O
printed	O
OLEDs	B-Device
have	O
exhibited	O
brightnesses	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
10,000	O
cd/m2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bottom-emission	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diode	I-Device
(	O
BE-OLED	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
architecture	O
that	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
early-stage	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
configuration	O
is	O
to	O
switch	B-Application
the	O
mode	O
of	O
emission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
reflective	O
anode	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
transparent	O
(	O
or	O
more	O
often	O
semi-transparent	O
)	O
cathode	O
are	O
used	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
light	O
emits	O
from	O
the	O
cathode	O
side	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
configuration	O
is	O
called	O
top-emission	O
OLED	B-Device
(	O
TE-OLED	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
two-beam	O
interference	O
and	O
the	O
Fabry-Perot	O
interferences	O
are	O
the	O
main	O
factors	O
in	O
determining	O
the	O
output	O
spectral	O
intensity	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
,	O
that	O
means	O
the	O
cavity	O
in	O
a	O
TEOLED	O
could	O
be	O
especially	O
designed	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
light	O
output	O
intensity	O
and	O
color	O
purity	O
with	O
a	O
narrow	O
band	O
of	O
wavelengths	O
,	O
without	O
consuming	O
more	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
greatly	O
improves	O
the	O
light-emission	O
efficiency	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
wider	O
color	O
gamut	O
due	O
to	O
high	O
color	O
purity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
method	O
,	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
materials	O
produce	O
white	O
light	O
which	O
is	O
then	O
filtered	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
desired	O
RGB	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
eliminated	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
deposit	O
three	O
different	O
organic	O
emissive	O
materials	O
so	O
only	O
one	O
kind	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
material	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
white	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Color	O
filters	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
implemented	O
into	O
bottom	O
-	O
and	O
top-emission	O
OLEDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
microcavity	O
in	O
top-emission	O
OLEDs	B-Device
with	O
color	O
filters	O
also	O
contributes	O
to	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
by	O
reducing	O
the	O
reflection	O
of	O
incident	O
ambient	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transparent	O
OLEDs	B-Device
use	O
transparent	O
or	O
semi-transparent	O
contacts	O
on	O
both	O
sides	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
to	O
create	O
displays	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
be	O
both	O
top	O
and	O
bottom	O
emitting	O
(	O
transparent	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TOLEDs	B-Device
can	O
greatly	O
improve	O
contrast	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
view	O
displays	O
in	O
bright	O
sunlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
Head-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
,	O
smart	O
windows	O
or	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graded	O
heterojunction	O
OLEDs	B-Device
gradually	O
decrease	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
electron	O
holes	O
to	O
electron	O
transporting	O
chemicals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
results	O
in	O
almost	O
double	O
the	O
quantum	O
efficiency	O
of	O
existing	O
OLEDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stacked	O
OLEDs	B-Device
use	O
a	O
pixel	O
architecture	O
that	O
stacks	O
the	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
subpixels	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
one	O
another	O
instead	O
of	O
next	O
to	O
one	O
another	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
substantial	O
increase	O
in	O
gamut	O
and	O
color	O
depth	O
,	O
and	O
greatly	O
reducing	O
pixel	O
gap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
display	B-Device
technologies	I-Device
with	O
RGB	O
(	O
and	O
RGBW	O
)	O
pixels	O
mapped	O
next	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
tend	O
to	O
decrease	O
potential	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
a	O
conventional	O
OLED	B-Device
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
anode	O
is	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
substrate	O
,	O
an	O
Inverted	O
OLED	B-Device
uses	O
a	O
bottom	O
cathode	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
drain	O
end	O
of	O
an	O
n-channel	O
TFT	O
especially	O
for	O
the	O
low	O
cost	O
amorphous	O
silicon	O
TFT	O
backplane	O
useful	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
of	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
(	O
passive	O
and	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
)	O
use	O
a	O
driver	O
IC	O
,	O
often	O
mounted	O
using	O
Chip-on-glass	O
(	O
COG	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
Anisotropic	B-Device
conductive	I-Device
film	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
all	O
small	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
been	O
manufactured	O
using	O
this	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fine	O
metal	O
masks	O
(	O
FMMs	O
)	O
made	O
by	O
photochemical	O
machining	O
,	O
reminiscent	O
of	O
old	O
CRT	O
shadow	B-General_Concept
masks	I-General_Concept
,	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
this	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shadow	B-General_Concept
masks	I-General_Concept
allow	O
for	O
high	O
pixel	O
densities	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
necessary	O
for	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
shadow-mask	B-General_Concept
patterning	O
method	O
is	O
a	O
mature	O
technology	O
used	O
from	O
the	O
first	O
OLED	B-Device
manufacturing	O
,	O
it	O
causes	O
many	O
issues	O
like	O
dark	O
spot	O
formation	O
due	O
to	O
mask-substrate	O
contact	O
or	O
misalignment	O
of	O
the	O
pattern	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
deformation	O
of	O
shadow	B-General_Concept
mask	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
absorption	O
by	O
the	O
color	O
filter	O
,	O
state-of-the-art	O
OLED	B-Device
televisions	O
can	O
reproduce	O
color	O
very	O
well	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
100%	O
NTSC	O
,	O
and	O
consume	O
little	O
power	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
emerging	O
patterning	O
technologies	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
manufacturabiltiy	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patternable	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
devices	I-Device
use	O
a	O
light	O
or	O
heat	O
activated	O
electroactive	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
latent	O
material	O
(	O
PEDOT-TMA	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
included	O
in	O
this	O
layer	O
that	O
,	O
upon	O
activation	O
,	O
becomes	O
highly	O
efficient	O
as	O
a	O
hole	O
injection	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inkjet	O
etching	O
of	O
polymer	B-Language
layers	O
in	O
OLED	B-Device
's	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
overall	O
out-coupling	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
OLEDs	B-Device
,	O
light	O
produced	O
from	O
the	O
emissive	O
layers	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
is	O
partially	O
transmitted	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
partially	O
trapped	O
inside	O
the	O
device	O
by	O
total	O
internal	O
reflection	O
(	O
TIR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inkjet	O
etching	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
selectively	O
alter	O
the	O
polymeric	O
layers	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
structures	O
to	O
decrease	O
overall	O
TIR	O
and	O
increase	O
out-coupling	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
a	O
non-etched	O
polymer	B-Language
layer	O
,	O
the	O
structured	O
polymer	B-Language
layer	O
in	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
structure	O
from	O
the	O
IJE	O
process	O
helps	O
to	O
decrease	O
the	O
TIR	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transfer-printing	O
is	O
an	O
emerging	O
technology	O
to	O
assemble	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
parallel	O
OLED	B-Device
and	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
devices	O
efficiently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
takes	O
advantage	O
of	O
standard	O
metal	O
deposition	O
,	O
photolithography	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
etching	O
to	O
create	O
alignment	O
marks	O
commonly	O
on	O
glass	O
or	O
other	O
device	O
substrates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thin	O
polymer	B-Language
adhesive	O
layers	O
are	O
applied	O
to	O
enhance	O
resistance	O
to	O
particles	O
and	O
surface	O
defects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
additional	O
photosensitive	O
polymer	B-Language
layer	O
is	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
substrate	O
to	O
account	O
for	O
the	O
topography	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
printed	O
ICs	O
,	O
reintroducing	O
a	O
flat	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photolithography	B-Algorithm
and	O
etching	O
removes	O
some	O
polymer	B-Language
layers	O
to	O
uncover	O
conductive	O
pads	O
on	O
the	O
ICs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
layers	O
are	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
anode	O
layer	O
with	O
conventional	O
vapor	O
deposition	O
,	O
and	O
covered	O
with	O
a	O
conductive	O
metal	O
electrode	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
size	O
limit	O
needs	O
to	O
expand	O
for	O
transfer-printing	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
common	O
process	O
for	O
the	O
fabrication	O
of	O
large	O
OLED/AMOLED	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experimental	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
using	O
conventional	O
photolithography	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
instead	O
of	O
FMMs	O
have	O
been	O
demonstrated	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
large	O
substrate	O
sizes	O
(	O
as	O
it	O
eliminates	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
mask	O
that	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
large	O
as	O
the	O
substrate	O
)	O
and	O
good	O
yield	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2019	O
,	O
low-temperature	O
polycrystalline	O
silicon	O
(	O
LTPS	O
)	O
–	O
TFT	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
commercial	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
size	O
limitation	O
of	O
the	O
excimer	O
laser	O
used	O
for	O
LTPS	O
,	O
the	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
size	O
was	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
indium	B-Algorithm
gallium	I-Algorithm
zinc	I-Algorithm
oxide	I-Algorithm
(	O
IGZO	B-Algorithm
)	O
backplane	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
different	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
has	O
several	O
advantages	O
over	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
made	O
with	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lower	O
cost	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
OLEDs	B-Device
can	O
be	O
printed	O
onto	O
any	O
suitable	O
substrate	O
by	O
an	O
inkjet	O
printer	O
or	O
even	O
by	O
screen	O
printing	O
,	O
theoretically	O
making	O
them	O
cheaper	O
to	O
produce	O
than	O
LCD	B-Device
or	O
plasma	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
fabrication	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
substrate	O
as	O
of	O
2018	O
is	O
costlier	O
than	O
that	O
for	O
TFT	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lightweight	O
and	O
flexible	O
plastic	O
substrates	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
can	O
be	O
fabricated	O
on	O
flexible	O
plastic	O
substrates	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
possible	O
fabrication	O
of	O
flexible	B-Algorithm
organic	I-Algorithm
light-emitting	I-Algorithm
diodes	I-Algorithm
for	O
other	O
new	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
roll-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
embedded	O
in	O
fabrics	O
or	O
clothing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
plastic	O
substrates	O
are	O
shatter-resistant	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
glass	O
displays	O
used	O
in	O
LCD	B-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Better	O
picture	O
quality	O
OLEDs	B-Device
enable	O
a	O
greater	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
and	O
wider	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
compared	O
to	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
because	O
OLED	B-Device
pixels	O
emit	O
light	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
also	O
provides	O
a	O
deeper	O
black	O
level	O
,	O
since	O
a	O
black	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
emits	O
no	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
OLED	B-Device
pixel	O
colors	O
appear	O
correct	O
and	O
unshifted	O
,	O
even	O
as	O
the	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
approaches	O
90°	O
from	O
the	O
normal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Better	O
power	O
efficiency	O
and	O
thickness	O
LCDs	B-Device
filter	O
the	O
light	O
emitted	O
from	O
a	O
backlight	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
small	O
fraction	O
of	O
light	O
through	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
an	O
inactive	O
OLED	B-Device
element	O
does	O
not	O
produce	O
light	O
or	O
consume	O
power	O
,	O
allowing	O
true	O
blacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Removing	O
the	O
backlight	O
also	O
makes	O
OLEDs	B-Device
lighter	O
because	O
some	O
substrates	O
are	O
not	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
looking	O
at	O
top-emitting	O
OLEDs	B-Device
,	O
thickness	O
also	O
plays	O
a	O
role	O
when	O
talking	O
about	O
index	O
match	O
layers	O
(	O
IMLs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Response	O
time	O
OLEDs	B-Device
also	O
have	O
a	O
much	O
faster	O
response	O
time	O
than	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
response	O
time	O
compensation	O
technologies	O
,	O
the	O
fastest	O
modern	O
LCDs	B-Device
can	O
reach	O
response	O
times	O
as	O
low	O
as	O
1ms	O
for	O
their	O
fastest	O
color	O
transition	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
refresh	O
frequencies	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
240Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
LG	O
,	O
OLED	B-Device
response	O
times	O
are	O
up	O
to	O
1,000	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
putting	O
conservative	O
estimates	O
at	O
under	O
10μs	O
(	O
0.01ms	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
theoretically	O
accommodate	O
refresh	O
frequencies	O
approaching	O
100kHz	O
(	O
100,000	O
Hz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
extremely	O
fast	O
response	O
time	O
,	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
can	O
also	O
be	O
easily	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
strobed	O
,	O
creating	O
an	O
effect	O
similar	O
to	O
CRT	O
flicker	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
avoid	O
the	O
sample-and-hold	O
behavior	O
seen	O
on	O
both	O
LCDs	B-Device
and	O
some	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
,	O
which	O
creates	O
the	O
perception	O
of	O
motion	O
blur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
biggest	O
technical	O
problem	O
for	O
OLEDs	B-Device
is	O
the	O
limited	O
lifetime	O
of	O
the	O
organic	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
2008	O
technical	O
report	O
on	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
panel	O
found	O
that	O
after	O
1,000	O
hours	O
,	O
the	O
blue	O
luminance	O
degraded	O
by	O
12%	O
,	O
the	O
red	O
by	O
7%	O
and	O
the	O
green	O
by	O
8%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
blue	O
OLEDs	B-Device
at	O
that	O
time	O
had	O
a	O
lifetime	O
of	O
around	O
14,000	O
hours	O
to	O
half	O
original	O
brightness	O
(	O
five	O
years	O
at	O
eight	O
hours	O
per	O
day	O
)	O
when	O
used	O
for	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
typical	O
lifetime	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
LED	O
or	O
PDP	O
technology	O
;	O
each	O
rated	O
for	O
about	O
25,000	O
–	O
40,000	O
hours	O
to	O
half	O
brightness	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
manufacturer	O
and	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
major	O
challenge	O
for	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
is	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
dark	O
spots	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
ingress	O
of	O
oxygen	O
and	O
moisture	O
,	O
which	O
degrades	O
the	O
organic	O
material	O
over	O
time	O
whether	O
or	O
not	O
the	O
display	O
is	O
powered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
paper	O
shows	O
that	O
the	O
expected	O
lifespans	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
lighting	O
products	O
goes	O
down	O
with	O
increasing	O
brightness	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
expected	O
lifespan	O
of	O
40,000	O
hours	O
at	O
25%	O
brightness	O
,	O
or	O
10,000	O
hours	O
at	O
100%	O
brightness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
manufacturers	O
 '	O
displays	O
aim	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
lifespan	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
,	O
pushing	O
their	O
expected	O
life	O
past	O
that	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
displays	I-Device
by	O
improving	O
light	O
outcoupling	O
,	O
thus	O
achieving	O
the	O
same	O
brightness	O
at	O
a	O
lower	O
drive	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
experimental	O
OLEDs	B-Device
were	O
created	O
which	O
can	O
sustain	O
400cd/m2	O
of	O
luminance	O
for	O
over	O
198,000	O
hours	O
for	O
green	O
OLEDs	B-Device
and	O
62,000	O
hours	O
for	O
blue	O
OLEDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
OLED	B-Device
lifetime	O
to	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
initial	O
brightness	O
was	O
improved	O
to	O
900,000	O
hours	O
for	O
red	O
,	O
1,450,000	O
hours	O
for	O
yellow	O
and	O
400,000	O
hours	O
for	O
green	O
at	O
an	O
initial	O
luminance	O
of	O
1,000	O
cd/m2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proper	O
encapsulation	O
is	O
critical	O
for	O
prolonging	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
's	O
lifetime	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
light	O
emitting	O
electroluminescent	O
materials	O
are	O
sensitive	O
to	O
oxygen	O
and	O
moisture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
exposed	O
to	O
moisture	O
or	O
oxygen	O
,	O
the	O
electroluminescent	O
materials	O
in	O
OLEDs	B-Device
degrade	O
as	O
they	O
oxidize	O
,	O
generating	O
black	O
spots	O
and	O
reducing	O
or	O
shrinking	O
the	O
area	O
that	O
emits	O
light	O
,	O
reducing	O
light	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transistors	O
are	O
applied	O
in	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
for	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OLED	B-Device
material	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
blue	O
light	O
degrades	O
much	O
more	O
rapidly	O
than	O
the	O
materials	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
other	O
colors	O
;	O
in	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
blue	O
light	O
output	O
will	O
decrease	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
other	O
colors	O
of	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
variation	O
in	O
the	O
differential	O
color	O
output	O
will	O
change	O
the	O
color	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
display	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
much	O
more	O
noticeable	O
than	O
a	O
uniform	O
decrease	O
in	O
overall	O
luminance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
avoided	O
partially	O
by	O
adjusting	O
the	O
color	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
this	O
may	O
require	O
advanced	O
control	O
circuits	O
and	O
input	O
from	O
a	O
knowledgeable	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improvements	O
to	O
the	O
efficiency	O
and	O
lifetime	O
of	O
blue	O
OLEDs	B-Device
is	O
vital	O
to	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
as	O
replacements	O
for	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Considerable	O
research	O
has	O
been	O
invested	O
in	O
developing	O
blue	O
OLEDs	B-Device
with	O
high	O
external	O
quantum	O
efficiency	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
deeper	O
blue	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
external	O
quantum	O
efficiency	O
of	O
TADF-OLED	O
for	O
blue	O
and	O
green	O
light	O
had	O
achieved	O
38%	O
,	O
with	O
thin	O
full-width	O
half-maximum	O
and	O
high	O
color	O
purity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
TDBA-Cz	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
reported	O
blue	O
material	O
to	O
achieve	O
both	O
a	O
FWHM	O
down	O
to	O
45	O
nm	O
and	O
a	O
maximum	O
EQE	O
of	O
21.4	O
%	O
in	O
a	O
non-doped	O
TADF-OLED	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	O
TADF	O
emitters	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
market	O
by	O
2020	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
WOLED	O
displays	O
with	O
phosphorescent	O
color	O
filters	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
blue	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
with	O
ink-printed	O
QD	O
color	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Water	O
damage	O
especially	O
may	O
limit	O
the	O
longevity	O
of	O
more	O
flexible	B-Application
displays	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
emissive	O
display	B-Device
technology	I-Device
,	O
OLEDs	B-Device
rely	O
completely	O
upon	O
converting	O
electricity	O
to	O
light	O
,	O
unlike	O
most	O
LCDs	B-Device
which	O
are	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
reflective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
metallic	O
cathode	O
in	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
acts	O
as	O
a	O
mirror	O
,	O
with	O
reflectance	O
approaching	O
80%	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
poor	O
readability	O
in	O
bright	O
ambient	O
light	O
such	O
as	O
outdoors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
OLED	B-Device
technologies	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
enable	O
OLEDs	B-Device
to	O
become	O
actually	O
better	O
than	O
LCDs	B-Device
in	O
bright	O
sunlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S5	I-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
was	O
found	O
to	O
outperform	O
all	O
LCD	B-Device
displays	I-Device
on	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
power	O
usage	O
,	O
brightness	O
and	O
reflectance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
will	O
consume	O
around	O
40%	O
of	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
displaying	O
an	O
image	O
that	O
is	O
primarily	O
black	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
images	O
it	O
will	O
consume	O
60	O
–	O
80%	O
of	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
can	O
use	O
more	O
than	O
300%	O
power	O
to	O
display	O
an	O
image	O
with	O
a	O
white	O
background	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
document	O
or	O
web	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLEDs	B-Device
use	O
pulse	O
width	O
modulation	O
to	O
show	O
colour/brightness	O
gradations	O
,	O
so	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
display	O
is	O
at	O
100%	O
brightness	O
,	O
any	O
pixel	O
that	O
's	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
50%	O
grey	O
will	O
be	O
off	O
for	O
50%	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
making	O
for	O
a	O
subtle	O
strobe	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
alternative	O
way	O
to	O
decrease	O
brightness	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
decrease	O
the	O
constant	O
power	O
to	O
the	O
OLEDs	B-Device
,	O
which	O
would	O
result	O
in	O
no	O
screen	O
flicker	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
noticeable	O
change	O
in	O
colour	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
,	O
getting	O
worse	O
as	O
brightness	O
decreases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
all	O
OLED	B-Device
manufacturers	O
rely	O
on	O
material	O
deposition	O
equipment	O
that	O
is	O
only	O
made	O
by	O
a	O
handful	O
of	O
companies	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
one	O
being	O
Canon	O
Tokki	O
,	O
a	O
unit	O
of	O
Canon	O
Inc	O
.	O
Canon	O
Tokki	O
is	O
reported	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
near-monopoly	O
of	O
the	O
giant	O
OLED-manufacturing	O
vacuum	O
machines	O
,	O
notable	O
for	O
their	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
relied	O
solely	O
on	O
Canon	O
Tokki	O
in	O
its	O
bid	O
to	O
introduce	O
its	O
own	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
for	O
the	O
iPhones	O
released	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electroluminescent	O
materials	O
needed	O
for	O
OLEDs	B-Device
are	O
also	O
made	O
by	O
a	O
handful	O
of	O
companies	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
them	O
being	O
Merck	O
,	O
Universal	O
Display	O
Corporation	O
and	O
LG	O
Chem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
technology	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
commercial	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
displays	O
for	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
portable	O
digital	B-Application
media	I-Application
players	I-Application
,	O
car	O
radios	O
and	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
among	O
others	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
lighting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
portable	O
display	O
applications	O
favor	O
the	O
high	O
light	O
output	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
for	O
readability	O
in	O
sunlight	O
and	O
their	O
low	O
power	O
drain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prototypes	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
of	O
flexible	O
and	O
rollable	B-Application
displays	I-Application
which	O
use	O
OLEDs	B-Device
 '	O
unique	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
lighting	O
offers	O
several	O
advantages	O
over	O
LED	O
lighting	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
higher	O
quality	O
illumination	O
,	O
more	O
diffuse	O
light	O
source	O
,	O
and	O
panel	O
shapes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philips	O
Lighting	O
has	O
made	O
OLED	B-Device
lighting	O
samples	O
under	O
the	O
brand	O
name	O
"	O
Lumiblade	O
"	O
available	O
online	O
and	O
Novaled	O
AG	O
based	O
in	O
Dresden	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
introduced	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
desk	O
lamps	O
called	O
"	O
Victory	O
"	O
in	O
September	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nokia	O
introduced	O
OLED	B-Device
mobile	O
phones	O
including	O
the	O
N85	O
and	O
the	O
N86	B-Language
8MP	I-Language
,	O
both	O
of	O
which	O
feature	O
an	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLEDs	B-Device
have	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
Motorola	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
color	O
cell	O
phones	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
some	O
HTC	B-Application
,	O
LG	O
and	O
Sony	O
Ericsson	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
technology	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
digital	B-Application
media	I-Application
players	I-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
Creative	O
ZEN	O
V	O
,	O
the	O
iriver	O
clix	O
,	O
the	O
Zune	O
HD	O
and	O
the	O
Sony	O
Walkman	O
X	O
Series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
and	O
HTC	B-Application
Nexus	I-Application
One	I-Application
smartphone	B-Application
includes	O
an	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
screen	O
,	O
as	O
does	O
HTC	B-Application
's	O
own	O
Desire	B-Application
and	O
Legend	B-Application
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
supply	O
shortages	O
of	O
the	O
Samsung-produced	O
displays	O
,	O
certain	O
HTC	B-Application
models	O
will	O
use	O
Sony	O
's	O
SLCD	O
displays	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
,	O
while	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
and	O
Samsung	B-Device
Nexus	I-Device
S	I-Device
smartphone	B-Application
will	O
use	O
"	O
Super	O
Clear	O
LCD	B-Device
"	O
instead	O
in	O
some	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
were	O
used	O
in	O
watches	O
made	O
by	O
Fossil	O
(	O
JR-9465	O
)	O
and	O
Diesel	O
(	O
DZ-7086	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
panels	O
include	O
Anwell	O
Technologies	O
Limited	O
(	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
)	O
,	O
AU	O
Optronics	O
(	O
Taiwan	O
)	O
,	O
Chimei	O
Innolux	O
Corporation	O
(	O
Taiwan	O
)	O
,	O
LG	O
(	O
Korea	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DuPont	O
stated	O
in	O
a	O
press	O
release	O
in	O
May	O
2010	O
,	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
produce	O
a	O
50-inch	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
in	O
two	O
minutes	O
with	O
a	O
new	O
printing	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
scaled	O
up	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
would	O
be	O
greatly	O
reduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DuPont	O
also	O
states	O
that	O
OLED	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
made	O
with	O
this	O
less	O
expensive	O
technology	O
can	O
last	O
up	O
to	O
15	O
years	O
if	O
left	O
on	O
for	O
a	O
normal	O
eight-hour	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
OLEDs	B-Device
may	O
be	O
subject	O
to	O
patents	O
held	O
by	O
Universal	O
Display	O
Corporation	O
,	O
Eastman	O
Kodak	O
,	O
DuPont	O
,	O
General	O
Electric	O
,	O
Royal	O
Philips	O
Electronics	O
,	O
numerous	O
universities	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
,	O
thousands	O
of	O
patents	O
associated	O
with	O
OLEDs	B-Device
,	O
came	O
from	O
larger	O
corporations	O
and	O
smaller	O
technology	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flexible	B-Algorithm
OLED	I-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
create	O
curved	O
displays	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S7	I-Application
Edge	I-Application
but	O
they	O
were	O
not	O
in	O
devices	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
flexed	O
by	O
the	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
demonstrated	O
a	O
roll-out	O
display	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
31	O
October	O
2018	O
,	O
Royole	O
,	O
a	O
Chinese	O
electronics	O
company	O
,	O
unveiled	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
foldable	O
screen	O
phone	O
featuring	O
a	O
flexible	B-Algorithm
OLED	I-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
20	O
February	O
2019	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Fold	I-Application
with	O
a	O
foldable	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
from	O
Samsung	B-Application
Display	O
,	O
its	O
majority-owned	O
subsidiary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
MWC	O
2019	O
on	O
25	O
February	O
2019	O
,	O
Huawei	O
announced	O
the	O
Huawei	B-Application
Mate	I-Application
X	I-Application
featuring	O
a	O
foldable	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
from	O
BOE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Textiles	O
incorporating	O
OLEDs	B-Device
are	O
an	O
innovation	O
in	O
the	O
fashion	O
world	O
and	O
pose	O
for	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
integrate	O
lighting	O
to	O
bring	O
inert	O
objects	O
to	O
a	O
whole	O
new	O
level	O
of	O
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hope	O
is	O
to	O
combine	O
the	O
comfort	O
and	O
low	O
cost	O
properties	O
of	O
textile	O
with	O
the	O
OLEDs	B-Device
properties	O
of	O
illumination	O
and	O
low	O
energy	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
issues	O
include	O
:	O
the	O
lifetime	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
,	O
rigidness	O
of	O
flexible	O
foil	O
substrates	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
research	O
in	O
making	O
more	O
fabric	O
like	O
photonic	O
textiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
automakers	O
using	O
OLEDs	B-Device
is	O
still	O
rare	O
and	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
high-end	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
2010	O
Lexus	O
RX	O
features	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
instead	O
of	O
a	O
thin	O
film	O
transistor	O
(	O
TFT-LCD	O
)	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Japanese	O
manufacturer	O
Pioneer	O
Electronic	O
Corporation	O
produced	O
the	O
first	O
car	O
stereos	O
with	O
a	O
monochrome	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
OLED	B-Device
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Aston	O
Martin	O
DB9	O
incorporated	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
automotive	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Yazaki	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
2004	O
Jeep	O
Grand	O
Cherokee	O
and	O
the	O
Chevrolet	O
Corvette	O
C6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2004	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
Display	O
,	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
South	O
Korea	O
's	O
largest	O
conglomerate	O
and	O
a	O
former	O
Samsung-NEC	O
joint	O
venture	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
OLED	B-Device
manufacturer	O
,	O
producing	O
40%	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
made	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
of	O
2010	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
98%	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
global	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
is	O
leading	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
industry	O
,	O
generating	O
$100.2	O
million	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
$475million	O
revenues	O
in	O
the	O
global	O
OLED	B-Device
market	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2006	O
,	O
it	O
held	O
more	O
than	O
600	O
American	O
patents	O
and	O
more	O
than	O
2800	O
international	O
patents	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
largest	O
owner	O
of	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
technology	O
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
SDI	O
announced	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
OLED	B-Device
featured	O
the	O
highest	O
resolution	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
of	O
6.22million	O
pixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
exceeded	O
in	O
January	O
2008	O
,	O
when	O
Samsung	B-Application
showcased	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
and	O
thinnest	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
at	O
31inches	O
(	O
78cm	O
)	O
and	O
4.3mm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2008	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
unveiled	O
an	O
ultra-thin	O
12.1inch	O
(	O
30cm	O
)	O
laptop	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
concept	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
1,280	O
×768	O
resolution	O
with	O
infinite	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Woo	O
Jong	O
Lee	O
,	O
Vice	O
President	O
of	O
the	O
Mobile	O
Display	O
Marketing	O
Team	O
at	O
Samsung	B-Application
SDI	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
expected	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
notebook	O
PCs	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
showcased	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
thinnest	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
,	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
flappable	O
"	O
and	O
bendable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
measures	O
just	O
0.05mm	O
(	O
thinner	O
than	O
paper	O
)	O
,	O
yet	O
a	O
Samsung	B-Application
staff	O
member	O
said	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
"	O
technically	O
possible	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
panel	O
thinner	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
this	O
thickness	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
etched	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
panel	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
normal	O
glass	O
substrate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
OLED	B-Device
television	O
is	O
an	O
88-inch	O
with	O
a	O
8K	O
resolution	O
,	O
frame	O
rate	O
up	O
to	O
120	O
fps	O
and	O
cost	O
of	O
34,676	O
US	O
Dollars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
(	O
CES	O
)	O
in	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
demonstrated	O
a	O
laptop	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
large	O
,	O
transparent	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
featuring	O
up	O
to	O
40%	O
transparency	O
and	O
an	O
animated	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
in	O
a	O
photo	O
ID	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
2010	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
smartphones	B-Application
used	O
their	O
Super	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
trademark	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Wave	I-Application
S8500	I-Application
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
i9000	I-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S	I-Application
being	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2011	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
their	O
Super	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
Plus	O
displays	O
,	O
which	O
offer	O
several	O
advances	O
over	O
the	O
older	O
Super	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
:	O
real	O
stripe	O
matrix	O
(	O
50%	O
more	O
sub	O
pixels	O
)	O
,	O
thinner	O
form	O
factor	O
,	O
brighter	O
image	O
and	O
an	O
18%	O
reduction	O
in	O
energy	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
CES	O
2012	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
55	O
"	O
TV	B-Device
screen	I-Device
that	O
uses	O
Super	O
OLED	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
8	O
January	O
2013	O
,	O
at	O
CES	O
Samsung	B-Application
unveiled	O
a	O
unique	O
curved	O
4K	O
Ultra	O
S9	O
OLED	B-Device
television	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
state	O
provides	O
an	O
"	O
IMAX-like	O
experience	O
"	O
for	O
viewers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
13	O
August	O
2013	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
availability	O
of	O
a	O
55-inch	O
curved	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
(	O
model	O
KN55S9C	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
point	O
of	O
$8999.99	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
6	O
September	O
2013	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
55-inch	O
curved	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
(	O
model	O
KE55S9C	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
with	O
John	O
Lewis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
Galaxy	O
Round	O
smartphone	B-Application
in	O
the	O
Korean	O
market	O
in	O
October	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
released	O
a	O
new	O
line	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
in	O
2022	O
,	O
its	O
first	O
using	O
the	O
technology	O
since	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
use	O
panels	O
sourced	O
from	O
Samsung	B-Application
Display	O
;	O
previously	O
,	O
LG	O
was	O
the	O
sole	O
manufacturer	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
panels	O
for	O
TVs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sony	B-Device
CLIÉ	I-Device
PEG-VZ90	I-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
2004	O
,	O
being	O
the	O
first	O
PDA	O
to	O
feature	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
screen	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Sony	O
products	O
to	O
feature	O
OLED	B-Device
screens	I-Device
include	O
the	O
MZ-RH1	O
portable	O
minidisc	O
recorder	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2006	O
and	O
the	O
Walkman	O
X	O
Series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2007	O
,	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
(	O
CES	O
)	O
,	O
Sony	O
showcased	O
a	O
,	O
(	O
resolution	O
960×540	O
)	O
and	O
,	O
full	O
HD	O
resolution	O
at	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2007	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
manufacture	O
1000	O
OLED	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
per	O
month	O
for	O
market	O
testing	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
1	O
October	O
2007	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
model	O
XEL-1	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
and	O
it	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
Japan	O
in	O
December	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2007	O
,	O
Sony	O
publicly	O
unveiled	O
a	O
video	O
of	O
a	O
flexible	B-Algorithm
OLED	I-Algorithm
screen	I-Algorithm
which	O
is	O
only	O
0.3	O
millimeters	O
thick	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
involves	O
one	O
laboratory	O
and	O
10	O
companies	O
including	O
Sony	O
Corp	O
.	O
NEDO	O
said	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
aimed	O
at	O
developing	O
a	O
core	O
technology	O
to	O
mass-produce	O
40inch	O
or	O
larger	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
in	O
the	O
late	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
Sony	O
published	O
results	O
of	O
research	O
it	O
carried	O
out	O
with	O
the	O
Max	O
Planck	O
Institute	O
over	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
mass-market	O
bending	O
displays	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
replace	O
rigid	O
LCDs	B-Device
and	O
plasma	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
bendable	O
,	O
see-through	B-Device
displays	I-Device
could	O
be	O
stacked	O
to	O
produce	O
3D	O
images	O
with	O
much	O
greater	O
contrast	O
ratios	O
and	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angles	I-General_Concept
than	O
existing	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
exhibited	O
a	O
24.5	O
"	O
(	O
62cm	O
)	O
prototype	O
OLED	B-Device
3D	O
television	O
during	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
in	O
January	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2011	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
Vita	I-Device
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
(	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
PSP	B-Operating_System
)	O
will	O
feature	O
a	O
5-inch	O
OLED	B-Device
screen	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
17	O
February	O
2011	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
its	O
25	O
"	O
(	O
63.5cm	O
)	O
OLED	B-Device
Professional	O
Reference	O
Monitor	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
Cinema	O
and	O
high	O
end	O
Drama	O
Post	O
Production	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
25	O
June	O
2012	O
,	O
Sony	O
and	O
Panasonic	O
announced	O
a	O
joint	O
venture	O
for	O
creating	O
low	O
cost	O
mass	O
production	O
OLED	B-Device
televisions	O
by	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
unveiled	O
its	O
first	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
since	O
2008	O
at	O
CES	O
2017	O
called	O
A1E	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
event	O
,	O
they	O
also	O
revealed	O
a	O
48-inch	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
A9G	O
,	O
making	O
this	O
its	O
smallest	O
OLED	B-Device
TV	I-Device
since	O
the	O
XEL-1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
9	O
April	O
2009	O
,	O
LG	O
acquired	O
Kodak	O
's	O
OLED	B-Device
business	O
and	O
started	O
to	O
utilize	O
white	O
OLED	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2010	O
,	O
LG	O
Electronics	O
produced	O
one	O
model	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
television	O
,	O
the	O
15EL9500	O
and	O
had	O
announced	O
a	O
OLED	B-Device
3D	O
television	O
for	O
March	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
26	O
December	O
2011	O
,	O
LG	O
officially	O
announced	O
the	O
"	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
OLED	B-Device
panel	O
"	O
and	O
featured	O
it	O
at	O
CES	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2012	O
,	O
LG	O
announces	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
55EM9600	O
OLED	B-Device
television	O
in	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
LG	O
Display	O
signed	O
a	O
long-term	O
agreement	O
with	O
Universal	O
Display	O
Corporation	O
for	O
the	O
supply	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
materials	O
and	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
use	O
their	O
patented	O
OLED	B-Device
emitters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lumiotec	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
company	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
developing	O
and	O
selling	O
,	O
since	O
January	O
2011	O
,	O
mass-produced	O
OLED	B-Device
lighting	O
panels	O
with	O
such	O
brightness	O
and	O
long	O
lifetime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
1	O
June	O
2011	O
,	O
Mitsubishi	O
Electric	O
installed	O
a	O
6-meter	O
OLED	B-Device
'	O
sphere	O
 '	O
in	O
Tokyo	O
's	O
Science	O
Museum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
6	O
January	O
2011	O
,	O
Los	O
Angeles-based	O
technology	O
company	O
Recom	O
Group	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
small	O
screen	O
consumer	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
at	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
2.8	O
"	O
(	O
7cm	O
)	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
being	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
wearable	O
video	O
name	O
tag	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
Recom	O
Group	O
introduced	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
video	O
mic	O
flag	O
incorporating	O
three	O
2.8	O
"	O
(	O
7cm	O
)	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
on	O
a	O
standard	O
broadcaster	O
's	O
mic	O
flag	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
6	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
Dell	O
announced	O
the	O
Ultrasharp	O
UP3017Q	O
OLED	B-Device
monitor	O
at	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
monitor	O
was	O
announced	O
to	O
feature	O
a	O
4K	O
UHD	O
OLED	B-Device
panel	O
with	O
a	O
120Hz	O
refresh	O
rate	O
,	O
0.1	O
millisecond	O
response	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
of	O
400,000	O
:1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reports	O
suggested	O
that	O
Dell	O
canceled	O
the	O
monitor	O
as	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
unhappy	O
with	O
the	O
image	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
panel	O
,	O
especially	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
color	O
drift	O
that	O
it	O
displayed	O
when	O
you	O
viewed	O
the	O
monitor	O
from	O
the	O
sides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
13	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
Dell	O
finally	O
released	O
the	O
UP3017Q	O
OLED	B-Device
monitor	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
of	O
$	O
3,499	O
( $	O
1,500	O
less	O
than	O
its	O
original	O
spoken	O
price	O
of	O
$	O
4,999	O
at	O
CES	O
2016	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
began	O
using	O
OLED	B-Device
panels	O
in	O
its	O
watches	O
in	O
2015	O
and	O
in	O
its	O
laptops	O
in	O
2016	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
touchbar	O
to	O
the	O
MacBook	O
Pro	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
their	O
tenth	O
anniversary	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
with	O
their	O
own	O
optimized	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
licensed	O
from	O
Universal	O
Display	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
model	O
of	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Switch	B-Application
,	O
a	O
hybrid	O
gaming	O
system	O
,	O
features	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
panel	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
model	O
's	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Mitsubishi	O
Chemical	O
Corporation	O
(	O
MCC	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Mitsubishi	O
Chemical	O
Holdings	O
,	O
developed	O
an	O
OLED	B-Device
panel	O
with	O
a	O
30,000	O
-hour	O
life	O
,	O
twice	O
that	O
of	O
conventional	O
OLED	B-Device
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
search	O
for	O
efficient	O
OLED	B-Device
materials	O
has	O
been	O
extensively	O
supported	O
by	O
simulation	O
methods	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
calculate	O
important	O
properties	O
computationally	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
experimental	O
input	O
,	O
making	O
materials	O
development	O
cheaper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
18	O
October	O
2018	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
showed	O
of	O
their	O
research	O
roadmap	O
at	O
their	O
2018	O
Samsung	B-Application
OLED	B-Device
Forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
venders	O
are	O
also	O
researching	O
cameras	O
under	O
OLEDs	B-Device
(	O
Under	O
Display	O
Cameras	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Queensland	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
(	O
QUT	O
)	O
proposed	O
using	O
human	O
hair	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
carbon	O
and	O
nitrogen	O
to	O
create	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
