<s>
Nouvelle	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
approach	O
to	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
pioneered	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
by	O
Rodney	O
Brooks	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
then	O
part	O
of	O
MIT	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
differs	O
from	O
classical	O
AI	B-Application
by	O
aiming	O
to	O
produce	O
robots	O
with	O
intelligence	O
levels	O
similar	O
to	O
insects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
believe	O
that	O
intelligence	O
can	O
emerge	O
organically	O
from	O
simple	O
behaviors	O
as	O
these	O
intelligences	O
interacted	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
real	O
world	O
,	O
"	O
instead	O
of	O
using	O
the	O
constructed	O
worlds	O
which	O
symbolic	O
AIs	B-Application
typically	O
needed	O
to	O
have	O
programmed	O
into	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
differences	O
between	O
nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
and	O
symbolic	O
AI	B-Application
are	O
apparent	O
in	O
early	O
robots	O
Shakey	O
and	O
Freddy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolic	O
AI	B-Application
researchers	O
had	O
long	O
been	O
plagued	O
by	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
updating	O
,	O
searching	O
,	O
and	O
otherwise	O
manipulating	O
the	O
symbolic	O
worlds	O
inside	O
their	O
AIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
central	O
idea	O
of	O
nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
simple	O
behaviors	O
combine	O
to	O
form	O
more	O
complex	O
behaviors	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
robot	O
using	O
nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
with	O
simple	O
behaviors	O
like	O
collision	B-Protocol
avoidance	I-Protocol
and	O
moving	O
toward	O
a	O
moving	O
object	O
could	O
possibly	O
come	O
together	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
more	O
complex	O
behavior	O
like	O
chasing	O
a	O
moving	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frame	B-Application
problem	I-Application
describes	O
an	O
issue	O
with	O
using	O
first-order	O
logic	O
(	O
FOL	O
)	O
to	O
express	O
facts	O
about	O
a	O
robot	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
seeks	O
to	O
sidestep	O
the	O
frame	B-Application
problem	I-Application
by	O
dispensing	O
with	O
filling	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
or	O
robot	O
with	O
volumes	O
of	O
symbolic	O
language	O
and	O
instead	O
letting	O
more	O
complex	O
behaviors	O
emerge	O
by	O
combining	O
simpler	O
behavioral	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
traditional	O
AI	B-Application
was	O
to	O
build	O
intelligences	O
without	O
bodies	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
only	O
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
world	O
via	O
keyboard	O
,	O
screen	O
,	O
or	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
attempts	O
to	O
build	O
embodied	O
intelligence	O
situated	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brooks	O
focused	O
on	O
building	O
robots	O
that	O
acted	O
like	O
simple	O
insects	O
while	O
simultaneously	O
working	O
to	O
remove	O
some	O
traditional	O
AI	B-Application
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
robot	O
's	O
testing	O
ground	O
was	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
environment	O
of	O
the	O
busy	O
offices	O
and	O
workspaces	O
of	O
the	O
MIT	O
AI	B-Application
lab	O
where	O
it	O
searched	O
for	O
empty	O
soda	O
cans	O
and	O
carried	O
them	O
away	O
,	O
a	O
seemingly	O
goal-oriented	O
activity	O
that	O
emerged	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
15	O
simple	O
behavior	O
units	O
combining	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brooks	O
agreed	O
that	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
had	O
come	O
near	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
a	O
real	O
insect	O
,	O
which	O
raised	O
a	O
question	O
about	O
whether	O
or	O
not	O
insect	O
level-behavior	O
was	O
and	O
is	O
a	O
reasonable	O
goal	O
for	O
nouvelle	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
?	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
team	O
believed	O
that	O
Cog	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
learn	O
and	O
able	O
to	O
find	O
a	O
correlation	O
between	O
the	O
sensory	O
information	O
it	O
received	O
and	O
its	O
actions	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
learn	O
common	B-General_Concept
sense	I-General_Concept
knowledge	I-General_Concept
on	O
its	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
