<s>
A	O
notebook	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
computational	B-Application
notebook	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
virtual	O
notebook	B-Device
environment	O
used	O
for	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
,	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
writing	O
computer	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
notebooks	B-Device
are	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
environments	O
including	O
executable	O
calculations	O
embedded	O
in	O
formatted	O
documents	O
;	O
others	O
separate	O
calculations	O
and	O
text	O
into	O
separate	O
sections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notebooks	B-Device
share	O
some	O
goals	O
and	O
features	O
with	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
and	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
but	O
go	O
beyond	O
their	O
limited	O
data	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modular	O
notebooks	B-Device
may	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
computational	O
back	O
ends	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
kernels	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notebook	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
statistics	B-Algorithm
,	O
data	O
science	O
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
computer	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
notebook	B-Device
core	O
is	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tools	I-Application
which	O
"	O
let	O
you	O
arrange	O
the	O
parts	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
in	O
any	O
order	O
and	O
extract	O
documentation	O
and	O
code	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
source	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
the	O
notebook	B-Device
takes	O
this	O
approach	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
level	O
extending	O
it	O
with	O
some	O
graphic	O
functionality	O
and	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Stephen	O
Wolfram	B-Application
:	O
"	O
The	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
notebook	B-Device
is	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
interactive	O
document	O
that	O
freely	O
mixes	O
code	O
,	O
results	O
,	O
graphics	O
,	O
text	O
and	O
everything	O
else	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
and	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
Jupyter	O
Project	O
Documentation	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
notebook	B-Device
extends	O
the	O
console-based	O
approach	O
to	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
qualitatively	O
new	O
direction	O
,	O
providing	O
a	O
web-based	O
application	O
suitable	O
for	O
capturing	O
the	O
whole	O
computation	O
process	O
:	O
developing	O
,	O
documenting	O
,	O
and	O
executing	O
code	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
communicating	O
the	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Jupyter	O
notebook	B-Device
combines	O
two	O
components	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VisiCalc	B-Application
,	O
the	O
first	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
1979	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
idea	O
of	O
visual	O
calculations	O
is	O
still	O
widely	O
used	O
today	O
but	O
limited	O
to	O
documents	O
that	O
fit	O
into	O
a	O
table	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
on	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
mathematical	O
systems	O
supporting	O
mixed	O
text	O
and	O
calculations	O
with	O
a	O
document	O
metaphor	O
begin	O
to	O
be	O
published	O
in	O
1987	O
:	O
Ron	O
Avitzur	O
's	O
Milo	O
,	O
William	O
Schelter	O
's	O
INFOR	O
,	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
's	O
Tioga	O
and	O
CaminoReal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
commercial	O
system	O
using	O
the	O
document	O
metaphor	O
was	O
MathCAD	B-Application
,	O
which	O
also	O
came	O
out	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfram	B-Application
Mathematica	I-Application
1.0	O
followed	O
soon	O
afterwards	O
(	O
1988	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
came	O
Maple	B-Language
5.2	O
(	O
1992	O
)	O
and	O
Macsyma	B-Language
2.0	I-Language
(	O
1995	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
notebook	B-Application
interface	I-Application
increased	O
in	O
popularity	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
two	O
decades	O
,	O
notebooks	B-Device
for	O
various	O
computational	O
back	O
ends	O
(	O
"	O
kernels	O
"	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
introduced	O
,	O
including	O
MATLAB	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Julia	B-Application
,	O
R	B-Language
,	O
Scala	B-Application
,	O
SQL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
variety	O
of	O
notebook	B-Application
interface	I-Application
has	O
since	O
been	O
extended	O
and	O
new	O
forms	O
are	O
still	O
evolving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notebooks	B-Device
are	O
traditionally	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
sciences	O
as	O
electronic	B-Protocol
lab	I-Protocol
notebooks	I-Protocol
to	O
document	O
research	O
procedures	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
calculations	O
,	O
and	O
findings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notebooks	B-Device
track	O
methodology	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
easier	O
to	O
reproduce	O
results	O
and	O
calculations	O
with	O
different	O
data	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
education	O
,	O
the	O
notebook	B-Application
interface	I-Application
provides	O
a	O
digital	O
learning	O
environment	O
,	O
particularly	O
for	O
the	O
teaching	O
of	O
computational	O
thinking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
notebooks	B-Device
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
for	O
presentations	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
PowerPoint	B-Application
and	O
other	O
presentation	O
software	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
allow	O
for	O
the	O
execution	O
of	O
code	O
inside	O
the	O
notebook	B-Device
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
display	O
data	O
visually	O
and	O
retrieve	O
data	O
from	O
different	O
sources	O
by	O
modifying	O
code	O
,	O
notebooks	B-Device
are	O
also	O
entering	O
the	O
realm	O
of	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
software	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
of	O
projects	O
or	O
products	O
of	O
notebooks	B-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Javalí	O
Notebooks	B-Device
:	O
Java-based	O
notebooks	B-Device
environment	O
and	O
LMS	B-Application
with	O
debugging	O
and	O
unit	O
test	O
support	O
,	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
academy	O
,	O
a	O
presentation	O
video	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
.	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
MATLAB	B-Language
Live	O
Editor	O
since	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
