<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
linguistic	O
development	O
environment	O
software	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
corpus	O
processor	O
constructed	O
by	O
Max	O
Silberztein	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
allows	O
linguists	O
to	O
construct	O
the	O
four	O
classes	O
of	O
the	O
Chomsky-Schützenberger	O
hierarchy	O
of	O
generative	O
grammars	O
:	O
Finite-State	O
Grammars	O
,	O
Context-Free	O
Grammars	O
,	O
Context-Sensitive	O
Grammars	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Unrestricted	O
Grammars	O
,	O
using	O
either	O
a	O
text	O
editor	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
allows	O
linguists	O
to	O
develop	O
orthographical	O
and	O
morphological	O
grammars	O
,	O
dictionaries	O
of	O
simple	O
words	O
,	O
of	O
compound	O
words	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
discontinuous	O
expressions	O
,	O
local	O
syntactic	O
grammars	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Named	O
Entities	O
Recognizers	O
)	O
,	O
structural	O
syntactic	O
grammars	O
(	O
that	O
produce	O
syntactic	O
trees	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Zellig	O
Harris	O
‘	O
transformational	O
grammars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
NooJ	B-General_Concept
parsers	O
process	O
Atomic	O
Linguistic	O
Units	O
(	O
ALUs	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
word	O
forms	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
NooJ	B-General_Concept
’s	O
syntactic	O
parser	O
to	O
parse	O
sequences	O
of	O
word	O
forms	O
such	O
as	O
“	O
can	O
not	O
”	O
exactly	O
as	O
contracted	O
word	O
forms	O
such	O
as	O
“	O
cannot	O
”	O
or	O
“	O
can’t”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ALUs	O
are	O
represented	O
by	O
annotations	O
that	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
Text	O
Annotation	O
Structure	O
(	O
or	O
TAS	O
)	O
:	O
all	O
NooJ	B-General_Concept
parsers	O
add	O
,	O
or	O
remove	O
annotations	O
in	O
the	O
TAS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
NooJ	B-General_Concept
analysis	O
involves	O
applying	O
to	O
a	O
text	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
elementary	O
grammars	O
in	O
cascade	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
bottom-up	O
approach	O
(	O
from	O
spelling	O
to	O
semantics	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
originated	O
in	O
investigations	O
by	O
Silberztein	O
and	O
the	O
INTEX	O
community	O
of	O
linguist	O
users	O
into	O
the	O
Lexicon-Grammar	O
approach	O
of	O
Maurice	O
Gross’	O
LADL	O
,	O
which	O
states	O
that	O
no	O
grammar	O
rule	O
can	O
be	O
developed	O
independently	O
from	O
a	O
strict	O
delimitation	O
of	O
its	O
domain	O
of	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
corpus	O
processor	O
by	O
researchers	O
in	O
Linguistics	O
,	O
History	O
,	O
in	O
Psychology	O
,	O
in	O
Literature	O
studies	O
,	O
in	O
sentiment	O
analysis	O
projects	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
and	O
even	O
for	O
processing	O
musical	O
notes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
NooJ	B-General_Concept
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
MARS	O
500	O
experiment	O
but	O
also	O
by	O
several	O
computer	O
software	O
companies	O
to	O
build	O
Information	B-General_Concept
Extraction	I-General_Concept
and	O
Information	B-Library
Retrieval	I-Library
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
’s	O
dictionaries	O
are	O
represented	O
by	O
finite-state	B-Architecture
transducers	I-Architecture
and	O
can	O
represent	O
simple	O
words	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
allows	O
linguists	O
to	O
create	O
,	O
edit	O
,	O
debug	O
and	O
maintain	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
grammars	O
that	O
belong	O
to	O
the	O
four	O
classes	O
of	O
generative	O
grammars	O
in	O
the	O
Chomsky-Schützenberger	O
hierarchy	O
:	O
finite-state	O
grammars	O
,	O
context-free	O
grammars	O
,	O
context-sensitive	O
grammars	O
and	O
unrestricted	O
grammars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
can	O
often	O
apply	O
grammars	O
to	O
texts	O
in	O
linear	O
time	O
:	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
most	O
NooJ	B-General_Concept
Context-Free	O
Grammars	O
can	O
often	O
be	O
derecursived	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
Context-Sensitive	O
Grammars	O
are	O
made	O
of	O
two	O
parts	O
:	O
one	O
part	O
is	O
a	O
Context-Free	O
(	O
or	O
even	O
a	O
Finite-State	O
Grammar	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
applied	O
to	O
texts	O
very	O
efficiently	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
consists	O
in	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
constraints	O
applied	O
to	O
matching	O
sequences	O
,	O
each	O
one	O
performed	O
in	O
constant	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NooJ	B-General_Concept
unrestricted	O
grammars	O
are	O
context-sensitive	O
grammars	O
that	O
can	O
contain	O
variables	O
and	O
can	O
modify	O
the	O
text	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
