<s>
Nmap	B-Language
(	O
Network	B-Architecture
Mapper	I-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
network	B-General_Concept
scanner	I-General_Concept
created	O
by	O
Gordon	O
Lyon	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
by	O
his	O
pseudonym	O
Fyodor	O
Vaskovich	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
is	O
used	O
to	O
discover	O
hosts	B-Device
and	O
services	O
on	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
by	O
sending	O
packets	B-Protocol
and	O
analyzing	O
the	O
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
provides	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
features	O
for	O
probing	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
including	O
host	O
discovery	O
and	O
service	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
features	O
are	O
extensible	O
by	O
scripts	B-Language
that	O
provide	O
more	O
advanced	O
service	O
detection	O
,	O
vulnerability	O
detection	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
can	O
adapt	O
to	O
network	O
conditions	O
including	O
latency	B-Protocol
and	O
congestion	B-Protocol
during	O
a	O
scan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
started	O
as	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
utility	O
and	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
other	O
systems	O
including	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
most	O
popular	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
features	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Fast	O
scan	O
(	O
nmap	B-Language
-F	O
 [ target ] 	O
)	O
–	O
Performing	O
a	O
basic	O
port	O
scan	O
for	O
fast	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Host	O
discovery	O
–	O
Identifying	O
hosts	B-Device
on	O
a	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
listing	O
the	O
hosts	B-Device
that	O
respond	O
to	O
TCP	B-Protocol
and/or	O
ICMP	B-Protocol
requests	O
or	O
have	O
a	O
particular	O
port	O
open	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Port	O
scanning	O
–	O
Enumerating	O
the	O
open	O
ports	B-Protocol
on	O
target	O
hosts	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
fingerprinting	I-Protocol
–	O
Determining	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
hardware	O
characteristics	O
of	O
network	O
devices	O
based	O
on	O
observations	O
of	O
network	O
activity	O
of	O
said	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scriptable	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
target	O
–	O
using	O
Nmap	B-Language
Scripting	I-Language
Engine	I-Language
(	O
NSE	O
)	O
and	O
Lua	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
can	O
provide	O
further	O
information	O
on	O
targets	O
,	O
including	O
reverse	O
DNS	B-Protocol
names	I-Protocol
,	O
device	O
types	O
,	O
and	O
MAC	O
addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
uses	O
of	O
Nmap	B-Language
:	O
</s>
<s>
Auditing	O
the	O
security	O
of	O
a	O
device	O
or	O
firewall	B-Application
by	O
identifying	O
the	O
network	O
connections	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
,	O
or	O
through	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Identifying	O
open	O
ports	B-Protocol
on	O
a	O
target	O
host	O
in	O
preparation	O
for	O
auditing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
inventory	O
,	O
network	B-Architecture
mapping	I-Architecture
,	O
maintenance	O
and	O
asset	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generating	O
traffic	O
to	O
hosts	B-Device
on	O
a	O
network	O
,	O
response	O
analysis	O
and	O
response	O
time	O
measurement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NmapFE	O
,	O
originally	O
written	O
by	O
Kanchan	O
,	O
was	O
Nmap	B-Language
's	O
official	O
GUI	B-Application
for	O
Nmap	B-Language
versions	O
2.2	O
to	O
4.22	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Nmap	B-Language
4.50	O
(	O
originally	O
in	O
the	O
4.22SOC	O
development	O
series	O
)	O
NmapFE	O
was	O
replaced	O
with	O
Zenmap	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
official	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
based	O
on	O
UMIT	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Adriano	O
Monteiro	O
Marques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web-based	O
interfaces	O
exist	O
that	O
allow	O
either	O
controlling	O
Nmap	B-Language
or	O
analysing	O
Nmap	B-Language
results	O
from	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
IVRE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
different	O
output	O
formats	O
are	O
offered	O
by	O
Nmap	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	O
processing	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
modify	O
Nmap	B-Language
output	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
customize	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	O
presented	O
and	O
updated	O
real	O
time	O
when	O
a	O
user	O
runs	O
Nmap	B-Language
from	O
the	O
command	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
a	O
format	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
further	O
processed	O
by	O
XML	B-Protocol
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
converted	O
into	O
a	O
HTML	B-Language
report	O
using	O
XSLT	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grepable	O
output	O
that	O
is	O
tailored	O
to	O
line-oriented	O
processing	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
grep	B-Application
,	O
sed	B-Application
,	O
or	O
awk	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normal	O
the	O
output	O
as	O
seen	O
while	O
running	O
Nmap	B-Language
from	O
the	O
command	O
line	O
,	O
but	O
saved	O
to	O
a	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Interesting	O
ports	B-Protocol
becomes	O
Int3rest1ng	O
p0rtz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
Leet	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
was	O
first	O
published	O
in	O
September	O
1997	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
article	O
in	O
Phrack	O
Magazine	O
with	O
source-code	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enhancements	O
included	O
operating	B-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
fingerprinting	I-Protocol
,	O
service	O
fingerprinting	O
,	O
code	O
rewrites	O
(	O
C	B-Language
to	O
C++	B-Language
)	O
,	O
additional	O
scan	O
types	O
,	O
protocol	O
support	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
IPv6	B-Protocol
,	O
SCTP	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
new	O
programs	O
that	O
complement	O
Nmap	B-Language
's	O
core	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Date	O
Version	O
Significance	O
Nmap	B-Language
2.00	O
Nmap	B-Language
2.00	O
is	O
released	O
,	O
including	O
Operating	B-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
fingerprinting	I-Protocol
NmapFE	O
A	O
GTK+	B-Application
front	O
end	O
,	O
is	O
bundled	O
with	O
Nmap	B-Language
Windows	B-Application
port	O
Rewrite	O
from	O
C	B-Language
to	O
C++	B-Language
The	O
first	O
public	O
release	O
to	O
include	O
service	O
version	O
detection	O
Nmap	B-Language
3.70	O
Core	O
scan	O
engine	O
rewritten	O
for	O
version	O
3.70	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
engine	O
is	O
called	O
ultra_scan	O
Summer	O
2005	O
Nmap	B-Language
selected	O
for	O
participation	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
Summer	I-Application
of	I-Application
Code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
features	O
included	O
Zenmap	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
Scripting	I-Language
Engine	I-Language
(	O
NSE	O
)	O
,	O
Ncat	O
,	O
and	O
2nd-generation	O
OS	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
4.50	O
Nmap	B-Language
4.50	O
,	O
the	O
10th	O
Anniversary	O
Edition	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Included	O
Zenmap	O
,	O
2nd-generation	O
OS	O
detection	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Nmap	B-Language
Scripting	I-Language
Engine	I-Language
Nmap	B-Language
4.85BETA5	O
Emergency	O
release	O
of	O
Nmap	B-Language
4.85BETA5	O
,	O
leveraging	O
NSE	O
to	O
detect	O
Conficker	O
infections	O
Nmap	B-Language
5.00	O
Included	O
netcat-replacement	O
Ncat	O
and	O
Ndiff	O
scan	O
comparison	O
tool	O
Nmap	B-Language
5.50	O
Included	O
Nping	B-Language
packet	B-Protocol
generation	O
response	O
analysis	O
and	O
response	O
time	O
measurement	O
,	O
including	O
TCP	B-Protocol
,	O
UDP	O
and	O
ICMP	B-Protocol
probe	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
6.00	O
Released	O
with	O
full	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
7.00	O
Nmap	B-Language
7.40	O
Nmap	B-Language
7.70	O
Nmap	B-Language
7.80	O
Nmap	B-Language
7.90	O
The	O
new	O
fingerprints	O
allow	O
better	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
service/version	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3	O
new	O
NSE	O
scripts	B-Language
,	O
new	O
protocol	O
library	O
and	O
payloads	O
for	O
host	O
discovery	O
,	O
port	O
scanning	O
and	O
version	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Npcap	O
1.0.0	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
fully	O
stable	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
raw	O
packet	B-Protocol
capturing/sending	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
is	O
a	O
tool	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
discover	O
services	O
running	O
on	O
Internet	O
connected	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
contrary	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
security	O
and	O
systems	O
administrators	O
to	O
assess	O
their	O
own	O
networks	O
for	O
vulnerabilities	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
administrators	O
can	O
use	O
Nmap	B-Language
to	O
search	O
for	O
unauthorized	O
servers	O
,	O
or	O
for	O
computers	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
conform	O
to	O
security	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
of	O
Finland	O
has	O
ruled	O
that	O
port	O
scanning	O
has	O
amounted	O
to	O
an	O
attempted	O
computer	O
break	O
in	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
illegal	O
under	O
Finnish	O
Penal	O
code	O
at	O
the	O
time:In	O
its	O
ruling	O
the	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
defendant	O
had	O
systematically	O
carried	O
out	O
port	O
scanning	O
operations	O
to	O
gather	O
information	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
unauthorised	O
break-in	O
to	O
the	O
bank	O
's	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
was	O
originally	O
distributed	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
later	O
releases	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
's	O
authors	O
added	O
clarifications	O
and	O
specific	O
interpretations	O
to	O
the	O
license	O
where	O
they	O
felt	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
unclear	O
or	O
lacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
3.50	O
specifically	O
revoked	O
the	O
license	O
of	O
SCO	O
Group	O
to	O
distribute	O
Nmap	B-Language
software	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
views	O
on	O
the	O
SCO-Linux	O
controversies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
version	O
7.90	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
transitions	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
custom	O
license	O
NPSL	O
,	O
dual-licensing	O
versions	O
7.90	O
,	O
7.91	O
,	O
and	O
7.92	O
under	O
both	O
old	O
and	O
new	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
consider	O
the	O
new	O
license	O
non-free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
The	O
Matrix	O
Reloaded	O
,	O
Trinity	O
is	O
seen	O
using	O
Nmap	B-Language
to	O
access	O
a	O
power	O
plant	O
's	O
computer	O
system	O
,	O
allowing	O
Neo	O
to	O
"	O
physically	O
"	O
break	O
into	O
a	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
appearance	O
of	O
Nmap	B-Language
in	O
the	O
film	O
was	O
widely	O
discussed	O
on	O
Internet	O
forums	O
and	O
hailed	O
as	O
an	O
unusually	O
realistic	O
example	O
of	O
hacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
and	O
NmapFE	O
were	O
used	O
in	O
The	O
Listening	O
,	O
a	O
2006	O
movie	O
about	O
a	O
former	O
NSA	O
officer	O
who	O
defects	O
and	O
mounts	O
a	O
clandestine	O
counter-listening	O
station	O
high	O
in	O
the	O
Italian	O
alps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
source	O
code	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
movie	O
Battle	O
Royale	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
brief	O
views	O
of	O
the	O
command	O
line	O
version	O
of	O
Nmap	B-Language
executing	O
in	O
Live	O
Free	O
or	O
Die	O
Hard	O
and	O
Bourne	O
Ultimatum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
continued	O
to	O
make	O
appearances	O
in	O
movies	O
including	O
popular	O
sci-fi	O
movie	O
Elysium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
film	O
Dredd	O
,	O
a	O
film	O
adaptation	O
of	O
the	O
famous	O
Judge	B-Application
Dredd	I-Application
comics	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2012	O
and	O
also	O
contains	O
multiple	O
Nmap	B-Language
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
is	O
used	O
for	O
network	O
reconnaissance	O
and	O
exploitation	O
of	O
the	O
slum	O
tower	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
command	O
Nmap	B-Language
is	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
Hacknet	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
to	O
probe	O
the	O
network	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
of	O
a	O
target	O
system	O
to	O
hack	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Snowden	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
aptitude	O
test	O
scene	O
about	O
14	O
minutes	O
into	O
the	O
movie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nmap	B-Language
is	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
academic	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
research	O
involving	O
the	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
and	O
networking	O
in	O
general	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
being	O
a	O
research	O
tool	O
,	O
Nmap	B-Language
has	O
also	O
become	O
a	O
research	O
topic	O
.	O
</s>
