<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
NASA	I-Algorithm
F4	I-Algorithm
Electronic	O
Still	O
Camera	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
and	O
rarest	O
fully	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
with	O
development	O
started	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
delivered	O
a	O
modified	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
F4	I-Algorithm
body	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
electronics	O
for	O
the	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
and	O
housings	O
were	O
designed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
by	O
NASA	O
at	O
the	O
Johnson	O
Space	O
Center	O
and	O
other	O
suppliers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
camera	O
was	O
often	O
used	O
alone	O
mounted	O
with	O
its	O
Electronics	O
Box	O
,	O
the	O
HERCULES	B-Algorithm
system	O
was	O
built	O
around	O
it	O
:	O
Hand-held	O
Earth-oriented	O
Real-time	O
Cooperative	O
,	O
User-friendly	O
,	O
Location	O
,	O
targeting	O
,	O
and	O
Environmental	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
one	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
the	I-General_Concept
first	I-General_Concept
laptops	I-General_Concept
in	I-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
mounted	O
atop	O
the	O
Playback-Downlink	O
Unit	O
(	O
PDU	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
kit	O
also	O
included	O
the	O
HERCULES	B-Algorithm
Attitude	O
Processor	O
(	O
HAP	O
,	O
a	O
gyroscope	B-Application
based	O
geolocation	O
processor	O
with	O
initialization	O
through	O
star	O
alignment	O
shot	O
with	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
NASA	I-Algorithm
F4	I-Algorithm
and	O
additionally	O
GPS	O
data	O
,	O
giving	O
up	O
to	O
0.005	O
degrees	O
per	O
hour	O
precision	O
)	O
,	O
Electronic	O
Still	O
Camera	O
(	O
ESC	O
)	O
Electronics	O
Box	O
(	O
ESCEB	O
)	O
including	O
removable	O
imagery	O
data	O
storage	O
disks	O
,	O
NRL	O
HERCULES	B-Algorithm
Inertial	O
Measurement	O
Unit	O
(	O
HIMU	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
three-axis	O
Honeywell	O
ring	O
laser	O
gyroscope	B-Application
,	O
DA-20	O
action	O
finder	O
,	O
a	O
night	O
vision	O
image	O
intensifier	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
assorted	O
lenses	B-Architecture
and	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
flown	O
on	O
the	O
STS-53	O
and	O
56	O
mission	O
and	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
the	O
HERCULES-B	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nikon	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
a	O
supplier	O
of	O
space	O
(	O
EVA	O
)	O
capable	O
cameras	O
for	O
NASA	O
since	O
1971	O
,	O
when	O
they	O
delivered	O
a	O
modified	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
F	I-Algorithm
SLR	B-Algorithm
Photomic	O
FTn	O
camera	O
with	O
center-weighted	O
TTL	O
metering	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
Apollo	O
15	O
mission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1973	O
,	O
a	O
newer	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
F	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
motor	O
drive	O
was	O
delivered	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
Skylab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1980	O
and	O
1989	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
delivered	O
modified	O
,	O
space	O
capable	O
F3	B-Algorithm
(	O
big	O
and	O
small	O
version	O
)	O
respectively	O
F4	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
to	O
NASA	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Space	O
Shuttle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nikon	B-Algorithm
's	O
first	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
(	O
still	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
analog	O
storage	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Still	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
(	O
SVC	O
)	O
Model	O
1	O
,	O
a	O
prototype	O
which	O
was	O
first	O
presented	O
at	O
photokina	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
follower	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
QV-1000C	O
Still	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
was	O
produced	O
since	O
1988	O
mainly	O
for	O
professional	O
press	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
cameras	O
used	O
QV	O
mount	O
lenses	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Nikon	B-Architecture
F-mount	I-Architecture
lenses	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Via	O
an	O
adapter	O
(	O
QM-100	O
)	O
other	O
F-mount	B-Architecture
lenses	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
fitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NASA	O
Electronic	O
Still	O
Camera	O
/	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
NASA	I-Algorithm
F4	I-Algorithm
was	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
NASA-used	O
Nikon-based	O
Kodak	B-Device
DCS	I-Device
460	I-Device
,	O
DCS	O
660	O
and	O
DCS	O
760	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D1	I-Algorithm
,	O
D2X	B-Algorithm
,	O
D2Xs	B-Algorithm
,	O
D3	B-Algorithm
,	O
D3X	B-Algorithm
,	O
D3S	B-Algorithm
,	O
D4	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
D800E	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Architecture
F-mount	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
only	O
35mm	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
or	O
DSLR	O
lens	B-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
ever	O
used	O
by	O
NASA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
modified	O
F4	B-Algorithm
with	O
standard	O
F-mount	B-Architecture
and	O
had	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
back	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
monochrome	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
with	O
1024	O
x	O
1024	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
on	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
15	O
x	O
15mm	O
developed	O
by	O
Ford	O
Aerospace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Removable	O
IDE	B-Protocol
hard-disks	O
were	O
used	O
for	O
digital	O
storage	O
of	O
40	O
images	O
each	O
with	O
8	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
's	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
interface	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
Altera	O
Stand	O
Alone	O
Microsequencer	B-General_Concept
and	O
employed	O
a	O
1	O
image	O
SRAM	B-Architecture
storage	O
buffer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
removable	O
hard	O
drive	O
,	O
RS-232	O
interface	O
,	O
LCD	O
display	O
,	O
Ku-Band	B-Algorithm
downlink	O
interface	O
and	O
remaining	O
camera	O
control	O
were	O
accomplished	O
with	O
a	O
Wildcard	O
88	O
(	O
Intel	B-Device
80C88	I-Device
8MHz	O
CPU	B-Device
)	O
single-board	B-Device
computer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Images	O
were	O
transmitted	O
to	O
the	O
ground	O
via	O
the	O
Orbiter	O
Ku-Band	B-Algorithm
digital	O
downlink	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
of	O
2	O
Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
1	O
hour	O
the	O
images	O
were	O
processed	O
at	O
Johnson	O
Space	O
Center	O
's	O
Pixar	B-General_Concept
Image	I-General_Concept
Computer	I-General_Concept
and	O
laser	O
printed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
development	O
team	O
included	O
NASA	O
Civil	O
Servant	O
electronic	O
and	O
mechanical	O
design	O
and	O
fabrication	O
,	O
Lockheed	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Still	O
Camera	O
ground	O
station	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Engineering	O
supplying	O
in	O
total	O
14	O
modified	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
F4	I-Algorithm
camera	O
bodies	O
also	O
for	O
prototypes	O
,	O
and	O
Ford	O
Aerospace	O
and	O
JPL	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
upgrades	O
included	O
a	O
2048	O
x	O
2048	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
color	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
and	O
architecture	O
changes	O
,	O
but	O
finally	O
the	O
Kodak	B-Device
DCS	I-Device
460	I-Device
was	O
preferred	O
.	O
</s>
