<s>
2023	O
Comm	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
Next	O
Generation	O
Air	O
Transportation	O
System	O
,	O
will	O
significantly	O
reduce	O
controller-to-pilot	O
communications	O
and	O
controller	B-Application
workload	O
,	O
whilst	O
improving	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NextGen	O
has	O
modernized	O
air	O
traffic	O
infrastructure	O
in	O
communications	O
,	O
navigation	O
,	O
surveillance	O
,	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
and	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adding	O
air-to-ground	O
and	O
ground-to-ground	O
data	B-Architecture
communications	I-Architecture
will	O
significantly	O
reduce	O
controller-to-pilot	O
communications	O
and	O
controller	B-Application
workload	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	B-Architecture
communications	I-Architecture
will	O
enable	O
ground	O
automated	O
message	O
generation	O
and	O
receipt	O
,	O
message	O
routing	B-Protocol
and	O
transmission	O
,	O
and	O
direct	O
communications	O
with	O
aircraft	O
avionics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
data	B-Architecture
communications	I-Architecture
will	O
be	O
an	O
additional	O
means	O
for	O
two-way	O
exchange	O
between	O
controllers	O
and	O
flight	O
crews	O
for	O
air	O
traffic	O
control	O
clearances	O
,	O
instructions	O
,	O
advisories	O
,	O
flight	O
crew	O
requests	O
and	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
communications	O
will	O
be	O
handled	O
by	O
data	B-Architecture
communications	I-Architecture
for	O
appropriately	O
equipped	O
ground	O
and	O
airborne	O
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Architecture
communications	I-Architecture
will	O
enable	O
air	O
traffic	O
control	O
to	O
issue	O
an	O
entire	O
route	O
of	O
a	O
flight	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
data	O
transmission	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
aircraft	O
's	O
flight	O
management	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Architecture
communications	I-Architecture
will	O
enable	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
controller	I-Application
productivity	O
improvements	O
and	O
will	O
permit	O
capacity	O
growth	O
without	O
requisite	O
growth	O
in	O
costs	O
associated	O
with	O
infrastructure	O
equipment	O
,	O
maintenance	O
,	O
labor	O
and	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
aircraft	O
data	O
by	O
ground	O
systems	O
to	O
plot	O
4-dimensional	O
trajectories	O
(	O
lateral	O
and	O
vertical	O
navigation	O
,	O
ground	O
speed	O
and	O
longitudinal	O
navigation	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
perform	O
conformance	O
management	O
,	O
will	O
shift	O
air	O
traffic	O
operations	O
from	O
minute-by-minute	O
tactical	O
control	O
,	O
to	O
more	O
predictable	O
and	O
planned	O
strategic	O
traffic	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
