<s>
Newi	B-Library
is	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
NEw	O
World	O
Infrastructure	O
,	O
a	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
for	O
software	B-Architecture
componentry	I-Architecture
,	O
mostly	O
known	O
as	O
Newi	B-Library
Business	B-General_Concept
Objects	I-General_Concept
which	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
business	B-General_Concept
object	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newi	B-Library
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Oliver	O
Sims	O
at	O
the	O
software	O
engineering	O
company	O
Integrated	O
Object	O
Systems	O
,	O
England	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
implemented	O
architectures	O
for	O
software	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newi	B-Library
was	O
what	O
today	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
component	O
container	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concepts	O
behind	O
the	O
Newi	B-Library
middleware	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
Oliver	O
Sims	O
 '	O
book	O
"	O
Business	B-General_Concept
Objects	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
McGraw-Hill	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
the	O
title	O
,	O
the	O
book	O
was	O
about	O
software	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newi	B-Library
components	O
were	O
language-neutral	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
,	O
a	O
Newi	B-Library
component	O
could	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
languages	O
that	O
was	O
supported	O
by	O
Newi	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
height	O
,	O
Newi	B-Library
supported	O
software	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
written	O
in	O
Cobol	O
,	O
Ada	O
,	O
C	O
,	O
C++	O
,	O
Rexx	O
,	O
and	O
Java	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newi	B-Library
components	O
were	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
large	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
various	O
system	O
services	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
GUI	O
framework	O
and	O
communications	O
subsystems	O
)	O
were	O
implemented	O
as	O
Newi	B-Library
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
rigorous	O
focus	O
on	O
making	O
the	O
programming	O
of	O
application	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
as	O
simple	O
as	O
possible	O
,	O
with	O
Newi	B-Library
providing	O
many	O
transparencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
start	O
,	O
Newi	B-Library
was	O
targeted	O
at	O
both	O
front-end	O
GUI	O
systems	O
and	O
back-end	O
server	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
concept	O
behind	O
Newi	B-Library
originated	O
in	O
1989	O
when	O
Oliver	O
Sims	O
,	O
then	O
working	O
for	O
IBM	O
,	O
saw	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
an	O
infrastructure	O
whereby	O
a	O
given	O
real-world	O
business	O
concept	O
(	O
process	O
or	O
entity	O
)	O
could	O
be	O
implemented	O
as	O
a	O
software	O
module	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
plugged	O
into	O
a	O
running	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Newi	B-Library
was	O
announced	O
and	O
shipped	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1996	O
,	O
IOS	O
was	O
bought	O
by	O
SSA	O
(	O
System	O
Software	O
Associates	O
,	O
Inc	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
saw	O
great	O
potential	O
in	O
Newi	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
was	O
significantly	O
further	O
developed	O
within	O
SSA	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
in	O
its	O
back-end	O
capability	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
having	O
its	O
underlying	O
communications	O
function	O
moved	O
to	O
a	O
COTS	O
Corba	O
product	O
that	O
provided	O
the	O
communications	O
"	O
wet	O
string	O
"	O
while	O
maintaining	O
the	O
Newi	B-Library
programming	O
model	O
and	O
loosely	O
coupled	O
component	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SSA	O
also	O
announced	O
an	O
early	O
and	O
proprietary	O
form	O
of	O
web	O
services	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
re-developed	O
Newi	B-Library
,	O
called	O
"	O
Semantic	O
Message	O
Gateways	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
SMG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
for	O
reasons	O
other	O
than	O
their	O
technology	O
base	O
,	O
SSA	O
had	O
to	O
downsize	O
dramatically	O
;	O
Newi	B-Library
development	O
was	O
halted	O
then	O
abandoned	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
development	O
team	O
(	O
around	O
forty	O
people	O
in	O
UK	O
and	O
US	O
)	O
was	O
dispersed	O
.	O
</s>
