<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
,	I-Protocol
Inc	I-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
is	O
an	O
American	O
technology	O
company	O
that	O
provides	O
real-time	O
information	O
and	O
analytics	O
for	O
risk	O
,	O
digital	O
performance	O
,	O
defense	O
,	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
and	O
marketing	O
industries	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
provides	O
clearinghouse	O
and	O
directory	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
global	O
communications	O
and	O
Internet	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
domain	B-Protocol
name	I-Protocol
registry	I-Protocol
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
top-level	O
domains	O
,	O
including	O
.biz	O
,	O
.us	B-General_Concept
(	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Commerce	O
)	O
,	O
.co	B-Application
,	O
.nyc	O
(	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
New	O
York	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
.in	O
(	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
National	O
Internet	O
Exchange	O
of	O
India	O
)	O
until	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
the	O
division	O
to	O
GoDaddy	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2018	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
was	O
also	O
a	O
North	O
American	O
Numbering	O
Plan	O
Administrator	O
under	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
,	O
a	O
role	O
continued	O
from	O
its	O
founder	O
,	O
Lockheed	O
Martin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
was	O
founded	O
in	O
Delaware	O
in	O
1998	O
as	O
a	O
business	O
unit	O
within	O
Lockheed	O
Martin	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2006	O
,	O
it	O
bought	O
Followap	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
a	O
UK-based	O
enabler	O
of	O
mobile	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
reported	O
that	O
under	O
Hook	O
's	O
leadership	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
was	O
chosen	O
by	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
Hollywood	O
studios	O
and	O
technology	O
executives	O
to	O
manage	O
a	O
system	O
whereby	O
consumers	O
could	O
access	O
movies	O
and	O
other	O
video	O
entertainment	O
from	O
multiple	O
digital	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
next	O
years	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
bought	O
several	O
companies	O
:	O
TARGUSInfo	O
(	O
2011	O
)	O
,	O
Aggregate	O
Knowledge	O
(	O
2013	O
)	O
and	O
.CO	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
(	O
2014	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
entered	O
into	O
an	O
asset	O
purchase	O
agreement	O
in	O
2015	O
with	O
Transaction	O
Network	O
Services	O
for	O
their	O
caller	O
authentication	O
assets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
year	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
planned	O
to	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
independent	O
publicly	O
traded	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
plan	O
was	O
abandoned	O
later	O
that	O
year	O
when	O
Golden	O
Gate	O
Capital	O
and	O
GIC	O
announced	O
to	O
buy	O
all	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
public	O
shares	O
for	O
approximately	O
$2.9	O
billion	O
(	O
$33.50	O
per	O
share	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
lost	O
its	O
NPAC	O
contract	O
in	O
2016	O
to	O
Ericsson	O
subsidiary	O
Telcordia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
had	O
administered	O
the	O
number	O
portability	O
system	O
since	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
announced	O
that	O
it	O
bought	O
Verisign	B-Application
's	O
security	O
services	O
customer	O
contracts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
DDoS	O
protection	O
,	O
DNS	B-Protocol
firewall	O
,	O
and	O
managed	O
and	O
recursive	O
DNS	B-Protocol
services	O
customer	O
contracts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
bought	O
TRUSTID	O
,	O
a	O
caller	O
authentication	O
and	O
fraud	O
prevention	O
systems	O
provider	O
for	O
contact	O
centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GoDaddy	O
bought	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
's	O
domain	B-Protocol
name	I-Protocol
registry	I-Protocol
business	O
in	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
then	O
renamed	O
GoDaddy	O
Registry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2021	O
,	O
TransUnion	O
purchased	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
's	O
main	O
business	O
for	O
3.1	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
's	O
security	O
business	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
Security	O
Services	O
,	O
was	O
excluded	O
from	O
the	O
transaction	O
and	O
remained	O
as	O
a	O
portfolio	O
company	O
of	O
Golden	O
Gate	O
Capital	O
and	O
GIC	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
rebranded	O
as	O
Vercara	O
in	O
April	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1998	O
until	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
business	O
of	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
the	O
North	O
American	O
Numbering	O
Plan	O
,	O
the	O
maintenance	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
of	O
directories	O
and	O
databases	O
that	O
manage	O
the	O
telephone	O
area	O
codes	O
and	O
central	O
office	O
prefixes	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
also	O
provided	O
clearinghouse	O
services	O
to	O
emerging	O
CSPs	O
,	O
including	O
Internet	O
service	O
providers	O
(	O
ISPs	O
)	O
,	O
mobile	O
network	O
operators	O
,	O
cable	O
television	O
operators	O
,	O
and	O
voice	O
over	O
Internet	O
protocol	O
(	O
VoIP	O
)	O
service	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
offers	O
internal	O
and	O
external	O
managed	O
Domain	B-Protocol
name	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
(	O
DNS	B-Protocol
)	O
services	O
that	O
play	O
a	O
role	O
in	O
directing	O
and	O
managing	O
traffic	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
cloud-based	O
DDoS	O
attack	O
protection	O
and	O
website	O
performance	O
management	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
being	O
purchased	O
by	O
Godaddy	O
,	O
Neustar	B-Protocol
managed	O
the	O
authoritative	O
directories	O
for	O
the	O
.us	B-General_Concept
and	O
.biz	O
Internet	O
domains	O
,	O
and	O
acted	O
as	O
the	O
worldwide	O
"	O
registry	O
gateway	O
"	O
for	O
China	O
's	O
.cn	O
and	O
Taiwan	O
's	O
.tw	O
Internet	O
domains	O
outside	O
of	O
these	O
two	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
also	O
provided	O
back	O
end	O
registry	O
services	O
for	O
.co	B-Application
Top	O
Level	O
Domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
previously	O
operated	O
the	O
authoritative	O
directory	O
for	O
U.S.	O
Common	B-Language
Short	I-Language
Codes	I-Language
,	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
short	O
messaging	O
service	O
(	O
SMS	O
)	O
relied	O
upon	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
wireless	O
industry	O
,	O
and	O
provides	O
solutions	O
used	O
by	O
mobile	O
network	O
operators	O
to	O
enable	O
mobile	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
for	O
their	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CTIA	O
granted	O
that	O
contract	O
to	O
Iconectiv	O
,	O
who	O
took	O
over	O
providing	O
Common	O
Short	B-Language
Code	I-Language
(	O
CSC	O
)	O
Registry	O
Services	O
on	O
January	O
1	O
,	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neustar	B-Protocol
offered	O
a	O
"	O
Digital	O
Rights	O
Locker	O
"	O
for	O
Hollywood	O
studios	O
,	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
manufacturers	O
and	O
retailers	O
looking	O
for	O
Digital	O
restrictions	O
management	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
UltraViolet	O
and	O
the	O
planned	O
Mobile	O
DTV	O
Trust	O
Authority	O
(	O
MDTV	O
)	O
Open	O
Mobile	O
Video	O
Coalition	O
(	O
OMVC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
