<s>
Neurofeedback	B-Application
(	O
NFB	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
neurotherapy	B-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
biofeedback	O
that	O
presents	O
real-time	O
feedback	O
from	O
brain	B-Application
activity	I-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
reinforce	O
healthy	O
brain	O
function	O
through	O
operant	O
conditioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
electrical	O
activity	O
from	O
the	O
brain	O
is	O
collected	O
via	O
sensors	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
scalp	O
using	O
electroencephalography	B-Application
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
,	O
with	O
feedback	O
presented	O
using	O
video	B-Device
displays	I-Device
or	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
is	O
disputed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
studies	O
and	O
reviews	O
have	O
often	O
found	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
treatment	O
to	O
be	O
beneficial	O
for	O
the	O
patient	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
shown	O
these	O
effects	O
are	O
directly	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
technique	O
applied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Placebo-controlled	O
trials	O
have	O
often	O
found	O
the	O
control	O
group	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
of	O
improvement	O
as	O
the	O
group	O
receiving	O
actual	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
treatment	O
,	O
which	O
suggests	O
these	O
improvements	O
may	O
be	O
caused	O
by	O
secondary	O
effects	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
30-minute	O
to	O
60-minute	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
session	O
is	O
typical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
protocols	O
exist	O
,	O
with	O
potential	O
additional	O
benefit	O
from	O
use	O
of	O
quantitative	B-Algorithm
electroencephalography	I-Algorithm
(	O
QEEG	B-Algorithm
)	O
or	O
functional	B-Algorithm
magnetic	I-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
to	O
localize	O
and	O
personalize	O
treatment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Related	O
technologies	O
include	O
functional	B-Algorithm
near-infrared	I-Algorithm
spectroscopy-mediated	I-Algorithm
(	O
fNIRS	B-Algorithm
)	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
,	O
hemoencephalography	O
biofeedback	O
(	O
HEG	O
)	O
and	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
biofeedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
years	O
1929	O
–	O
1938	O
he	O
published	O
14	O
reports	O
about	O
his	O
studies	O
of	O
EEGs	B-Application
,	O
and	O
much	O
of	O
our	O
modern	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
subject	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
frequencies	O
,	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
his	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Berger	O
analyzed	O
EEGs	B-Application
qualitatively	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
1932G	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dietsch	O
applied	O
Fourier	O
analysis	O
to	O
seven	O
records	O
of	O
EEG	B-Application
and	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
researcher	O
of	O
what	O
later	O
is	O
called	O
QEEG	B-Algorithm
(	O
quantitative	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
study	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
was	O
reported	O
by	O
Joe	O
Kamiya	O
in	O
1962	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brown	O
took	O
a	O
creative	O
approach	O
to	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
,	O
linking	O
brainwave	O
self-regulation	O
to	O
a	O
switching	O
relay	O
which	O
turned	O
on	O
an	O
electric	O
train	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
work	O
of	O
Barry	O
Sterman	O
,	O
Joel	O
F	O
.	O
Lubar	O
and	O
others	O
has	O
been	O
relevant	O
on	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
beta	O
training	O
,	O
involving	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
sensorimotor	O
rhythmic	O
EEG	B-Application
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
took	O
a	O
new	O
approach	O
in	O
taking	O
a	O
look	O
at	O
deep	O
states	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
alpha-theta	O
state	O
is	O
a	O
term	O
that	O
comes	O
from	O
the	O
representation	O
on	O
the	O
EEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
activation	O
database	O
guided	O
EEG	B-Application
biofeedback	I-Application
approach	O
initially	O
involves	O
evaluating	O
the	O
subject	O
on	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
academically	O
relevant	O
cognitive	O
tasks	O
and	O
compares	O
the	O
subject	O
's	O
values	O
on	O
the	O
QEEG	B-Algorithm
measures	O
to	O
a	O
normative	O
database	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
on	O
the	O
variables	O
that	O
are	O
related	O
to	O
success	O
at	O
that	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
SAN	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
EU-based	O
nonprofit	O
membership	O
organization	O
for	O
the	O
advancement	O
of	O
neuroscientific	O
knowledge	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
innovative	O
applications	O
for	O
optimizing	O
brain	O
functioning	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
with	O
EEG	B-Application
,	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
,	O
NIRS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
ISNR	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
membership	O
organization	O
aimed	O
at	O
supporting	O
scientific	O
research	O
in	O
applied	O
neurosciences	O
,	O
promoting	O
education	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FNNR	O
also	O
issues	O
awards	O
for	O
professionals	O
and	O
publishes	O
books	O
related	O
to	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Association	O
for	O
Applied	O
Psychophysiology	O
and	O
Biofeedback	O
(	O
AAPB	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
non-profit	O
scientific	O
and	O
professional	O
society	O
for	O
biofeedback	O
and	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	O
Society	O
for	O
Neurofeedback	B-Application
and	O
Research	O
(	O
ISNR	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
non-profit	O
scientific	O
and	O
professional	O
society	O
for	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Biofeedback	O
Federation	O
of	O
Europe	O
(	O
BFE	O
)	O
sponsors	O
international	O
education	O
,	O
training	O
,	O
and	O
research	O
activities	O
in	O
biofeedback	O
and	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
BCIA	O
certifies	O
individuals	O
who	O
meet	O
education	O
and	O
training	O
standards	O
in	O
biofeedback	O
and	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
and	O
progressively	O
recertifies	O
those	O
who	O
satisfy	O
continuing	O
education	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BCIA	O
offers	O
biofeedback	O
certification	O
,	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
EEG	B-Application
biofeedback	I-Application
)	O
certification	O
,	O
and	O
pelvic	O
muscle	O
dysfunction	O
biofeedback	O
certification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BCIA	O
certification	O
has	O
been	O
endorsed	O
by	O
the	O
Mayo	O
Clinic	O
,	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Applied	O
Psychophysiology	O
and	O
Biofeedback	O
(	O
AAPB	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Society	O
for	O
Neurofeedback	B-Application
and	O
Research	O
(	O
ISNR	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Washington	O
State	O
Legislature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BCIA	O
didactic	O
education	O
requirement	O
includes	O
a	O
36-hour	O
course	O
from	O
a	O
regionally	O
accredited	O
academic	O
institution	O
or	O
a	O
BCIA-approved	O
training	O
program	O
that	O
covers	O
the	O
complete	O
Neurofeedback	B-Application
Blueprint	O
of	O
Knowledge	O
and	O
study	O
of	O
human	O
anatomy	O
and	O
physiology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Neurofeedback	B-Application
Blueprint	O
of	O
Knowledge	O
areas	O
include	O
:	O
I	O
.	O
Orientation	O
to	O
Neurofeedback	B-Application
,	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
significant	O
controversy	O
about	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
treating	O
psychiatric	O
disorders	O
using	O
EEG	B-Application
neurofeedback	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
studies	O
and	O
meta-analyses	O
often	O
note	O
apparent	O
positive	O
effects	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
shown	O
conclusively	O
that	O
this	O
effect	O
is	O
directly	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
,	O
and	O
not	O
caused	O
by	O
secondary	O
or	O
placebo	O
effects	O
Additionally	O
,	O
meta-analyses	O
and	O
reviews	O
tend	O
to	O
emphasize	O
that	O
different	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
protocols	O
should	O
be	O
considered	O
entirely	O
different	O
treatment	O
methods	O
,	O
further	O
increasing	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
drawing	O
conclusions	O
about	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
in	O
general	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
double-blinded	O
,	O
sham-controlled	O
study	O
of	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
as	O
a	O
treatment	O
for	O
insomnia	O
found	O
that	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
did	O
not	O
beat	O
placebo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reviews	O
into	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
for	O
ADHD	O
have	O
found	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
to	O
have	O
durable	O
effects	O
following	O
treatment	O
,	O
although	O
double-blind	O
placebo-controlled	O
studies	O
show	O
the	O
control	O
group	O
will	O
experience	O
very	O
similar	O
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
treatment	O
group	O
,	O
suggesting	O
improvements	O
were	O
not	O
caused	O
by	O
a	O
specific	O
treatment	O
method	O
,	O
but	O
by	O
secondary	O
effects	O
not	O
directly	O
related	O
to	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
are	O
inconclusive	O
about	O
whether	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
is	O
an	O
effective	O
treatment	O
for	O
depression	O
,	O
post-traumatic	O
stress	O
disorder	O
(	O
PTSD	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
developmental	O
trauma	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
device	O
has	O
yet	O
been	O
approved	O
by	O
FDA	O
for	O
treatment	O
of	O
ADHD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
eTNS	O
is	O
a	O
nerve	O
stimulation	O
and	O
not	O
a	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
applications	O
of	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
to	O
enhance	O
performance	O
extend	O
to	O
the	O
arts	O
in	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
music	O
,	O
dance	O
,	O
and	O
acting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
alpha-theta	O
training	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
,	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
assist	O
creativity	O
by	O
inducing	O
hypnagogia	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
borderline	O
waking	O
state	O
associated	O
with	O
creative	O
insights	O
"	O
,	O
through	O
facilitation	O
of	O
neural	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alpha-theta	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
,	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
heart	O
rate	O
variability	O
training	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
biofeedback	O
,	O
has	O
also	O
produced	O
benefits	O
in	O
dance	O
by	O
enhancing	O
performance	O
in	O
competitive	O
ballroom	O
dancing	O
and	O
increasing	O
cognitive	O
creativity	O
in	O
contemporary	O
dancers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
instil	O
a	O
superior	O
flow	O
state	O
in	O
actors	O
,	O
possibly	O
due	O
to	O
greater	O
immersion	O
while	O
performing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neurofeedback	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
athletic	O
psychomotor	O
and	O
self-regulation	O
ability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sensorimotor	O
rhythm	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
training	O
of	O
accuracy	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
top-level	O
sports	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
target-based	O
sports	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Neurofeedback	B-Application
training	O
of	O
shooting	O
accuracy	O
in	O
elite	O
football	O
has	O
been	O
employed	O
by	O
the	O
German	O
company	O
neuro11	O
at	O
Liverpool	O
FC	O
since	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
randomized	O
control	O
trials	O
have	O
found	O
that	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
training	O
(	O
using	O
either	O
sensorimotor	O
rhythm	O
or	O
theta/beta	O
ratio	O
training	O
)	O
did	O
not	O
enhance	O
performance	O
on	O
attention-related	O
tasks	O
or	O
creative	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
that	O
claims	O
made	O
by	O
proponents	O
of	O
alpha	O
wave	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
training	O
techniques	O
have	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
validated	O
by	O
randomized	O
,	O
double-blind	O
,	O
controlled	O
studies	O
,	O
a	O
view	O
which	O
even	O
some	O
supporters	O
of	O
alpha	O
neurofeedback	B-Application
training	O
have	O
also	O
expressed	O
.	O
</s>
