<s>
A	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
or	O
network	B-Protocol
musical	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
is	O
a	O
real-time	O
interaction	O
over	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
that	O
enables	O
musicians	O
in	O
different	O
locations	O
to	O
perform	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
room	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
not	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
traditional	O
live	O
stage	O
performance	O
,	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
supports	O
musical	O
interaction	O
when	O
co-presence	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
and	O
allows	O
for	O
novel	O
forms	O
of	O
music	O
expression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
examples	O
of	O
a	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
experiment	O
was	O
the	O
1951	O
piece	O
:	O
“	O
Imaginary	O
Landscape	O
No	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
The	O
University	O
of	O
Southern	O
California	O
Information	O
Sciences	O
Institute	O
began	O
experimenting	O
with	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
over	O
the	O
Internet.The	O
Hub	O
(	O
band	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
formed	O
by	O
original	O
members	O
of	O
The	O
League	O
of	O
Automatic	O
Composers	O
,	O
experimented	O
in	O
1997	O
with	O
sending	O
MIDI	O
data	O
over	O
ethernet	O
to	O
distributed	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
three-way	O
audio-only	O
performance	O
between	O
musicians	O
in	O
Warsaw	B-Application
,	O
Helsinki	O
,	O
and	O
Oslo	O
dubbed	O
“	O
Mélange	O
à	O
trois	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ideally	O
a	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
system	O
would	O
facilitate	O
the	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
awareness	O
that	O
performers	O
experience	O
in	O
a	O
traditional	O
performance	O
setting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bandwidth	O
demand	O
,	O
latency	O
sensitivity	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
strict	O
requirement	O
for	O
audio	O
stream	O
synchronization	O
are	O
the	O
factors	O
that	O
make	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
a	O
challenging	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
definition	O
audio	O
streaming	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
as	O
realistic	O
as	O
possible	O
,	O
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
bandwidth-demanding	O
uses	O
of	O
today	O
's	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
issues	O
with	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
is	O
that	O
latency	O
is	O
introduced	O
into	O
the	O
audio	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
processed	O
by	O
a	O
participant	O
's	O
local	O
system	O
and	O
sent	O
across	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
interaction	O
in	O
a	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
to	O
feel	O
natural	O
,	O
the	O
latency	O
generally	O
must	O
be	O
kept	O
below	O
30	O
milliseconds	O
,	O
the	O
bound	O
of	O
human	O
perception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
objectives	O
of	O
a	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
summarized	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SoundWIRE	O
research	O
group	O
explores	O
several	O
research	O
areas	O
in	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
networks	O
for	O
music	O
performance	O
including	O
:	O
multi-channel	O
audio	O
streaming	O
,	O
physical	O
models	O
and	O
virtual	O
acoustics	O
,	O
the	O
sonification	O
of	O
network	O
performance	O
,	O
psychoacoustics	O
,	O
and	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
has	O
developed	O
a	O
software	O
system	O
,	O
JackTrip	O
,	O
that	O
supports	O
multi-channel	O
,	O
high	O
quality	O
,	O
uncompressed	O
streaming	O
audio	O
for	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
over	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
networked	B-Protocol
music	I-Protocol
performance	I-Protocol
scenarios	O
with	O
a	O
customizable	O
platform	O
that	O
handles	O
the	O
broadcasting	O
and	O
synchronization	O
of	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
signals	O
across	O
a	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
