<s>
Network	B-General_Concept
transparency	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
its	O
most	O
general	O
sense	O
,	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
a	O
protocol	O
to	O
transmit	O
data	O
over	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
in	O
a	O
manner	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
observable	O
(	O
“	O
transparent	B-Operating_System
”	O
as	O
in	O
invisible	O
)	O
to	O
those	O
using	O
the	O
applications	O
that	O
are	O
using	O
the	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
cloud	O
storage	O
,	O
where	O
remote	O
files	O
are	O
presented	O
as	O
being	O
locally	O
accessible	O
,	O
and	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
where	O
the	O
resource	O
in	O
question	O
is	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
is	O
often	O
partially	O
correctly	O
applied	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
transmit	O
graphical	O
data	O
over	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
and	O
integrate	O
it	O
seamlessly	O
with	O
applications	O
running	O
and	O
displaying	O
locally	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
certain	O
extensions	O
of	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
are	O
not	O
capable	O
of	O
working	O
over	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
centralized	O
database	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
the	O
only	O
available	O
resource	O
that	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
shielded	O
from	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
the	O
data	O
(	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
distributed	B-Application
DBMS	I-Application
,	O
a	O
second	O
resource	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
managed	O
in	O
much	O
the	O
same	O
manner	O
:	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preferably	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
should	O
be	O
protected	O
from	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
operational	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
kind	O
of	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
network	B-General_Concept
transparency	I-General_Concept
or	O
distribution	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
DBMS	O
)	O
perspective	O
,	O
distribution	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
requires	O
that	O
users	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
specify	O
where	O
data	O
is	O
located	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
have	O
separated	O
distribution	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
into	O
location	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
and	O
naming	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
in	O
commands	O
used	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
task	O
is	O
independent	O
both	O
of	O
locations	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
on	O
which	O
an	O
operation	O
is	O
carried	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Naming	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
means	O
that	O
a	O
unique	O
name	O
is	O
provided	O
for	O
each	O
object	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transparency	B-Operating_System
in	O
firewall	O
technology	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
at	O
the	O
networking	O
(	O
IP	O
or	O
Internet	B-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
)	O
or	O
at	O
the	O
application	B-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transparency	B-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
IP	O
layer	O
means	O
the	O
client	O
targets	O
the	O
real	O
IP	O
address	O
of	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
connection	O
is	O
non-transparent	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
client	O
targets	O
an	O
intermediate	O
host	O
(	O
address	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
proxy	O
or	O
a	O
caching	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	O
layer	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
could	O
be	O
also	O
defined	O
from	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
server	O
's	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
connection	O
is	O
transparent	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
server	O
sees	O
the	O
real	O
client	O
IP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
it	O
is	O
non-transparent	O
,	O
the	O
server	O
sees	O
the	O
IP	O
of	O
the	O
intermediate	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transparency	B-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
application	B-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
means	O
the	O
client	O
application	O
uses	O
the	O
protocol	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
transparent	B-Operating_System
HTTP	O
request	O
for	O
a	O
server	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
non-transparent	O
HTTP	O
request	O
for	O
a	O
proxy	O
(	O
cache	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Application	B-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
transparency	B-Operating_System
is	O
symmetric	O
when	O
the	O
same	O
working	O
mode	O
is	O
used	O
on	O
both	O
the	O
sides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
is	O
asymmetric	O
when	O
the	O
firewall	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
proxy	O
)	O
converts	O
server	O
type	O
requests	O
to	O
proxy	O
type	O
or	O
vice	O
versa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transparency	B-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
IP	O
layer	O
does	O
not	O
automatically	O
mean	O
application	B-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
transparency	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
