<s>
The	O
AMPRNet	O
(	O
AMateur	O
Packet	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
Network	O
)	O
or	O
Network	B-Protocol
44	I-Protocol
is	O
used	O
in	O
amateur	O
radio	O
for	O
packet	B-Application
radio	I-Application
and	O
digital	O
communications	O
between	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
managed	O
by	O
amateur	O
radio	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
,	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
range	I-Protocol
of	O
was	O
provided	O
in	O
1981	O
for	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
Digital	O
Communications	O
(	O
a	O
generic	O
term	O
)	O
and	O
self-administered	O
by	O
radio	O
amateurs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
undocumented	B-General_Concept
and	O
dual-use	O
of	O
as	O
a	O
network	B-Protocol
telescope	I-Protocol
began	O
,	O
recording	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
the	O
Code	O
Red	O
II	O
worm	O
in	O
July	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-2019	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
range	O
was	O
sold	O
off	O
for	O
conventional	O
use	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
exhaustion	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
on	O
1	O
May	O
1978	O
,	O
the	O
Canadian	O
authorities	O
allowed	O
radio	O
amateurs	O
on	O
the	O
1.25-meter	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
(	O
220MHz	O
)	O
to	O
use	O
packet	B-Application
radio	I-Application
,	O
and	O
later	O
in	O
1978	O
announced	O
the	O
"	O
Amateur	O
Digital	O
Radio	O
Operator	O
's	O
Certificate	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discussion	O
on	O
digital	O
communication	O
amateur	B-Protocol
radio	I-Protocol
modes	I-Protocol
,	O
using	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
and	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
addresses	O
followed	O
subsequently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1988	O
,	O
one	O
thousand	O
assignments	O
of	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
approximately	O
1%	O
of	O
inbound	O
traffic	O
volume	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
was	O
legitimate	O
radio	O
amateur	O
traffic	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
routed	O
onwards	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
remaining	O
2‒100	O
gigabyte	O
per	O
day	O
of	O
Internet	O
background	O
noise	O
being	O
diverted	O
and	O
logged	O
by	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
San	O
Diego	O
(	O
UCSD	O
)	O
internet	B-Protocol
telescope	I-Protocol
for	O
research	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
European-based	O
High-speed	O
Amateur-radio	O
Multimedia	O
NETwork	O
(	O
HAMNET	O
)	O
offered	O
a	O
multi-megabit	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
network	O
with	O
4,000	O
nodes	O
,	O
covering	O
central	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
on	O
amateur	O
(	O
ham	O
)	O
radio	O
occurred	O
early	O
in	O
Internet	O
history	O
,	O
preceding	O
the	O
public	O
Internet	O
by	O
over	O
a	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1981	O
,	O
Hank	O
Magnuski	O
obtained	O
the	O
class	O
A	O
netblock	O
of	O
16.7	O
million	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
users	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
prior	O
to	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
flag	I-General_Concept
day	I-General_Concept
(	O
1	O
January	O
1983	O
)	O
when	O
the	O
ARPANET	O
Network	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
NCP	B-Protocol
)	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
Transmission	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
TCP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
the	O
amateur	O
link	O
layer	O
protocol	O
AX.25	B-Protocol
carried	O
several	O
competing	O
higher	O
level	O
protocols	O
,	O
with	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
a	O
minority	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
configuration	O
and	O
the	O
high	O
protocol	O
overhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
few	O
systems	O
operated	O
over	O
HF	B-Algorithm
for	O
this	O
reason	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
approach	O
for	O
1,200	O
/9	O
,	O
600-baud	O
VHF/UHF	O
operation	O
emerged	O
as	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
over	O
ROSE	O
(	O
Radio	O
Amateur	O
Telecommunications	O
Society	O
"	O
RATS	O
"	O
Open	O
Systems	O
Environment	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
X.25	B-Protocol
CCITT	O
standard	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
limitations	O
of	O
the	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
,	O
300	O
bps	O
is	O
normally	O
used	O
on	O
HF	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
VHF	O
and	O
UHF	O
links	O
are	O
usually	O
1,200	O
-bps	O
to	O
9,600	O
bps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass-produced	O
Wi-Fi	O
access	O
points	O
equipment	O
on	O
and	O
is	O
now	O
being	O
used	O
on	O
nearby	O
amateur	O
frequencies	O
to	O
provide	O
much	O
faster	O
links	O
as	O
HSMM	B-Application
or	O
hinternet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AMPRNet	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
subnets	B-Protocol
throughout	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portions	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
have	O
point-to-point	B-Architecture
radio	O
links	O
to	O
adjacent	O
nodes	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
are	O
completely	O
isolated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geographically	O
dispersed	O
radio	O
subnets	B-Protocol
can	O
be	O
connected	O
using	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
tunnel	I-Protocol
between	O
sites	O
with	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
sites	O
also	O
have	O
a	O
tunnel	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
router	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
routes	O
between	O
the	O
and	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
using	O
static	B-Protocol
routing	I-Protocol
tables	O
updated	O
by	O
volunteers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
experimentation	O
had	O
moved	O
beyond	O
these	O
centrally	O
controlled	O
static	O
solutions	O
,	O
to	O
dynamic	O
configurations	O
provided	O
by	O
Peer	O
to	O
Peer	O
VPN	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
n2n	B-Application
,	O
and	O
ZeroTier	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
allocation	O
plan	O
agreed	O
in	O
late-1986	O
reserved	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
(	O
or	O
~	O
8	O
million	O
addresses	O
)	O
for	O
use	O
within	O
United	O
States	O
territory	O
and	O
(	O
,	O
the	O
remaining	O
~	O
8	O
million	O
addresses	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
remaining	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
IP	O
)	O
addresses	O
are	O
the	O
and	O
subnets	B-Protocol
,	O
available	O
to	O
any	O
licensed	O
amateur	O
radio	O
operator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
and	O
assigning	O
of	O
addresses	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
volunteer	O
coordinators	O
with	O
the	O
proviso	O
"	O
we	O
do	O
not	O
provide	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
of	O
response	O
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
organisation.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	O
amateurs	O
wanting	O
to	O
request	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
within	O
the	O
AMPRNet	O
should	O
visit	O
the	O
AMPRNet	O
Portal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
1990s	O
most	O
packets	O
within	O
the	O
range	O
were	O
arranged	O
to	O
transit	B-Application
via	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
tunnel	I-Protocol
using	O
IP	B-Protocol
in	I-Protocol
IP	I-Protocol
encapsulation	O
to/from	O
a	O
router	B-Protocol
hosted	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
San	O
Diego	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
forwarding	O
router	B-Protocol
was	O
originally	O
named	O
mirrorshades.ucsd.edu	O
and	O
later	O
gw.ampr.org	O
or	O
""	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1996	O
higher-speed	O
56k	O
modems	O
briefly	O
had	O
greater	O
throughput	O
than	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
forward	O
via	O
the	O
"	O
mirrorshades	O
"	O
central	O
reflector	O
router	B-Protocol
and	O
back	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
with	O
an	O
active	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DNS	B-Protocol
)	O
entry	O
under	O
ampr.org	O
are	O
passed	O
by	O
the	O
packet	B-Protocol
filter	I-Protocol
for	O
forwarding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
19	O
August	O
1999	O
daily	O
encapsulated	O
IP	B-Protocol
in	I-Protocol
IP	I-Protocol
traffic	O
was	O
~	O
100	O
kilobits	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
peaking	O
to	O
0.14	O
megabits	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
mid-2000	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
unique	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
seen	O
on	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
San	O
Diego	O
connection	O
from	O
CERFnet	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
prefix	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
17%	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
which	O
did	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-2009	O
the	O
mirrorshades	O
server	O
was	O
upgraded	O
and	O
replaced	O
after	O
about	O
~	O
1,100	O
days	O
uptime	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
was	O
being	O
advertised	O
via	O
the	O
border	B-Protocol
gateway	I-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
BGP	B-Protocol
)	O
as	O
a	O
passive	O
honeypot	O
for	O
Internet	O
background	O
noise	O
and	O
backscatter	O
collection	O
,	O
based	O
in	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
Applied	O
Internet	O
Data	O
Analysis	O
at	O
the	O
San	O
Diego	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
July	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
had	O
been	O
logging	O
unsolicited	O
TCP	O
SYN	B-Protocol
packets	I-Protocol
destined	O
for	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
within	O
;	O
and	O
after	O
19	O
July	O
2001	O
full	O
incoming	O
IP	B-Protocol
header	I-Protocol
logging	O
took	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
block	O
was	O
stated	O
to	O
have	O
"	O
high	O
value	O
to	O
research	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Capture	O
data	O
for	O
August	O
2001	O
,	O
using	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
and	O
retaining	O
only	O
IP	B-Protocol
headers	I-Protocol
was	O
0.5	O
gigabyte	O
per	O
hour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
the	O
block	O
was	O
0.4	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
internet	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
September	O
2003	O
,	O
traffic	O
was	O
0.75	O
terabytes	O
per	O
month	O
and	O
costing	O
$	O
2,500	O
per	O
month	O
for	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
Limelight	O
Networks	O
began	O
to	O
sponsor	O
the	O
internet	B-Application
transit	I-Application
costs	O
of	O
the	O
CAIDA	O
network	B-Protocol
telescope	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2009	O
the	O
upstream	O
rate	O
limiting	O
was	O
removed	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
packets	O
reaching	O
the	O
network	B-Protocol
telescope	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2012	O
,	O
seaport.caida.org	O
was	O
the	O
network	B-Protocol
telescope	I-Protocol
data	O
capture	O
server	O
with	O
thor.caida.org	O
used	O
for	O
near	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
funded	O
by	O
an	O
Advanced	O
Networking	O
Infrastructure	O
and	O
Research	O
(	O
ANIR	O
)	O
award	O
,	O
and	O
Computer	O
and	O
Network	O
Systems	O
(	O
CNS	O
)	O
award	O
from	O
the	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
(	O
NSF	O
)	O
;	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
(	O
DHS	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
Network	O
Modeling	O
&	O
Simulation	O
(	O
NMS	O
)	O
/	O
Next	B-Protocol
Generation	I-Protocol
Internet	I-Protocol
Program	I-Protocol
(	O
NGI	B-Protocol
)	O
of	O
the	O
Defense	O
Advanced	O
Research	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
(	O
DARPA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
Applied	O
Internet	O
Data	O
Analysis	O
provided	O
a	O
new	O
server	O
for	O
the	O
AMPRNet	O
gateway	B-Application
,	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
mid-2017	O
a	O
passive	O
monitoring	O
configuration	O
was	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
involving	O
a	O
network	B-Protocol
switch	I-Protocol
with	O
port	B-Protocol
mirroring	I-Protocol
set	O
to	O
duplicate	O
the	O
incoming	O
packets	O
being	O
seen	O
by	O
the	O
AMPRNet	O
gateway	B-Application
to	O
the	O
UCSD	O
network	B-Protocol
telescope	I-Protocol
capture	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
funding	O
proposal	O
for	O
"	O
Sustainable	O
Tools	O
for	O
Analysis	O
and	O
Research	O
on	O
Darknet	O
Unsolicited	O
Traffic	O
"	O
(	O
STARDUST	O
)	O
specified	O
a	O
planned	O
upgrading	O
to	O
10	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
with	O
a	O
passive	O
optical	B-Device
tap	I-Device
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
finer	O
timestamping	O
and	O
avoid	O
packet	B-Protocol
loss	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
July	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
replacement	O
10	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
optical	B-Device
splitter	I-Device
and	O
Endace	O
capture	O
card	O
,	O
was	O
operational	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
archived	O
pcap	B-Language
captures	O
from	O
2008‒2012	O
were	O
of	O
data	O
uncompressed	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2012	O
,	O
five	O
weeks	O
of	O
recent	O
data	O
were	O
uncompressed	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
on	O
22	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
raw	O
hourly	O
compressed	O
pcap	B-Language
traces	O
from	O
2003‒2012	O
were	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
National	O
Energy	O
Research	O
Scientific	O
Computing	O
Center	O
(	O
NERSC	O
)	O
for	O
long-term	O
storage	O
and	O
research	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
archiving	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
data	B-General_Concept
migration	I-General_Concept
of	O
104.66	O
Tebibyte	O
took	O
one	O
week	O
at	O
a	O
sustained	O
rate	O
of	O
1.5	O
gigabits	O
per	O
second	O
via	O
the	O
Energy	O
Sciences	O
Network	O
(	O
ESnet	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
overall	O
total	O
collected	O
by	O
the	O
UCSD	O
Network	B-Protocol
Telescope	I-Protocol
stood	O
at	O
3.25	O
petabytes	O
(	O
uncompressed	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
stored	O
across	O
129,552	O
hourly	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
the	O
collected	O
data	O
up	B-Device
to	O
2012	O
are	O
requested	O
to	O
acknowledge	O
that	O
"	O
Support	O
for	O
Backscatter	O
Datasets	O
and	O
the	O
UCSD	O
Network	B-Protocol
Telescope	I-Protocol
is	O
provided	O
by	O
Cisco	O
Systems	O
,	O
Limelight	O
Networks	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
,	O
DARPA	O
,	O
Digital	O
Envoy	O
,	O
and	O
CAIDA	O
Members.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Class	O
A	O
network	O
allocation	O
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
was	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
and	O
recorded	O
in	O
September	O
1981	O
,	O
which	O
consisted	O
of	O
~	O
16	O
million	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
18	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
lower	O
75%	O
of	O
the	O
block	O
(	O
~	O
12	O
million	O
addresses	O
)	O
remained	O
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
usage	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
upper	O
25%	O
(	O
,	O
~	O
4	O
million	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
)	O
having	O
been	O
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Owing	O
to	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
exhaustion	I-Protocol
,	O
by	O
2016	O
the	O
block	O
was	O
worth	O
over	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
routing	B-Protocol
prefix	I-Protocol
aggregation	I-Protocol
stopped	O
being	O
advertised	O
on	O
4	O
June	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
Curran	O
,	O
CEO	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
Registry	O
for	O
Internet	O
Numbers	O
registry	O
stated	O
that	O
a	O
request	O
for	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
had	O
been	O
received	O
and	O
reviewed	O
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
ARIN	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
18	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
sale	O
of	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
to	O
Amazon	B-Application
Technologies	O
Inc	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
highest	O
bidder	O
,	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMPRNet	O
subsequently	O
consisted	O
of	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
plans	O
to	O
sell	O
any	O
more	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aspiration	O
expressed	O
by	O
those	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
sale	O
was	O
that	O
money	O
be	O
held	O
by	O
a	O
non-profit	O
501(c )	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
organization	O
for	O
the	O
advancement	O
of	O
amateur	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
sale	O
,	O
addresses	O
in	O
the	O
block	O
had	O
been	O
allocated	O
to	O
amateur	O
radio	O
areas	O
for	O
the	O
outer	O
space-amateur	O
radio	O
satellite	O
service	O
,	O
to	O
roaming	O
,	O
Oceania	O
,	O
Antarctica	O
,	O
the	O
Arctic	O
,	O
Italy	O
for	O
(	O
CisarNet	O
)	O
Germany	O
for	O
Stuttgart/Tübingen	O
,	O
Eppstein	O
,	O
plus	O
the	O
Germany/pan	O
-European	O
(	O
HAMNET	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
Vixie	O
stated	O
after	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
space	B-General_Concept
that	O
"	O
ampr.org	O
can	O
make	O
better	O
use	O
of	O
money	O
than	O
IP	O
space	B-General_Concept
in	O
fulfilling	O
its	O
nonprofit	O
mission	O
,	O
at	O
this	O
stage	O
of	O
the	O
game.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Doug	O
Barton	O
,	O
a	O
former	O
manager	O
of	O
Internet	O
Assigned	O
Numbers	O
Authority	O
,	O
said	O
the	O
"	O
reaction	O
that	O
we	O
're	O
seeing	O
now	O
is	O
100%	O
predictable	O
...	O
that	O
does	O
n't	O
change	O
anything	O
about	O
my	O
opinion	O
that	O
the	O
sale	O
itself	O
was	O
totally	O
reasonable	O
,	O
done	O
by	O
reasonable	O
people	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
keeping	O
with	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
being	O
good	O
stewards	O
of	O
the	O
space	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
the	O
committee	O
had	O
been	O
meeting	O
twice	O
per	O
year	O
:	O
during	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
,	O
and	O
again	O
at	O
the	O
annual	O
Computer	B-Architecture
Networking	I-Architecture
conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1987	O
,	O
the	O
committee	O
recommended	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
frequencies	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
for	O
packet	B-Application
radio	I-Application
and	O
digital	O
communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1988	O
,	O
the	O
committee	O
held	O
a	O
meeting	O
to	O
standardise	O
AX.25	B-Protocol
version	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1988	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Packet	B-Application
Radio	I-Application
Frequency	O
Recommendations	O
"	O
were	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
committee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activities	O
were	O
to	O
"	O
conserve	O
scarce	O
AMPRNet	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
resources	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
educate	O
networks	O
users	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
efficiently	O
utilize	O
these	O
resources	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
to	O
the	O
entire	O
Internet	O
community	O
"	O
initiated	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
2012	O
by	O
via	O
communications	O
with	O
American	O
Registry	O
for	O
Internet	O
Numbers	O
(	O
ARIN	O
)	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2021	O
,	O
ARDC	O
awarded	O
a	O
five-year	O
grant	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
,	O
to	O
support	O
US-based	O
activities	O
around	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
on	O
the	O
International	O
Space	B-General_Concept
Station	O
(	O
ARISS-USA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
