<s>
Netatalk	B-Language
(	O
pronounced	O
"	O
ned-uh-talk	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
free	B-Application
,	O
open-source	B-Application
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Protocol
Filing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
AFP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
to	O
serve	O
as	O
file	O
server	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
running	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
or	O
Classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netatalk	B-Language
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Research	O
Systems	O
Unix	O
Group	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
for	O
BSD-derived	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
and	O
released	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
introduced	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
soon	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
in	O
1985	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
file	O
sharing	O
application	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
(	O
which	O
was	O
build	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
AFP	O
)	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
example	O
of	O
zero-configuration	B-Application
networking	I-Application
,	O
gaining	O
significant	O
adoption	O
in	O
educational	O
and	O
small	O
to	O
mid	O
size	O
office	O
environments	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
80s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netatalk	B-Language
emerged	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
ecosystem	O
around	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
Columbia	O
University	O
published	O
the	O
Columbia	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
Package	O
(	O
CAP	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
implementation	O
of	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
originally	O
written	O
for	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
4.2	O
,	O
allowing	O
Unix	O
servers	O
to	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CAP	O
also	O
had	O
its	O
own	O
implementation	O
of	O
AFP/AppleShare	O
,	O
but	O
Netatalk	B-Language
appearing	O
in	O
1990	O
claimed	O
better	O
performance	O
due	O
to	O
software	O
design	O
advantages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CAP	O
and	O
Netatalk	B-Language
were	O
also	O
interoperable	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
an	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
backend	O
provided	O
by	O
CAP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
transitioning	O
the	O
software	O
into	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
community	O
project	O
,	O
the	O
codebase	O
was	O
moved	O
to	O
SourceForge	B-Application
for	O
revision	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
in	O
July	O
2000	O
,	O
then	O
re-licensed	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
with	O
version	O
1.5pre7	O
in	O
August	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
used	O
a	O
forked	B-Operating_System
file	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
host	O
operating	O
systems	O
where	O
Netatalk	B-Language
would	O
be	O
running	O
,	O
Netatalk	B-Language
originally	O
implemented	O
the	O
AppleDouble	B-Application
format	I-Application
for	O
storing	O
the	O
resource	B-Operating_System
fork	I-Operating_System
separately	O
from	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
fork	I-Operating_System
when	O
a	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
file	O
was	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
computer	O
's	O
file	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
required	O
in	O
order	O
not	O
to	O
ruin	O
most	O
files	O
by	O
discarding	O
the	O
resource	B-Operating_System
fork	I-Operating_System
when	O
copied	O
to	O
the	O
Netatalk	B-Language
served	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Netatalk	B-Language
3.0	O
,	O
the	O
backend	O
was	O
re-implemented	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Extended	B-Application
Attributes	I-Application
format	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
introduced	O
with	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
for	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
with	O
Classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
resource	B-Operating_System
forks	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
developer	O
of	O
Netatalk	B-Language
was	O
Wesley	O
Craig	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
Adrian	O
Sun	O
created	O
a	O
popular	O
fork	O
,	O
coding	O
the	O
initial	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
then-new	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
IP	I-General_Concept
(	O
AFP	O
over	O
TCP/IP	O
)	O
network	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
project	O
started	O
transitioning	O
into	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
model	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
ASUN	O
"	O
fork	O
had	O
been	O
merged	O
back	O
into	O
Netatalk	B-Language
proper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
Netatalk	B-Language
2.0	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
brought	O
major	O
improvements	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
support	O
for	O
Apple	B-Protocol
Filing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
version	O
3.1	O
(	O
providing	O
long	O
UTF-8	O
filenames	O
,	O
file	O
sizes	O
>	O
2	O
gigabytes	O
,	O
full	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
compatibility	O
)	O
,	O
CUPS	O
integration	O
,	O
Kerberos	B-Protocol
V	I-Protocol
support	O
allowing	O
true	O
"	O
single	O
sign-on	O
"	O
,	O
reliable	O
and	O
persistent	O
storage	O
of	O
file	O
and	O
directory	O
IDs	O
and	O
countless	O
bug	O
fixes	O
compared	O
to	O
previous	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
version	O
2.0.5	O
,	O
Netatalk	B-Language
supports	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
over	O
a	O
network	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
fashion	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
Time	B-Device
Capsule	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
version	O
2.2	O
,	O
Netatalk	B-Language
supports	O
AFP	O
protocol	O
level	O
3.3	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
inter-operable	O
with	O
all	O
subsequent	O
OS	O
versions	O
through	O
at	O
least	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
Ventura	I-Operating_System
(	O
13.1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
until	O
version	O
2.2	O
,	O
Netatalk	B-Language
implemented	O
the	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
(	O
DDP	O
)	O
protocol	O
suite	O
,	O
allowing	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
to	O
serve	O
also	O
as	O
print	O
(	O
PAP	O
via	O
a	O
CUPS	O
backend	O
)	O
and	O
time	O
(	O
Timelord	O
)	O
servers	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
networked	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
and	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
computers	O
can	O
be	O
netbooted	B-Device
from	O
a	O
Netatalk	B-Language
shared	O
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
this	O
version	O
contains	O
an	O
entire	O
suite	O
of	O
tools	O
for	O
inspecting	O
and	O
manipulating	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
networks	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
files	O
in	O
Macintosh	B-Device
formats	O
on	O
a	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.0	O
of	O
Netatalk	B-Language
was	O
released	O
in	O
July	O
2012	O
and	O
added	O
ini	O
style	O
configuration	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
compatible	O
Extended	B-Application
Attributes	I-Application
as	O
default	O
,	O
and	O
removed	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
networking	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
version	O
supports	O
the	O
AFP	O
level	O
3.4	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mountain	I-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netatalk	B-Language
3.1	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
added	O
Spotlight	B-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
Netatalk	B-Language
supports	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
NetBSD	B-Device
,	O
Solaris	B-Application
and	O
OpenSolaris	B-Operating_System
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
unofficial	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
port	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netatalk	B-Language
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
NAS	B-Application
solutions	O
,	O
including	O
Buffalo	O
NAS	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
Exanet	O
ExaStore	O
,	O
Iomega	O
's	O
Home	O
Media	O
Network	O
Hard	O
Drive	O
,	O
IXsystems	O
TrueNAS	O
,	O
LaCie	O
NAS	B-Application
OS	O
,	O
Lime	O
Technology	O
unRAID	O
,	O
Napp-it	O
,	O
Netgear	O
ReadyNAS	O
,	O
QNAP	O
NAS	B-Application
,	O
Synology	O
DiskStation	O
,	O
Thecus	O
NAS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
a	O
company	O
called	O
NetAFP	O
run	O
by	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
Netatalk	B-Language
maintainers	O
started	O
providing	O
commercial	O
support	O
for	O
enterprise	O
deployments	O
of	O
Netatalk	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
merged	O
with	O
SerNet	O
in	O
December	O
2013	O
,	O
signaling	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
commercial	O
support	O
for	O
Netatalk	B-Language
in	O
favor	O
of	O
Samba	B-Language
which	O
Apple	O
had	O
made	O
the	O
primary	O
file	O
sharing	O
protocol	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mavericks	I-Operating_System
that	O
same	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
project	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
,	O
Netatalk	B-Language
's	O
logo	O
was	O
the	O
head	O
of	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Daemon	O
on	O
a	O
daisy	O
chained	O
serving	O
tray	O
,	O
mimicking	O
the	O
icon	O
design	O
language	O
that	O
Apple	O
used	O
for	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
and	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
in	O
Classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coinciding	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Netatalk	B-Language
2.0	O
,	O
the	O
logo	O
was	O
stylized	O
into	O
the	O
Daemon	O
head	O
silhouette	O
with	O
overlaid	O
networking	B-Protocol
cables	I-Protocol
logo	O
that	O
the	O
project	O
is	O
presently	O
using	O
.	O
</s>
