<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
computer	B-Protocol
network	I-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
developed	O
by	O
Novell	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
initially	O
used	O
cooperative	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
to	O
run	O
various	O
services	O
on	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
using	O
the	O
IPX	B-Protocol
network	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
product	O
in	O
1983	O
supported	O
clients	O
running	O
both	O
CP/M	B-Application
and	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
ran	O
over	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
star	O
network	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
and	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
Novell-built	O
file	O
server	O
using	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
processor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
soon	O
moved	O
away	O
from	O
building	O
its	O
own	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
became	O
hardware-independent	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
any	O
suitable	O
Intel-based	O
IBM	O
PC	B-Device
compatible	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
able	O
to	O
utilize	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
network	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
beginning	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
implemented	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
features	O
inspired	O
by	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
and	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
systems	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
available	O
in	O
its	O
competitors	O
 '	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
Novell	O
introduced	O
cheaper	O
peer-to-peer	O
networking	O
products	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
unrelated	O
to	O
their	O
server-centric	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Lite	O
1.0	O
(	O
NWL	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
Personal	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
1.0	O
(	O
PNW	O
)	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
product	O
line	O
took	O
a	O
dramatic	O
turn	O
when	O
version	O
4	O
introduced	O
NetWare	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
NDS	B-Application
,	O
later	O
renamed	O
eDirectory	B-Application
)	O
,	O
a	O
global	O
directory	O
service	O
based	O
on	O
ISO	B-Protocol
X.500	I-Protocol
concepts	O
(	O
six	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
directory	O
service	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
new	O
e-mail	O
system	O
(	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
application	O
configuration	O
suite	O
(	O
ZENworks	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
and	O
security	O
product	O
(	O
BorderManager	B-Protocol
)	O
were	O
all	O
targeted	O
at	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
large	O
enterprises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2000	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
taking	O
more	O
of	O
Novell	O
's	O
customer	O
base	O
and	O
Novell	O
increasingly	O
looked	O
to	O
a	O
future	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
successor	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
Open	B-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
OES	B-Application
)	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2005	O
,	O
offers	O
all	O
the	O
services	O
previously	O
hosted	O
by	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
6.5	O
,	O
but	O
on	O
a	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Server	O
;	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
remained	O
an	O
option	O
until	O
OES	B-Application
11	O
in	O
late	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
update	O
release	O
was	O
version	O
6.5SP8	O
of	O
May	O
2009	O
;	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
is	O
no	O
longer	O
on	O
Novell	O
's	O
product	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
6.5SP8	O
General	O
Support	O
ended	O
in	O
2010	O
;	O
Extended	O
Support	O
was	O
available	O
until	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
Self	O
Support	O
until	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
replacement	O
is	O
Open	B-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
evolved	O
from	O
a	O
very	O
simple	O
concept	O
:	O
file	O
sharing	O
instead	O
of	O
disk	B-General_Concept
sharing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
when	O
the	O
first	O
versions	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
originated	O
,	O
all	O
other	O
competing	O
products	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
providing	O
shared	O
direct	O
disk	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
's	O
alternative	O
approach	O
was	O
validated	O
by	O
IBM	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
which	O
helped	O
promote	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
shares	O
disk	O
space	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
volumes	O
,	O
comparable	O
to	O
logical	B-Application
volumes	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Client	O
workstations	O
running	O
DOS	B-Device
run	O
a	O
special	O
terminate	O
and	O
stay	O
resident	O
(	O
TSR	O
)	O
program	O
that	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
map	O
a	O
local	O
drive	O
letter	O
to	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
with	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
booming	O
,	O
the	O
Internet	O
's	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
became	O
dominant	O
on	O
LANs	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
had	O
introduced	O
limited	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
support	O
in	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3.x	O
(	O
circa	O
1992	O
)	O
and	O
4.x	O
(	O
circa	O
1995	O
)	O
,	O
consisting	O
mainly	O
of	O
FTP	B-Protocol
services	O
and	O
UNIX-style	O
LPR/LPD	O
printing	O
(	O
available	O
in	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3.x	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Novell-developed	O
webserver	B-Application
(	O
in	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4.x	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
support	O
for	O
the	O
client	O
file	O
and	O
print	O
services	O
normally	O
associated	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
5.0	O
(	O
released	O
in	O
1998	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
short-lived	O
product	O
,	O
NWIP	O
,	O
that	O
encapsulated	O
IPX	B-Protocol
in	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
intended	O
to	O
ease	O
transition	O
of	O
an	O
existing	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
environment	O
from	O
IPX	B-Protocol
to	O
IP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
early	O
to	O
mid-1980s	O
Microsoft	O
introduced	O
their	O
own	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
system	O
in	O
LAN	B-Algorithm
Manager	I-Algorithm
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
competing	O
NBF	B-Protocol
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
attempts	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
failed	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
changed	O
with	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
improved	O
networking	O
support	O
in	O
Windows	O
for	O
Workgroups	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
the	O
successful	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NT	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
offered	O
a	O
sub-set	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
services	O
,	O
but	O
on	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
a	O
desktop	O
,	O
and	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
vertical	O
integration	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
third-party	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
originated	O
from	O
consulting	O
work	O
by	O
SuperSet	O
Software	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
founded	O
by	O
the	O
friends	O
Drew	O
Major	O
,	O
Dale	O
Neibaur	O
,	O
Kyle	O
Powell	O
and	O
later	O
Mark	O
Hurst	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
team	O
was	O
originally	O
assigned	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
CP/M	B-Application
disk	B-General_Concept
sharing	I-General_Concept
system	O
to	O
help	O
network	O
the	O
Motorola	O
68000-based	O
hardware	O
that	O
Novell	O
sold	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
S-Net	B-Operating_System
is	O
CP/M	O
-68K-based	O
and	O
shares	O
a	O
hard	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
the	O
team	O
was	O
privately	O
convinced	O
that	O
CP/M	B-Application
was	O
a	O
doomed	O
platform	O
and	O
instead	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
a	O
successful	O
file-sharing	O
system	O
for	O
the	O
newly	O
introduced	O
IBM-compatible	O
PC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
wrote	O
an	O
application	O
called	O
Snipes	B-Application
–	O
a	O
text-mode	O
game	O
–	O
and	O
used	O
it	O
to	O
test	O
the	O
new	O
network	O
and	O
demonstrate	O
its	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snipes	B-Application
[	O
aka	O
'	O
NSnipes	O
 '	O
for	O
'	O
Network	O
Snipes' ]	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
network	O
application	O
ever	O
written	O
for	O
a	O
commercial	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
recognized	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
precursors	O
of	O
many	O
popular	O
multiplayer	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Doom	B-Application
and	O
Quake	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
called	O
ShareNet	B-Operating_System
or	O
S-Net	B-Operating_System
,	O
this	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
(	O
NOS	O
)	O
was	O
later	O
called	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Protocol
Core	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
NCP	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
packet-based	O
protocol	O
that	O
enables	O
a	O
client	O
to	O
send	O
requests	O
to	O
and	O
receive	O
replies	O
from	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
NCP	O
was	O
directly	O
tied	O
to	O
the	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
protocol	O
,	O
and	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
communicated	O
natively	O
using	O
only	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
product	O
to	O
bear	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
name	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
product	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
68	I-Operating_System
(	O
AKA	O
S-Net	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
ran	O
on	O
Novell	O
's	O
proprietary	B-Application
68000-based	O
file	O
server	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
a	O
star	O
network	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
later	O
joined	O
by	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
86	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
use	O
conventional	O
Intel	O
8086-based	O
PCs	B-Device
for	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
replaced	O
in	O
1985	O
with	O
Advanced	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
86	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
server	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80286	I-General_Concept
processor	O
became	O
available	O
,	O
Novell	O
released	O
Advanced	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
286	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
version	O
2.x	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
1986	O
,	O
was	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
then-new	O
80286	B-General_Concept
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
80286	B-General_Concept
CPU	O
features	O
a	O
new	O
16-bit	B-Device
protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
that	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
up	O
to	O
16MiB	O
RAM	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
new	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
aid	O
multi-tasking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
80286	B-General_Concept
,	O
PC	B-Device
CPU	O
servers	O
used	O
the	O
Intel	O
8088/8086	O
8-/16	O
-bit	O
processors	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
limited	O
to	O
an	O
address	O
space	O
of	O
1MiB	O
with	O
not	O
more	O
than	O
640KiB	O
of	O
directly	O
addressable	O
RAM	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
higher	O
16MiB	O
RAM	O
limit	O
,	O
80286	B-General_Concept
processor	O
feature	O
utilization	O
,	O
and	O
256MB	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
volume	O
size	O
limit	O
(	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
32MB	O
that	O
DOS	B-Device
allowed	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
)	O
allowed	O
the	O
building	O
of	O
reliable	O
,	O
cost-effective	O
server-based	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
significant	O
innovation	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
286	B-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
hardware-independent	O
,	O
unlike	O
competing	O
network	O
server	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
servers	O
can	O
be	O
assembled	O
using	O
any	O
brand	O
system	O
with	O
an	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80286	I-General_Concept
CPU	O
,	O
any	O
MFM	B-Protocol
,	O
RLL	B-Protocol
,	O
ESDI	B-Architecture
,	O
or	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
hard	O
drive	O
and	O
any	O
8	O
-	O
or	O
16-bit	B-Device
network	O
adapter	O
for	O
which	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
drivers	O
are	O
available	O
–	O
and	O
18	O
different	O
manufacturer	O
's	O
network	O
cards	O
were	O
supported	O
at	O
launch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
server	O
could	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
network	O
cards	O
,	O
and	O
these	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
mixture	O
of	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
,	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
and	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
provided	O
as	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
compiled	O
object	B-Application
modules	I-Application
that	O
required	O
configuration	O
and	O
linking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
change	O
to	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
requires	O
a	O
re-linking	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installation	O
also	O
requires	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
low-level	O
format	O
program	O
for	O
MFM	B-Protocol
hard	O
drives	O
called	O
COMPSURF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
file	O
system	O
used	O
by	O
NetWare2.x	O
is	O
NetWare	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
286	B-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
NWFS286	O
,	O
supporting	O
volumes	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
256MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare286	O
recognizes	O
80286	B-General_Concept
protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
,	O
extending	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
support	O
of	O
RAM	O
from	O
1MiB	O
to	O
the	O
full	O
16MiB	O
addressable	O
by	O
the	O
80286	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
minimum	O
of	O
2MiB	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
start	O
up	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
;	O
any	O
additional	O
RAM	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
FAT	B-Application
,	O
DET	O
and	O
file	O
caching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
16-bit	B-Device
protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
80286	B-General_Concept
and	O
every	O
subsequent	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
processor	O
,	O
NetWare286	O
version	O
2.x	O
will	O
run	O
on	O
any	O
80286	B-General_Concept
or	O
later	O
compatible	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
2.x	O
implements	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
features	O
inspired	O
by	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
and	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
systems	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
available	O
in	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
System	B-Application
Fault	I-Application
Tolerance	I-Application
(	O
SFT	O
)	O
features	O
includes	O
standard	O
read-after-write	O
verification	O
(	O
SFT-I	O
)	O
with	O
on-the-fly	O
bad	O
block	O
re-mapping	O
(	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
disks	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
that	O
feature	O
built	O
in	O
)	O
and	O
software	O
RAID1	O
(	O
disk	O
mirroring	O
,	O
SFT-II	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transactions	O
over	O
multiple	O
files	O
and	O
controlled	O
roll-backs	O
are	O
possible	O
by	O
programming	O
to	O
the	O
TTS	O
API	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare2862.x	O
normally	O
requires	O
a	O
dedicated	O
PC	B-Device
to	O
act	O
as	O
the	O
server	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
server	O
uses	O
DOS	B-Device
only	O
as	O
a	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
to	O
execute	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
memory	O
is	O
allocated	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
;	O
no	O
DOS	B-Device
ran	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
,	O
DOS3.3	O
or	O
higher	O
remains	O
in	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
processor	O
time-slices	O
between	O
the	O
DOS	B-Device
and	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
programs	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
server	O
computer	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
simultaneously	O
as	O
a	O
network	O
file	O
server	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
user	O
workstation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
all	O
extended	B-Device
memory	I-Device
(	O
RAM	O
above	O
1MiB	O
)	O
is	O
allocated	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
DOS	B-Device
is	O
limited	O
to	O
only	O
640KiB	O
;	O
expanded	B-Device
memory	I-Device
managers	O
that	O
used	O
the	O
MMU	O
of	O
80386	O
and	O
higher	O
processors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
EMM386	O
,	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
;	O
8086-style	O
expanded	B-Device
memory	I-Device
on	O
dedicated	O
plug-in	O
cards	O
is	O
possible	O
however	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Time	O
slicing	O
is	O
accomplished	O
using	O
the	O
keyboard	O
interrupt	B-Application
,	O
which	O
requires	O
strict	O
compliance	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	O
PC	B-Device
design	O
model	O
,	O
otherwise	O
performance	O
is	O
affected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
serial	O
number	O
has	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
serial	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
software	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
3.x	O
range	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
step	O
forward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
feature	O
was	O
support	O
for	O
32-bit	O
protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
16MiB	O
memory	O
limit	O
of	O
NetWare286	O
and	O
therefore	O
allowing	O
larger	O
hard	O
drives	O
to	O
be	O
supported	O
(	O
since	O
NetWare3.x	O
cached	O
the	O
entire	O
file	B-Application
allocation	I-Application
table	I-Application
and	O
directory	O
entry	O
table	O
into	O
memory	O
for	O
improved	O
performance	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
version	O
3.x	O
was	O
also	O
much	O
simpler	O
to	O
install	O
,	O
with	O
disk	O
and	O
network	O
support	O
provided	O
by	O
software	O
modules	O
called	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Application
Loadable	I-Application
Module	I-Application
(	O
NLM	B-Application
)	O
loaded	O
either	O
at	O
start-up	O
or	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NLMs	B-Application
could	O
also	O
add	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
anti-virus	O
software	O
,	O
backup	O
software	O
,	O
database	O
and	O
web	B-Application
servers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
long	O
filenames	O
was	O
also	O
provided	O
by	O
an	O
NLM	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
file	O
system	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
NetWare3.x	O
–	O
"	O
NetWare	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
386	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
NWFS386	O
,	O
which	O
significantly	O
extended	O
volume	O
capacity	O
(	O
1TB	O
,	O
4GB	O
files	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
could	O
handle	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
volume	O
segments	O
spanning	O
multiple	O
physical	O
disk	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
NetWare3863.x	O
all	O
NLMs	B-Application
ran	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
of	O
processor	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
,	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
ring	O
0	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
provided	O
the	O
best	O
possible	O
performance	O
,	O
it	O
sacrificed	O
reliability	O
because	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
furthermore	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3.x	O
used	O
a	O
co-operative	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
model	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
an	O
NLM	B-Application
was	O
required	O
to	O
yield	O
to	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
regularly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
either	O
of	O
these	O
reasons	O
a	O
badly	O
behaved	O
NLM	B-Application
could	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
fatal	O
(	O
ABEND	B-Application
)	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
continued	O
to	O
be	O
administered	O
using	O
console-based	O
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
tier	O
provided	O
Novell	O
's	O
vendors	O
a	O
package	O
containing	O
a	O
compatibility	O
guideline	O
book	O
,	O
engineering	O
support	O
lines	O
,	O
self-testing	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
limited	O
marketing	O
resources	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
including	O
a	O
license	O
to	O
promote	O
products	O
with	O
a	O
logo	O
stating	O
"	O
Yes	O
,	O
it	O
runs	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
"	O
–	O
all	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
and	O
followed	O
at	O
the	O
vendors	O
 '	O
discretion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
tier	O
required	O
a	O
one-time	O
application	O
fee	O
of	O
$	O
7,000	O
but	O
replaced	O
the	O
logo	O
's	O
byline	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
confident-sounding	O
"	O
Yes	O
,	O
it	O
's	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
tested	O
and	O
approved	O
"	O
and	O
accorded	O
partners	O
with	O
more	O
extensive	O
support	O
,	O
including	O
on-location	O
testing	O
by	O
Novell	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
while	O
,	O
Novell	O
also	O
marketed	O
an	O
OEM	O
version	O
of	O
NetWare3	O
,	O
called	O
Portable	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
together	O
with	O
OEMs	O
such	O
as	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
,	O
DEC	O
and	O
Data	O
General	O
,	O
who	O
ported	O
Novell	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
their	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portable	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
did	O
not	O
sell	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
NetWare3.x	O
was	O
current	O
,	O
Novell	O
introduced	O
its	O
first	O
high-availability	B-General_Concept
clustering	O
system	O
,	O
named	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
SFT-III	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
a	O
logical	O
server	O
to	O
be	O
completely	O
mirrored	O
to	O
a	O
separate	O
physical	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implemented	O
as	O
a	O
shared-nothing	B-Operating_System
cluster	O
,	O
under	O
SFT-III	O
the	O
OS	O
was	O
logically	O
split	O
into	O
an	O
interrupt-driven	O
I/O	O
engine	O
and	O
the	O
event-driven	O
OS	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
I/O	O
engines	O
serialized	O
their	O
interrupts	B-Application
(	O
disk	O
,	O
network	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
its	O
non-preemptive	O
nature	O
,	O
the	O
OS	O
core	O
,	O
stripped	O
of	O
non-deterministic	O
I/O	O
,	O
behaves	O
deterministically	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
large	O
finite	B-Architecture
state	I-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
SFT-III	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
version	O
able	O
to	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
SMP	B-Operating_System
hardware	O
–	O
the	O
I/O	O
engine	O
could	O
optionally	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
SFT-III	O
,	O
ahead	O
of	O
its	O
time	O
in	O
several	O
ways	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
mixed	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
NetWare3	O
an	O
improved	O
routing	O
protocol	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Protocol
Link	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
,	O
has	O
been	O
introduced	O
which	O
scales	O
better	O
than	O
Routing	B-Protocol
Information	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
and	O
allows	O
building	O
large	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version4	O
in	O
1993	O
introduced	O
NetWare	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
later	O
re-branded	O
as	O
Novell	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
NDS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
X.500	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
replaced	O
the	O
Bindery	O
with	O
a	O
global	O
directory	O
service	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
was	O
described	O
and	O
managed	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
NDS	B-Application
provided	O
an	O
extensible	O
schema	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
new	O
object	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
a	O
single	O
user	O
authentication	O
to	O
NDS	B-Application
to	O
govern	O
access	O
to	O
any	O
server	O
in	O
the	O
directory	O
tree	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
could	O
therefore	O
access	O
network	B-General_Concept
resources	I-General_Concept
no	O
matter	O
on	O
which	O
server	O
they	O
resided	O
,	O
although	O
user	O
license	O
counts	O
were	O
still	O
tied	O
to	O
individual	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version4	O
also	O
introduced	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
useful	O
tools	O
and	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
transparent	O
compression	O
at	O
file	O
system	O
level	O
and	O
RSA	B-Architecture
public/private	O
encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
new	O
feature	O
was	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Asynchronous	O
Services	O
Interface	O
(	O
NASI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allowed	O
network	O
sharing	O
of	O
multiple	O
serial	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
modems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Client	O
port	O
redirection	O
occurred	O
via	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
or	O
Windows	O
driver	O
allowing	O
companies	O
to	O
consolidate	O
modems	B-Application
and	O
analog	O
phone	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Promised	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1988	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
Microsoft-IBM	O
collaboration	O
was	O
still	O
ongoing	O
and	O
OS/21.x	O
was	O
still	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
product	O
,	O
the	O
product	O
did	O
n't	O
become	O
commercially	O
available	O
until	O
after	O
IBM	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
parted	O
ways	O
and	O
OS/22.0	O
had	O
become	O
a	O
32-bit	O
,	O
pre-emptive	O
multitasking	O
and	O
multithreading	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
August	O
1993	O
,	O
Novell	O
released	O
its	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
"	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
first	O
release	O
supported	O
OS/22.1	O
(	O
1993	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
OS	O
,	O
and	O
required	O
that	O
users	O
first	O
buy	O
and	O
install	O
IBM	B-Application
OS/2	I-Application
,	O
then	O
purchase	O
NetWare4.01	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
install	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
around	O
1995	O
,	O
and	O
coincidental	O
with	O
IBM	O
's	O
renewed	O
marketing	O
push	O
for	O
its	O
32-bit	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	O
OS	O
,	O
both	O
as	O
a	O
desktop	O
client	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
server	O
(	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	B-Application
Server	I-Application
)	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
began	O
receiving	O
some	O
good	O
press	O
coverage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4.1	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
"	O
allowed	O
to	O
run	O
Novell	O
's	O
network	O
stack	O
and	O
server	O
modules	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
32-bit	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
network	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
basically	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4.x	O
running	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
compatible	O
with	O
third	O
party	O
client	O
and	O
server	O
utilities	O
and	O
NetWare	B-Application
Loadable	I-Application
Modules	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
IBM	O
's	O
32-bit	O
OS/2	B-Application
included	O
Netbios	O
,	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
and	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
support	O
,	O
this	O
means	O
that	O
sysadmins	O
could	O
run	O
all	O
three	O
most	O
popular	O
network	O
stacks	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
box	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
box	O
as	O
a	O
workstation	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
shared	O
memory	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
with	O
OS/2	B-Application
seamlessly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
book	O
"	O
Client	O
Server	O
survival	O
Guide	O
with	O
OS/2	B-Application
"	O
described	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
glue	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
that	O
lets	O
the	O
unmodified	O
NetWare4.x	O
server	O
program	O
think	O
it	O
owns	O
all	O
resources	O
on	O
a	O
OS/2	B-Application
system	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
claimed	O
that	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
server	O
running	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
only	O
suffered	O
a	O
5%	O
to	O
10%	O
overhead	O
over	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
running	O
over	O
the	O
bare	O
metal	O
hardware	O
,	O
while	O
gaining	O
OS/2	B-Application
'	O
s	O
pre-emptive	O
multitasking	O
and	O
object	O
oriented	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
continued	O
releasing	O
bugfixes	O
and	O
updates	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
up	O
to	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
's	O
strategy	O
with	O
NetWare2862.x	O
and	O
3.x	O
proved	O
very	O
successful	O
;	O
before	O
the	O
arrival	O
of	O
Windows	O
NT	B-Device
Server	I-Device
,	O
Novell	O
claimed	O
90%	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
PC	B-Device
based	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
NetWare3.x	O
and	O
later	O
involved	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
partition	O
to	O
load	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
server	O
files	O
;	O
while	O
of	O
little	O
technical	O
import	O
(	O
DOS	B-Device
merely	O
loaded	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
into	O
memory	O
and	O
turned	O
execution	O
over	O
to	O
it	O
;	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
,	O
DOS	B-Device
could	O
be	O
unloaded	O
from	O
RAM	O
)	O
,	O
this	O
feature	O
became	O
a	O
marketing	O
liability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
console	O
remained	O
text-based	B-Application
,	O
when	O
the	O
Windows	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
gained	O
widespread	O
acceptance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
could	O
have	O
eliminated	O
this	O
technical	O
liability	O
by	O
retaining	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
NetWare286	O
,	O
which	O
installed	O
the	O
server	O
file	O
into	O
a	O
Novell	O
partition	O
and	O
allowed	O
the	O
server	O
to	O
boot	O
from	O
the	O
Novell	O
partition	O
without	O
creating	O
a	O
bootable	O
DOS	B-Device
partition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Novell	O
initially	O
used	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
instead	O
of	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
they	O
were	O
poorly	O
positioned	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
Novell	O
servers	O
being	O
bypassed	O
for	O
routing	O
and	O
Internet	O
access	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
hardware	O
routers	O
,	O
Unix-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
SOCKS	O
and	O
HTTP	O
Proxy	B-Application
Servers	I-Application
on	O
Windows	O
and	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
priced	O
NetWare4.10	O
similarly	O
to	O
NetWare3.12	O
,	O
allowing	O
customers	O
who	O
resisted	O
NDS	B-Application
(	O
typically	O
small	O
businesses	O
)	O
to	O
try	O
it	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Novell	O
released	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
version	O
4.11	O
in	O
1996	O
which	O
included	O
many	O
enhancements	O
that	O
made	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
easier	O
to	O
install	O
,	O
easier	O
to	O
operate	O
,	O
faster	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
stable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
included	O
the	O
first	O
full	O
32-bit	O
client	O
for	O
Microsoft	O
Windows-based	O
workstations	O
,	O
SMP	B-Operating_System
support	O
and	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Administrator	O
(	O
NWADMIN	O
or	O
NWADMN32	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
GUI-based	O
administration	O
tool	O
for	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
administration	O
tools	O
used	O
the	O
Cworthy	O
interface	O
,	O
the	O
character-based	B-Application
GUI	B-Application
tools	O
such	O
as	O
SYSCON	O
and	O
PCONSOLE	O
with	O
blue	O
text-based	B-Application
background	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
tools	O
survive	O
to	O
this	O
day	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
MONITOR.NLM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
packaged	O
NetWare4.11	O
with	O
its	O
Web	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
support	O
and	O
the	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
browser	O
into	O
a	O
bundle	O
dubbed	O
IntranetWare	O
(	O
also	O
written	O
as	O
intraNetWare	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
designed	O
for	O
networks	O
of	O
25	O
or	O
fewer	O
users	O
was	O
named	O
IntranetWare	O
for	O
Small	O
Business	O
and	O
contained	O
a	O
limited	O
version	O
of	O
NDS	B-Application
and	O
tried	O
to	O
simplify	O
NDS	B-Application
administration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
Novell	O
also	O
began	O
to	O
leverage	O
its	O
directory	O
service	O
,	O
NDS	B-Application
,	O
by	O
tying	O
their	O
other	O
products	O
into	O
the	O
directory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
e-mail	O
system	O
,	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
integrated	O
with	O
NDS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Novell	O
released	O
many	O
other	O
directory-enabled	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
ZENworks	B-Protocol
and	O
BorderManager	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
still	O
required	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
as	O
NCP	O
used	O
it	O
,	O
but	O
Novell	O
started	O
to	O
acknowledge	O
the	O
demand	O
for	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
with	O
NetWare4.11	O
by	O
including	O
tools	O
and	O
utilities	O
that	O
made	O
it	O
easier	O
to	O
create	O
intranets	O
and	O
link	O
networks	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
bundled	O
tools	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
IPX/IP	O
gateway	O
,	O
to	O
ease	O
the	O
connection	O
between	O
IPX	B-Protocol
workstations	O
and	O
IP	B-Protocol
networks	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
began	O
integrating	O
Internet	B-Protocol
technologies	I-Protocol
and	O
support	O
through	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
natively	O
hosted	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
NetWare5	O
in	O
October	O
1998	O
Novell	O
switched	O
its	O
primary	O
NCP	O
interface	O
from	O
the	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
network	O
protocol	O
to	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
to	O
meet	O
market	O
demand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Products	O
continued	O
to	O
support	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
the	O
emphasis	O
shifted	O
to	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
released	O
NetWare5	O
during	O
a	O
time	O
when	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
market	O
share	O
had	O
started	O
dropping	O
precipitously	O
;	O
many	O
companies	O
and	O
organizations	O
replaced	O
their	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
servers	O
with	O
servers	O
running	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
this	O
time	O
Novell	O
also	O
released	O
their	O
last	O
upgrade	O
to	O
the	O
NetWare4	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
NetWare4.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare5	O
and	O
above	O
supported	O
Novell	O
NetStorage	O
for	O
Internet-based	O
access	O
to	O
files	O
stored	O
within	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
unlimited	O
connections	O
per	O
user	O
to	O
any	O
number	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
servers	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DirXML	O
Starter	O
Pack	O
–	O
synchronization	O
of	O
user	O
accounts	O
with	O
another	O
eDirectory	B-Application
tree	O
,	O
a	O
Windows	B-General_Concept
NT	I-General_Concept
domain	I-General_Concept
or	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
Novell	O
announced	O
the	O
successor	O
product	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
:	O
Open	B-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
OES	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2005	O
,	O
OES	B-Application
completes	O
the	O
separation	O
of	O
the	O
services	O
traditionally	O
associated	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
(	O
such	O
as	O
Directory	O
Services	O
,	O
and	O
file-and-print	O
)	O
from	O
the	O
platform	O
underlying	O
the	O
delivery	O
of	O
those	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OES	B-Application
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
applications	O
(	O
eDirectory	B-Application
,	O
NetWare	B-Protocol
Core	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
services	O
,	O
iPrint	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
that	O
can	O
run	O
atop	O
either	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
or	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clustered	O
OES	B-Application
implementations	O
can	O
even	O
migrate	O
services	O
from	O
Linux	B-Application
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
and	O
back	O
again	O
,	O
making	O
Novell	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
very	O
few	O
vendors	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
multi-platform	O
clustering	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequent	O
to	O
Novell	O
's	O
acquisitions	O
of	O
Ximian	O
and	O
the	O
German	O
Linux	B-Application
distributor	O
SuSE	O
,	O
Novell	O
moved	O
away	O
from	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
and	O
shifted	O
its	O
focus	O
towards	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marketing	O
was	O
focused	O
on	O
getting	O
faithful	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
users	O
to	O
move	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
platform	O
for	O
future	O
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
clearest	O
indication	O
of	O
this	O
direction	O
was	O
Novell	O
's	O
controversial	O
decision	O
to	O
release	O
Open	B-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
Server	I-Application
on	O
Linux	B-Application
only	O
,	O
not	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
later	O
watered	O
down	O
this	O
decision	O
and	O
stated	O
that	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
90	O
million	O
users	O
would	O
be	O
supported	O
until	O
at	O
least	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
many	O
former	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
customers	O
rejected	O
the	O
confusing	O
mix	O
of	O
licensed	O
software	O
running	O
on	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
in	O
favor	O
of	O
moving	O
to	O
complete	O
Open	O
Source	O
solutions	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
offered	O
by	O
Red	O
Hat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OES	B-Application
2	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
8	O
October	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
NetWare6.5	O
SP7	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
running	O
as	O
a	O
paravirtualized	O
guest	O
inside	O
the	O
Xen	B-Operating_System
hypervisor	I-Operating_System
and	O
new	O
Linux	B-Application
based	O
version	O
using	O
SLES10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
some	O
organizations	O
still	O
used	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
it	O
had	O
started	O
to	O
lose	O
popularity	O
from	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
when	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
for	O
file	O
-	O
and	O
printer-sharing	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
server	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
successfully	O
took	O
market	O
share	O
from	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
products	O
from	O
the	O
late-1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
more	O
aggressive	O
marketing	O
was	O
aimed	O
directly	O
at	O
non-technical	O
management	O
through	O
major	O
magazines	O
,	O
while	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
's	O
was	O
through	O
more	O
technical	O
magazines	O
read	O
by	O
IT	O
personnel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
did	O
not	O
adapt	O
their	O
pricing	O
structure	O
to	O
current	O
market	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
sales	O
suffered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Application
Lite	I-Application
and	O
Personal	B-Application
NetWare	I-Application
were	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
peer-to-peer	O
networks	O
developed	O
by	O
Novell	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
-	O
and	O
Windows-based	O
computers	O
aimed	O
at	O
personal	O
users	O
and	O
small	O
businesses	O
between	O
1991	O
and	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
dominated	O
the	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
(	O
NOS	O
)	O
market	O
from	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
through	O
the	O
mid	O
-	O
to	O
late-1990s	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
extremely	O
high	O
performance	O
relative	O
to	O
other	O
NOS	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
noteworthy	O
benchmark	O
pitted	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3.x	O
running	O
NFS	B-Protocol
services	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
(	O
not	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
native	O
IPX	B-Protocol
protocol	O
)	O
against	O
a	O
dedicated	O
Auspex	O
NFS	B-Protocol
server	O
and	O
an	O
SCO	O
Unix	B-Application
server	O
running	O
NFS	B-Protocol
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
NFS	B-Protocol
outperformed	O
both	O
'	O
native	O
 '	O
NFS	B-Protocol
systems	O
and	O
claimed	O
a	O
2:1	O
performance	O
advantage	O
over	O
SCO	O
Unix	B-Application
NFS	B-Protocol
on	O
the	O
same	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reasons	O
for	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
performance	O
advantage	O
are	O
given	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
first	O
developed	O
,	O
nearly	O
all	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
storage	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
disk	O
server	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
meant	O
that	O
if	O
a	O
client	O
computer	O
wanted	O
to	O
read	O
a	O
particular	O
block	O
from	O
a	O
particular	O
file	O
it	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
issue	O
the	O
following	O
requests	O
across	O
the	O
relatively	O
slow	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
since	O
it	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
file	O
service	O
model	O
,	O
interacted	O
with	O
the	O
client	O
at	O
the	O
file	O
API	B-General_Concept
level	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
start	O
,	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
design	O
focused	O
on	O
servers	O
with	O
copious	O
amounts	O
of	O
RAM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
entire	O
file	B-Application
allocation	I-Application
table	I-Application
(	O
FAT	B-Application
)	O
was	O
read	O
into	O
RAM	O
when	O
a	O
volume	O
was	O
mounted	O
,	O
thereby	O
requiring	O
a	O
minimum	O
amount	O
of	O
RAM	O
proportional	O
to	O
online	O
disk	O
space	O
;	O
adding	O
a	O
disk	O
to	O
a	O
server	O
would	O
often	O
require	O
a	O
RAM	O
upgrade	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
competing	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
prior	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
automatically	O
used	O
all	O
otherwise	O
unused	O
RAM	O
for	O
caching	O
active	O
files	O
,	O
employing	O
delayed	O
write-backs	O
to	O
facilitate	O
re-ordering	O
of	O
disk	O
requests	O
(	O
elevator	B-Algorithm
seeks	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
network	O
protocols	O
in	O
use	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
developed	O
did	O
n't	O
trust	O
the	O
network	O
to	O
deliver	O
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
raging	O
debates	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
was	O
whether	O
it	O
was	O
more	O
appropriate	O
for	O
network	O
file	O
service	O
to	O
be	O
performed	O
by	O
a	O
software	O
layer	O
running	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
a	O
general	O
purpose	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
by	O
a	O
special	O
purpose	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
special	O
purpose	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
not	O
a	O
timesharing	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
performed	O
efficiently	O
as	O
a	O
router	O
,	O
supporting	O
IPX	B-Protocol
,	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Appletalk	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
never	O
offered	O
the	O
flexibility	O
of	O
a	O
'	O
hardware	O
 '	O
router	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
4.x	O
and	O
earlier	O
versions	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
did	O
not	O
support	O
preemption	B-Operating_System
,	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
,	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processes	O
and	O
services	O
running	O
under	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
OS	O
were	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
cooperative	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
to	O
process	O
a	O
request	O
and	O
return	O
control	O
to	O
the	O
OS	O
in	O
a	O
timely	O
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
