<s>
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
British	O
software	O
company	O
and	O
software	O
platform	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
name	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
High	O
Performance	O
Computing	O
,	O
Enterprise	O
Application	O
Integration	O
,	O
and	O
Energy	O
Efficient	O
Computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
application	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
container	O
or	O
employed	O
as	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
platform	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
resource-oriented	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
ROC	O
)	O
abstraction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
boundary	O
between	O
the	O
logical	O
and	O
physical	O
layers	O
is	O
intermediated	O
by	O
an	O
operation-system	O
caliber	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
that	O
can	O
perform	O
various	O
transparent	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
uniform	O
addressing	O
model	O
stems	O
from	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
software	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
running	O
on	O
a	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
microkernel	B-Operating_System
within	O
a	O
single	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
developed	O
by	O
1060	O
Research	O
and	O
is	O
offered	O
under	O
a	O
dual	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
commercial	O
software	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
started	O
at	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
Labs	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
conceived	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Russ	O
Perry	O
,	O
Dr.	O
Royston	O
Sellman	O
and	O
Dr.	O
Peter	O
Rodgers	O
as	O
a	O
general	O
purpose	O
XML	B-Protocol
operating	O
environment	O
that	O
could	O
address	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
the	O
exploding	O
interest	O
in	O
XML	B-Protocol
dialects	O
for	O
intra-industry	O
XML	B-Protocol
messaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rodgers	O
and	O
Butterfield	O
begun	O
their	O
company	O
as	O
"	O
1060	O
Research	O
Limited	O
"	O
in	O
Chipping	O
Sodbury	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
market	O
town	O
on	O
the	O
edge	O
of	O
the	O
Cotsolds	O
region	O
of	O
England	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
and	O
over	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
years	O
developed	O
the	O
platform	O
that	O
became	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radclyffe	O
announced	O
to	O
the	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
community	O
in	O
February	O
2018	O
that	O
the	O
team	O
were	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
new	O
platform	O
based	O
on	O
NKEE	O
6	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
fully	O
hosted	O
,	O
programmable	O
and	O
accessible	O
via	O
the	O
web	O
-	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
Cloud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
resource	O
is	O
identified	O
by	O
an	O
address	O
within	O
an	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
Uniform	B-Protocol
Resource	I-Protocol
Identifier	I-Protocol
(	O
URI	B-Protocol
)	O
addresses	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
all	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
Web	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
single	O
global	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
,	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
supports	O
an	O
unlimited	O
number	O
of	O
address	B-General_Concept
spaces	I-General_Concept
and	O
supports	O
relationships	O
between	O
address	B-General_Concept
spaces	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
supports	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
URI	B-Protocol
schemes	O
and	O
introduces	O
new	O
ones	O
specifically	O
applicable	O
to	O
URI	B-Protocol
addressing	O
within	O
a	O
software	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
operation	O
in	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
resource	O
request	O
,	O
or	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
request	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
resource	O
URI	B-Protocol
address	O
and	O
a	O
verb	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
request	O
is	O
dispatched	O
to	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
which	O
resolves	O
the	O
URI	B-Protocol
address	O
to	O
a	O
physical	O
endpoint	O
and	O
assigns	O
and	O
schedules	O
a	O
thread	B-Operating_System
for	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
endpoint	O
completes	O
processing	O
the	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
returns	O
the	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
initiating	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
instruction	O
in	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
resource	O
request	O
,	O
specified	O
by	O
a	O
URI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanisms	O
that	O
sequence	O
URI	B-Protocol
requests	O
are	O
located	O
above	O
the	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
current	O
Java-based	O
implementation	O
,	O
requests	O
are	O
dispatched	O
using	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
implies	O
that	O
any	O
language	O
that	O
can	O
call	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
API	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
program	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
URI	B-Protocol
specification	O
itself	O
has	O
sufficient	O
richness	O
to	O
express	O
a	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
active	O
URI	B-Protocol
scheme	O
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
encode	O
a	O
functional	B-Language
program	I-Language
within	O
a	O
URI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
the	O
following	O
uses	O
an	O
XSLT	B-Application
service	O
to	O
transform	O
an	O
XML	B-Protocol
document	I-Protocol
with	O
an	O
XSLT	B-Application
stylesheet	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
argument	O
values	O
may	O
be	O
URI	B-Protocol
addresses	O
themselves	O
,	O
a	O
tree-structured	O
set	O
of	O
function	O
calls	O
can	O
be	O
encoded	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
URI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transports	O
are	O
a	O
mechanism	O
used	O
to	O
introduce	O
requests	O
from	O
outside	O
of	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transports	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
HTTP	O
protocol	O
,	O
JMS	O
(	O
Java	B-Language
Message	I-Language
Service	I-Language
)	O
,	O
and	O
CRON	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
transports	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
added	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
independent	O
from	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
role	O
of	O
the	O
transport	O
is	O
to	O
translate	O
an	O
external	O
request	O
based	O
on	O
one	O
protocol	O
into	O
a	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
request	O
with	O
a	O
URI	B-Protocol
and	O
a	O
specific	O
verb	O
(	O
SOURCE	O
,	O
SINK	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
is	O
between	O
the	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
externally	O
supported	O
protocol	O
to	O
the	O
internal	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
the	O
second	O
is	O
between	O
the	O
verb	O
or	O
action	O
specified	O
externally	O
into	O
a	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
verb	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
HTTP	O
transport	O
,	O
the	O
external	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
sub-space	O
of	O
a	O
URL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
which	O
are	O
mapped	O
to	O
NetKernel	B-Operating_System
verbs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mechanism	O
is	O
needed	O
to	O
issue	O
the	O
URI	B-Protocol
requests	O
,	O
capture	O
the	O
returned	O
representations	O
,	O
and	O
communicate	O
with	O
clients	O
.	O
</s>
