<s>
NetCDF	B-Application
(	O
Network	B-Application
Common	I-Application
Data	I-Application
Form	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
software	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
and	O
self-describing	O
,	O
machine-independent	B-Operating_System
data	O
formats	O
that	O
support	O
the	O
creation	O
,	O
access	O
,	O
and	O
sharing	O
of	O
array-oriented	B-Application
scientific	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
also	O
the	O
chief	O
source	O
of	O
netCDF	B-Application
software	O
,	O
standards	O
development	O
,	O
updates	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetCDF	B-Application
Classic	O
and	O
64-bit	O
Offset	O
Format	O
are	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
of	O
the	O
Open	O
Geospatial	O
Consortium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
netCDF	B-Application
binary	O
format	O
(	O
released	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
netCDF	B-Application
classic	O
format	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
still	O
widely	O
used	O
across	O
the	O
world	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
supported	O
in	O
all	O
netCDF	B-Application
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
4.0	O
(	O
released	O
in	O
2008	O
)	O
allowed	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
HDF5	B-Application
data	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
4.1	O
(	O
2010	O
)	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Fortran	B-Application
client	O
access	O
to	O
specified	O
subsets	O
of	O
remote	O
data	O
via	O
OPeNDAP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
4.7.0	O
(	O
2019	O
)	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
reading	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
netCDF	B-Application
libraries	O
support	O
multiple	O
different	O
binary	O
formats	O
for	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
classic	O
format	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
netCDF	B-Application
release	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
still	O
the	O
default	O
format	O
for	O
file	O
creation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
netCDF-4/HDF5	O
format	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
version	O
4.0	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
HDF5	B-Application
data	O
format	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HDF4	B-Application
SD	O
format	O
is	O
supported	O
for	O
read-only	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CDF5	O
format	O
is	O
supported	O
,	O
in	O
coordination	O
with	O
the	O
parallel-netcdf	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
header	B-General_Concept
which	O
describes	O
the	O
layout	O
of	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
file	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
the	O
data	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
arbitrary	O
file	O
metadata	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
name/value	O
attributes	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
format	O
is	O
platform	B-Operating_System
independent	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
issues	O
such	O
as	O
endianness	O
being	O
addressed	O
in	O
the	O
software	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
version	O
4.0	O
,	O
the	O
netCDF	B-Application
API	B-Application
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
HDF5	B-Application
data	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetCDF	B-Application
users	O
can	O
create	O
HDF5	B-Application
files	O
with	O
benefits	O
not	O
available	O
with	O
the	O
netCDF	B-Application
format	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
much	O
larger	O
files	O
and	O
multiple	O
unlimited	O
dimensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Full	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
in	O
accessing	O
old	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
and	O
using	O
previous	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Fortran	B-Application
APIs	B-Application
is	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
supplied	O
by	O
UCAR	O
provide	O
read-write	O
access	O
to	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
,	O
encoding	O
and	O
decoding	O
the	O
necessary	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
and	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
library	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
and	O
provides	O
an	O
API	B-Application
for	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
two	O
APIs	B-Application
for	O
Fortran	B-Application
applications	O
,	O
one	O
for	O
Fortran	B-Application
77	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
for	O
Fortran	B-Application
90	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
independent	O
implementation	O
,	O
also	O
developed	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
Unidata	O
,	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
100%	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
which	O
extends	O
the	O
core	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
and	O
adds	O
additional	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interfaces	O
to	O
netCDF	B-Application
based	O
on	O
the	O
C	B-Language
library	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
in	O
other	O
languages	O
including	O
R	B-Language
(	O
ncdf	O
,	O
ncvar	O
and	O
RNetCDF	O
packages	O
)	O
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Haskell	B-Language
,	O
Mathematica	B-Language
,	O
MATLAB	B-Language
,	O
IDL	B-Language
,	O
Julia	B-Application
and	O
Octave	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specification	O
of	O
the	O
API	B-Application
calls	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
across	O
the	O
different	O
languages	O
,	O
apart	O
from	O
inevitable	O
differences	O
of	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
API	B-Application
calls	O
for	O
version	O
2	O
were	O
rather	O
different	O
from	O
those	O
in	O
version	O
3	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
also	O
supported	O
by	O
versions	O
3	O
and	O
4	O
for	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
application	O
software	O
has	O
been	O
written	O
which	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
range	O
from	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
utilities	O
to	O
graphical	O
visualization	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
commonly	O
used	O
set	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
utilities	O
for	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
is	O
the	O
NetCDF	B-Application
Operators	O
(	O
NCO	O
)	O
suite	O
,	O
which	O
provide	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
commands	O
for	O
manipulation	O
and	O
analysis	O
of	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
including	O
basic	O
record	O
concatenating	O
,	O
array	O
slicing	O
and	O
averaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ncBrowse	O
is	O
a	O
generic	O
netCDF	B-Application
file	O
viewer	O
that	O
includes	O
Java	B-Language
graphics	O
,	O
animations	O
and	O
3D	O
visualizations	O
for	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
netCDF	B-Application
file	O
conventions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ncview	O
is	O
a	O
visual	O
browser	O
for	O
netCDF	B-Application
format	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
program	O
is	O
a	O
simple	O
,	O
fast	O
,	O
GUI-based	O
tool	O
for	O
visualising	O
fields	O
in	O
a	O
netCDF	B-Application
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panoply	O
is	O
a	O
netCDF	B-Application
file	O
viewer	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
NASA	O
Goddard	O
Institute	O
for	O
Space	O
Studies	O
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
presentation	O
of	O
geo-gridded	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
thus	O
platform	B-Operating_System
independent	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NCAR	O
Command	O
Language	O
(	O
NCL	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
analyze	O
and	O
visualize	O
data	O
in	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
(	O
among	O
other	O
formats	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Python	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
can	O
access	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
with	O
the	O
PyNIO	O
module	O
(	O
which	O
also	O
facilitates	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
data	O
formats	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
read	O
with	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
module	O
netCDF4-python	O
,	O
and	O
into	O
a	O
pandas-like	O
DataFrame	O
with	O
the	O
xarray	O
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ferret	B-Application
is	O
an	O
interactive	O
computer	O
visualization	O
and	O
analysis	O
environment	O
designed	O
to	O
meet	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
oceanographers	O
and	O
meteorologists	O
analyzing	O
large	O
and	O
complex	O
gridded	O
data	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ferret	B-Application
offers	O
a	O
Mathematica-like	O
approach	O
to	O
analysis	O
;	O
new	O
variables	O
may	O
be	O
defined	O
interactively	O
as	O
mathematical	O
expressions	O
involving	O
data	O
set	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Grid	B-Application
Analysis	I-Application
and	I-Application
Display	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
GrADS	B-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
interactive	O
desktop	O
tool	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
easy	O
access	O
,	O
manipulation	O
,	O
and	O
visualization	O
of	O
earth	O
science	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GrADS	B-Application
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
worldwide	O
on	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
commonly	O
used	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
is	O
freely	O
distributed	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
nCDF_Browser	O
is	O
a	O
visual	O
nCDF	O
browser	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
IDL	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Variables	O
,	O
attributes	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
dimensions	O
can	O
be	O
immediately	O
downloaded	O
to	O
the	O
IDL	B-Language
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
for	O
further	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ArcGIS	B-Application
versions	O
after	O
9.2	O
support	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
that	O
follow	O
the	O
Climate	O
and	O
Forecast	O
Metadata	O
Conventions	O
and	O
contain	O
rectilinear	O
grids	O
with	O
equally-spaced	O
coordinates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Multidimensional	O
Tools	O
toolbox	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
raster	O
layers	O
,	O
feature	O
layers	O
,	O
and	O
table	O
views	O
from	O
netCDF	B-Application
data	O
in	O
ArcMap	O
,	O
or	O
convert	O
feature	O
,	O
raster	O
,	O
and	O
table	O
data	O
to	O
netCDF	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OriginPro	B-Application
version	O
2021b	O
supports	O
netCDF	B-Application
CF	O
Convention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Geospatial	B-Language
Data	I-Language
Abstraction	I-Language
Library	I-Language
provides	O
support	O
for	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
access	O
to	O
netCDF	B-Application
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
netCDF	B-Application
Explorer	O
is	O
multi-platform	B-Operating_System
graphical	O
browser	O
for	O
netCDF	B-Application
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	B-Language
supports	O
netCDF	B-Application
through	O
packages	O
such	O
as	O
ncdf4	O
(	O
including	O
HDF5	B-Application
support	O
)	O
or	O
RNetCDF	O
(	O
no	O
HDF5	B-Application
support	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
enables	O
users	O
to	O
manage	O
netCDF-4/HDF5	O
files	O
through	O
a	O
high-level	O
language	O
(	O
similar	O
to	O
SQL	O
)	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
C#	O
,	O
Fortran	B-Application
and	O
R	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECMWF	O
's	O
Metview	B-Application
workstation	O
and	O
batch	O
system	O
can	O
handle	O
NetCDF	B-Application
together	O
with	O
GRIB	B-Application
and	O
BUFR	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
climatology	O
,	O
meteorology	O
and	O
oceanography	O
applications	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
weather	O
forecasting	O
,	O
climate	O
change	O
)	O
and	O
GIS	B-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
format	O
for	O
many	O
GIS	B-Application
applications	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
general	O
scientific	O
data	O
exchange	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
NetCDF	B-Application
(	O
network	B-Application
Common	I-Application
Data	I-Application
Form	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
interfaces	O
for	O
array-oriented	B-Application
data	O
access	O
and	O
a	O
freely-distributed	O
collection	O
of	O
data	O
access	O
libraries	O
for	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Fortran	B-Application
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
and	O
other	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
netCDF	B-Application
libraries	O
support	O
a	O
machine-independent	B-Operating_System
format	O
for	O
representing	O
scientific	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Climate	O
and	O
Forecast	O
(	O
CF	O
)	O
conventions	O
are	O
metadata	O
conventions	O
for	O
earth	O
science	O
data	O
,	O
intended	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
processing	O
and	O
sharing	O
of	O
files	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
NetCDF	B-Application
Application	O
Programmer	O
Interface	O
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
extension	O
of	O
netCDF	B-Application
for	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
called	O
Parallel-NetCDF	O
(	O
or	O
PnetCDF	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
Argonne	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
and	O
Northwestern	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
built	O
upon	O
MPI-IO	O
,	O
the	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
extension	O
to	O
MPI	B-Application
communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
high-level	O
netCDF	B-Application
data	O
structures	O
,	O
the	O
Parallel-NetCDF	O
libraries	O
can	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
optimizations	O
to	O
efficiently	O
distribute	O
the	O
file	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
applications	O
between	O
multiple	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Parallel-NetCDF	O
package	O
can	O
read/write	O
only	O
classic	O
and	O
64-bit	O
offset	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel-NetCDF	O
cannot	O
read	O
or	O
write	O
the	O
HDF5-based	O
format	O
available	O
with	O
netCDF-4.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Parallel-NetCDF	O
package	O
uses	O
different	O
,	O
but	O
similar	O
APIs	B-Application
in	O
Fortran	B-Application
and	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
Unidata	O
netCDF	B-Application
library	O
has	O
been	O
supported	O
since	O
release	O
4.0	O
,	O
for	O
HDF5	B-Application
data	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
version	O
4.1.1	O
the	O
Unidata	O
NetCDF	B-Application
C	B-Language
library	O
supports	O
parallel	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
to	O
classic	O
and	O
64-bit	O
offset	O
files	O
using	O
the	O
Parallel-NetCDF	O
library	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
NetCDF	B-Application
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
netCDF	B-Application
C	B-Language
library	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
libraries	O
based	O
on	O
it	O
(	O
Fortran	B-Application
77	O
and	O
Fortran	B-Application
90	O
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
all	O
third-party	O
libraries	O
)	O
can	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
version	O
4.1.1	O
,	O
read	O
some	O
data	O
in	O
other	O
data	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
in	O
the	O
HDF5	B-Application
format	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
in	O
the	O
HDF4	B-Application
format	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
by	O
the	O
netCDF	B-Application
C	B-Language
library	O
if	O
created	O
using	O
the	O
HDF4	B-Application
Scientific	O
Data	O
(	O
SD	O
)	O
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NetCDF-Java	O
library	O
currently	O
reads	O
the	O
following	O
file	O
formats	O
and	O
remote	O
access	O
protocols	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
each	O
of	O
these	O
is	O
accessed	O
transparently	O
through	O
the	O
NetCDF	B-Application
API	B-Application
,	O
the	O
NetCDF-Java	O
library	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
common	B-Application
data	I-Application
model	I-Application
for	O
scientific	O
datasets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
common	B-Application
data	I-Application
model	I-Application
has	O
three	O
layers	O
,	O
which	O
build	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
each	O
other	O
to	O
add	O
successively	O
richer	O
semantics	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
coordinate	O
system	O
layer	O
identifies	O
the	O
coordinates	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coordinates	O
are	O
a	O
completely	O
general	O
concept	O
for	O
scientific	O
data	O
;	O
specialized	O
georeferencing	B-General_Concept
coordinate	O
systems	O
,	O
important	O
to	O
the	O
Earth	O
Science	O
community	O
,	O
are	O
specially	O
annotated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
of	O
the	O
data	O
access	O
layer	O
is	O
a	O
generalization	O
of	O
the	O
NetCDF-3	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
,	O
and	O
substantially	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
NetCDF-4	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
.	O
</s>
