<s>
A	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
product	O
by	O
NetApp	O
running	O
the	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
;	O
the	O
terms	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
,	O
AFF	O
,	O
ASA	O
,	O
FAS	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
as	O
synonyms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
can	O
serve	O
storage	O
over	O
a	O
network	O
using	O
file-based	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
NFS	B-Protocol
and	O
SMB	B-Operating_System
,	O
also	O
block-based	O
protocols	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
over	O
the	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
Protocol	O
on	O
a	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
network	O
,	O
Fibre	B-Protocol
Channel	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
(	O
FCoE	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
FC-NVMe	O
transport	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ONTAP-based	O
systems	O
that	O
can	O
serve	O
both	O
SAN	O
and	O
NAS	B-Application
protocols	O
called	O
Unified	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
,	O
AFF	O
systems	O
with	O
ASA	O
identity	O
called	O
All-SAN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
running	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
implement	O
their	O
physical	O
storage	O
in	O
large	O
disk	B-General_Concept
arrays	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
large-storage	O
systems	O
are	O
implemented	O
with	O
commodity	O
computers	O
with	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
Server	O
,	O
VxWorks	B-Operating_System
or	O
tuned	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
ONTAP-based	O
hardware	O
appliances	O
use	O
highly	O
customized	O
hardware	O
and	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
Data	B-Operating_System
ONTAP	I-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
with	O
WAFL	B-Application
file	O
system	O
,	O
all	O
originally	O
designed	O
by	O
NetApp	O
founders	O
David	O
Hitz	O
and	O
James	O
Lau	O
specifically	O
for	O
storage-serving	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
is	O
NetApp	O
's	O
internal	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
specially	O
optimized	O
for	O
storage	O
functions	O
at	O
high	O
and	O
low	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
boots	O
from	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
kernel-space	O
module	O
and	O
uses	O
some	O
functions	O
of	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
(	O
command	O
interpreter	O
and	O
drivers	O
stack	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
NetApp	O
ONTAP-based	O
hardware	O
appliances	O
have	O
battery-backed	O
non-volatile	B-General_Concept
random	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
or	O
NVDIMM	O
,	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
NVRAM	B-General_Concept
or	O
NVDIMM	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
commit	O
writes	O
to	O
stable	O
storage	O
more	O
quickly	O
than	O
traditional	O
systems	O
with	O
only	O
volatile	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
connected	O
to	O
external	O
disk	B-Device
enclosures	I-Device
via	O
parallel	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
,	O
while	O
modern	O
models	O
(	O
)	O
use	O
fibre	B-Architecture
channel	I-Architecture
and	O
SAS	O
(	O
Serial	O
Attach	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
)	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
transport	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
disk	B-Device
enclosures	I-Device
(	O
shelves	O
)	O
use	O
fibre	B-Architecture
channel	I-Architecture
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
parallel	B-Protocol
ATA	I-Protocol
,	O
serial	O
ATA	O
and	O
Serial	O
attached	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
AFF	O
A800	O
NVRAM	B-General_Concept
PCI	B-Protocol
card	I-Protocol
no	O
longer	O
used	O
for	O
NVLOGs	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
replaced	O
with	O
NVDIMM	O
memory	O
directly	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
memory	O
bus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementers	O
often	O
organize	O
two	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
high-availability	B-General_Concept
cluster	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
private	O
high-speed	O
link	O
,	O
either	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
,	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
,	O
10	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
40	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
or	O
100	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
can	O
additionally	O
group	O
such	O
clusters	O
together	O
under	O
a	O
single	O
namespace	O
when	O
running	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
cluster	O
mode	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
Data	B-Operating_System
ONTAP	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
,	O
AFF	O
or	O
ASA	O
system	O
consist	O
of	O
customized	O
computers	O
with	O
Intel	O
processors	O
using	O
PCI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
FAS	O
,	O
AFF	O
or	O
ASA	O
system	O
has	O
non-volatile	B-General_Concept
random	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
called	O
NVRAM	B-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
PCI	B-Protocol
NVRAM	B-General_Concept
adapter	O
or	O
NVDIMM-based	O
memory	O
,	O
to	O
log	O
all	O
writes	O
for	O
performance	O
and	O
to	O
play	O
the	O
data	O
log	O
forward	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
an	O
unplanned	O
shutdown	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
can	O
link	O
two	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
together	O
as	O
a	O
cluster	O
,	O
which	O
NetApp	O
(	O
as	O
of	O
2009	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
using	O
the	O
less	O
ambiguous	O
term	O
"	O
Active/Active	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
model	O
comes	O
with	O
a	O
set	O
configuration	O
of	O
processor	O
,	O
RAM	O
,	O
and	O
non-volatile	O
memory	O
,	O
which	O
users	O
cannot	O
expand	O
after	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
entry	O
point	O
storage	O
controllers	O
,	O
the	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
,	O
ASA	O
,	O
and	O
AFF	O
systems	O
usually	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
PCIe-based	O
slot	O
available	O
for	O
additional	O
network	O
,	O
tape	O
and/or	O
disk	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
optional	O
card	O
goes	O
into	O
a	O
PCIe	O
slot	O
and	O
provides	O
additional	O
memory	O
(	O
or	O
cache	O
)	O
between	O
the	O
disk	O
and	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
cache	O
and	O
system	O
memory	O
,	O
thus	O
improving	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
,	O
AFF	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
hardware	O
as	O
FAS	O
but	O
first	O
one	O
optimized	O
and	O
works	O
only	O
with	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
on	O
the	O
back	O
end	O
while	O
the	O
second	O
one	O
can	O
use	O
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
as	O
a	O
cache	O
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
AFF	O
A700	O
&	O
FAS9000	O
,	O
A300	O
&	O
FAS8200	O
,	O
A200	O
&	O
FAS2600	O
,	O
A220	O
&	O
FAS2700	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
hardware	O
,	O
but	O
AFF	O
systems	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
Flash	O
Cache	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
AFF	O
systems	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
FlexArray	O
with	O
third-party	O
storage	B-General_Concept
array	I-General_Concept
virtualization	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AFF	O
is	O
a	O
Unified	O
system	O
and	O
can	O
provide	O
SAN	O
&	O
NAS	B-Application
data	O
protocol	O
connectivity	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
traditional	O
SAN	O
&	O
NAS	B-Application
protocols	O
in	O
FAS	O
systems	O
,	O
AFF	O
has	O
block-based	O
NVMe/FC	O
protocol	O
for	O
systems	O
with	O
32Gbit/s	O
FC	O
ports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AFF	O
&	O
FAS	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
firmware	O
image	O
,	O
and	O
nearly	O
all	O
noticeable	O
functionality	O
for	O
the	O
end-user	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
for	O
both	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
internally	O
data	O
is	O
processed	O
and	O
handled	O
differently	O
in	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
AFF	O
systems	O
have	O
faster	O
underlying	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
Inline	O
data	O
deduplication	O
in	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
systems	O
is	O
nearly	O
not	O
noticeable	O
(	O
~	O
2%	O
performance	O
impact	O
on	O
low-end	O
systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
SAN	O
Array	O
running	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
based	O
on	O
AFF	O
platform	O
thus	O
inherits	O
its	O
features	O
&	O
functionalities	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
internally	O
processed	O
and	O
handled	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
in	O
AFF	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
other	O
ONTAP-based	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
platforms	O
can	O
be	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Unified	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
meaning	O
they	O
can	O
provide	O
unified	O
access	O
with	O
SAN	O
&	O
NAS	B-Application
data	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
architecture	O
in	O
ASA	O
systems	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
in	O
FAS	O
&	O
AFF	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASA	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
AFF	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
only	O
difference	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
storage	O
over	O
the	O
network	O
with	O
SAN	O
protocols	O
:	O
ASA	O
provides	O
symmetric	O
active/active	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
block	O
devices	O
(	O
LUN	O
or	O
NVMe	O
namespaces	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
Unified	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
systems	O
continue	O
to	O
use	O
ALUA	O
and	O
ANA	O
for	O
the	O
block	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
uses	O
either	O
SATA	O
,	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
,	O
SAS	O
or	O
SSD	B-Device
disk	O
drives	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
groups	O
into	O
RAID	B-Architecture
(	O
Redundant	B-Architecture
Array	I-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
Inexpensive	I-Architecture
Disks	I-Architecture
or	O
Redundant	B-Architecture
Array	I-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
Independent	I-Architecture
Disks	I-Architecture
)	O
groups	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
28	O
(	O
26	O
data	B-General_Concept
disks	I-General_Concept
plus	O
2	O
parity	O
disks	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
which	O
contain	O
only	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
with	O
installed	O
SSD-optimized	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
OS	O
called	O
All-Flash	O
FAS	O
(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FAS	O
,	O
ASA	O
,	O
and	O
AFF	O
systems	O
are	O
using	O
enterprise-level	O
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
NVMe	O
SSD	B-Device
)	O
drives	O
with	O
two	O
ports	O
,	O
each	O
port	O
connected	O
to	O
each	O
controller	O
in	O
an	O
HA	O
pair	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
can	O
only	O
be	O
bought	O
from	O
NetApp	O
and	O
installed	O
in	O
NetApp	O
's	O
Disk	O
Shelves	O
for	O
FAS/AFF	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
partitions	O
on	O
them	O
,	O
and	O
LUNs	O
imported	O
from	O
third-party	O
arrays	O
with	O
FlexArray	O
functionality	O
considered	O
in	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
Disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
SDS	O
systems	O
like	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
Select	O
&	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
Cloud	O
,	O
logical	O
block	O
storage	O
like	O
virtual	O
disk	O
or	O
RDM	O
inside	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
also	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
Disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Do	O
not	O
confuse	O
the	O
general	O
term	O
"	O
disk	O
drive	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
disk	O
drive	O
term	O
used	O
in	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
system	O
"	O
because	O
,	O
with	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
an	O
entire	O
physical	O
HDD	O
or	O
SSD	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
a	O
LUN	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
partition	O
on	O
a	O
physical	O
HDD	O
or	O
SSD	B-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
Drive	O
Partitioning	O
(	O
ADP	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
ONTAP-based	O
systems	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
and	O
use-case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADP	O
also	O
supported	O
with	O
third-party	O
drives	O
in	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
Select	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
mainly	O
used	O
to	O
overcome	O
some	O
architectural	O
requirements	O
and	O
reduce	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
disk	O
drives	O
in	O
ONTAP-based	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Root-Data-Data	O
partitioning	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
AFF	O
systems	O
only	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
reason	O
as	O
Root-Data	O
partitioning	O
with	O
the	O
only	O
difference	O
that	O
bigger	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
drive	O
left	O
after	O
root	O
partitioning	O
divided	O
equally	O
by	O
two	O
additional	O
partitions	O
,	O
usually	O
,	O
each	O
partition	O
assigned	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
controllers	O
,	O
therefore	O
reducing	O
the	O
minimum	O
number	O
of	O
drives	O
required	O
for	O
an	O
AFF	O
system	O
and	O
reducing	O
waste	O
for	O
expensive	O
SSD	B-Device
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Storage	O
Pool	O
partitioning	O
technology	O
used	O
in	O
FAS	O
systems	O
to	O
equally	O
divide	O
each	O
SSD	B-Device
drive	I-Device
by	O
four	O
pieces	O
which	O
later	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
FlashPool	O
cache	O
acceleration	O
,	O
with	O
Storage	O
Pool	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
can	O
be	O
divided	O
by	O
up	O
to	O
4	O
data	O
aggregates	O
which	O
will	O
benefit	O
from	O
FlashCache	O
caching	O
technology	O
reducing	O
minimally	O
required	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
for	O
that	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
NetApp	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
systems	O
,	O
RAID	B-Architecture
and	O
WAFL	B-Application
are	O
tightly	O
integrated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
RAID	B-Architecture
types	O
available	O
within	O
ONTAP-based	O
systems	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
RAID	B-Architecture
4	O
with	O
1	O
dedicated	O
parity	O
disk	O
allowing	O
any	O
1	O
drive	O
to	O
fail	O
in	O
a	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAID-DP	O
with	O
2	O
dedicated	O
parity	O
disks	O
allowing	O
any	O
2	O
drives	O
to	O
fail	O
simultaneously	O
in	O
a	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAID-TEC	O
with	O
3	O
dedicated	O
parity	O
drives	O
,	O
allows	O
any	O
3	O
drives	O
to	O
fail	O
simultaneously	O
in	O
a	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAID-DP	O
'	O
s	O
double	O
parity	O
leads	O
to	O
a	O
disk	O
loss	O
resiliency	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
RAID	B-Architecture
6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
overcomes	O
the	O
write	O
performance	O
penalty	O
of	O
traditional	O
RAID-4	O
style	O
dedicated	O
parity	O
disks	O
via	O
WAFL	B-Application
and	O
a	O
novel	O
use	O
of	O
its	O
nonvolatile	O
memory	O
(	O
NVRAM	B-General_Concept
)	O
within	O
each	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
aggregate	O
consist	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
two	O
plexes	O
,	O
a	O
plex	O
consists	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
RAID	B-Architecture
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
ONTAP-based	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
have	O
only	O
1	O
plex	O
in	O
each	O
aggregate	O
,	O
two	O
plexes	O
used	O
in	O
local	O
SyncMirror	O
or	O
MetroCluster	O
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
usually	O
consists	O
of	O
disk	O
drives	O
of	O
same	O
type	O
,	O
speed	O
,	O
geometry	O
and	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
NetApp	O
Support	O
could	O
allow	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
drive	O
to	O
a	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
with	O
same	O
or	O
bigger	O
size	O
and	O
different	O
type	O
,	O
speed	O
and	O
geometry	O
for	O
temporary	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ordinary	O
data	O
aggregates	O
if	O
containing	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
must	O
have	O
same	O
RAID	B-Architecture
groups	O
across	O
the	O
aggregate	O
,	O
same	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
size	O
is	O
recommended	O
,	O
but	O
NetApp	O
allows	O
to	O
have	O
exception	O
in	O
last	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
and	O
configure	O
it	O
as	O
small	O
as	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
RAID	B-Architecture
group	O
size	O
across	O
aggregate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
such	O
an	O
aggregate	O
might	O
consists	O
of	O
3	O
RAID	B-Architecture
groups	O
:	O
RG0:16	O
+2	O
,	O
RG1:16	O
+2	O
,	O
RG2:7	O
+2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
aggregates	O
,	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
sets	O
up	O
flexible	O
volumes	O
(	O
FlexVol	O
)	O
to	O
store	O
data	O
that	O
users	O
can	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aggregates	O
enabled	O
as	O
FlshPool	O
and	O
with	O
both	O
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
called	O
hybrid	O
aggregates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Flash	O
Pool	O
hybrid	O
aggregates	O
same	O
rules	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
hybrid	O
aggregate	O
as	O
to	O
ordinary	O
aggregates	O
but	O
separately	O
to	O
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
thus	O
it	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
have	O
two	O
different	O
RAID	B-Architecture
types	O
:	O
only	O
one	O
RAID	B-Architecture
type	O
for	O
all	O
HDD	O
drives	O
and	O
only	O
one	O
RAID	B-Architecture
type	O
for	O
all	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
in	O
a	O
single	O
hybrid	O
aggregate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
SAS	O
HDD	O
with	O
RAID-TEC	O
(	O
RG0:18	O
+3	O
,	O
RG1:18	O
+3	O
)	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
with	O
RAID-DP	O
(	O
RG3:6	O
+2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
running	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
combine	O
underlying	O
RAID	B-Architecture
groups	O
similarly	O
to	O
RAID	B-Architecture
0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
in	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
systems	O
with	O
FlexArray	O
feature	O
,	O
the	O
third-party	O
LUNs	O
could	O
be	O
combined	O
in	O
a	O
Plex	O
similarly	O
to	O
RAID	B-Architecture
0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
running	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
deployed	O
in	O
MetroCluster	O
and	O
SyncMirror	O
configurations	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
using	O
technique	O
comparably	O
to	O
RAID	B-Architecture
1	O
with	O
mirroring	O
data	O
between	O
two	O
plexes	O
in	O
an	O
aggregate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
Flash	O
Pool	O
is	O
a	O
feature	O
on	O
hybrid	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
systems	O
that	O
allows	O
creating	O
hybrid	O
aggregate	O
with	O
HDD	O
drives	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
in	O
a	O
single	O
data	O
aggregate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
form	O
separate	O
RAID	B-Architecture
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
SSD	B-Device
also	O
used	O
to	O
write	O
operations	O
,	O
it	O
requires	O
RAID	B-Architecture
redundancy	O
contrary	O
to	O
Flash	O
Cache	O
but	O
allows	O
to	O
use	O
of	O
different	O
RAID	B-Architecture
types	O
for	O
HDD	O
and	O
SSD	B-Device
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
have	O
20	O
HDD	O
8TB	O
in	O
RAID-TEC	O
while	O
4	O
SSD	B-Device
in	O
RAID-DP	O
960GB	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
aggregate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SSD	B-Device
RAID	B-Architecture
used	O
as	O
cache	O
and	O
improved	O
performance	O
for	O
read-write	O
operations	O
for	O
FlexVol	O
volumes	O
on	O
the	O
aggregate	O
where	O
SSD	B-Device
added	O
as	O
the	O
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flash	O
Pool	O
cache	O
similarly	O
to	O
Flash	O
Cache	O
has	O
policies	O
for	O
reading	O
operations	O
but	O
also	O
includes	O
write	O
operations	O
that	O
could	O
apply	O
separately	O
for	O
each	O
FlexVol	O
volume	O
located	O
on	O
the	O
aggregate	O
;	O
therefore	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
disabled	O
on	O
some	O
volumes	O
while	O
others	O
could	O
benefit	O
from	O
SSD	B-Device
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
FlashCache	O
&	O
FlashPool	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
simultaneously	O
to	O
cache	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
FlexVol	O
to	O
enable	O
an	O
aggregate	O
with	O
Flash	O
Pool	O
technology	O
minimum	O
4	O
SSD	B-Device
disks	O
required	O
(	O
2	O
data	O
,	O
1	O
parity	O
,	O
and	O
1	O
hot	O
spare	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
ADP	O
technology	O
to	O
partition	O
SSD	B-Device
into	O
4	O
pieces	O
(	O
Storage	O
Pool	O
)	O
and	O
distribute	O
those	O
pieces	O
between	O
two	O
controllers	O
so	O
each	O
controller	O
will	O
benefit	O
from	O
SSD	B-Device
cache	O
when	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
SSD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flash	O
Pool	O
is	O
not	O
available	O
with	O
FlexArray	O
and	O
is	O
possible	O
only	O
with	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
native	O
disk	O
drives	O
in	O
NetApp	O
's	O
disk	O
shelves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FlexArray	O
is	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
functionality	O
allows	O
to	O
visualize	O
third	O
party	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
NetApp	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
over	O
SAN	O
protocols	O
and	O
use	O
them	O
instead	O
of	O
NetApp	O
's	O
disk	O
shelves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
FlexArray	O
functionality	O
RAID	B-Architecture
protection	O
must	O
be	O
done	O
with	O
third	O
party	O
storage	B-General_Concept
array	I-General_Concept
thus	O
NetApp	O
's	O
RAID	B-Architecture
4	O
,	O
RAID-DP	O
and	O
RAID-TEC	O
not	O
used	O
in	O
such	O
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
or	O
many	O
LUNs	O
from	O
third	O
party	O
arrays	O
could	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
aggregate	O
similarly	O
to	O
RAID	B-Architecture
0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
Storage	O
Encryption	O
(	O
NSE	O
)	O
is	O
using	O
specialized	O
purpose	O
build	O
disks	O
with	O
low	O
level	O
Hardware-based	O
full	O
disk	O
encryption	O
(	O
FDE/SED	O
)	O
feature	O
and	O
also	O
supports	O
FIPS-certified	O
self-encrypted	O
drives	O
,	O
compatible	O
nearly	O
with	O
all	O
NetApp	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
features	O
and	O
protocols	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
offer	O
MetroCluster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NSE	O
feature	O
does	O
overall	O
nearly	O
zero	O
performance	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
NSE	O
feature	O
similarly	O
to	O
NetApp	O
Volume	O
Encryption	O
(	O
NVE	O
)	O
in	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
running	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
can	O
store	O
encryption	O
key	O
locally	O
in	O
Onboard	O
Key	O
Manager	O
or	O
on	O
dedicated	O
key	O
manager	O
systems	O
using	O
KMIP	B-General_Concept
protocol	O
like	O
IBM	O
Security	O
Key	O
Lifecycle	O
Manager	O
and	O
SafeNet	O
KeySecure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NSE	O
is	O
data	B-General_Concept
at	I-General_Concept
rest	I-General_Concept
encryption	O
which	O
means	O
it	O
protects	O
only	O
from	O
physical	O
disks	O
theft	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
give	O
an	O
additional	O
level	O
of	O
data	O
security	O
protection	O
in	O
a	O
normal	O
operational	O
and	O
running	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
has	O
passed	O
NIST	O
Cryptographic	O
Module	O
Validation	O
Program	O
for	O
its	O
NetApp	O
CryptoMod	O
(	O
TPM	O
)	O
with	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
9.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Available	O
in	O
both	O
modes	O
:	O
7-mode	O
(	O
old	O
OS	O
)	O
and	O
Cluster-Mode	O
(	O
or	O
cDOT	O
-	O
a	O
newer	O
version	O
of	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
OS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MetroCluster	O
uses	O
RAID	B-Architecture
SyncMirror	O
(	O
RSM	O
)	O
and	O
plex	O
technique	O
where	O
on	O
one	O
site	O
number	O
of	O
disks	O
form	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
RAID	B-Architecture
groups	O
aggregated	O
in	O
a	O
plex	O
,	O
while	O
on	O
the	O
second	O
site	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
number	O
of	O
disks	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
type	O
and	O
RAID	B-Architecture
configuration	O
along	O
with	O
Configuration	O
Replication	O
Service	O
(	O
CRS	O
)	O
and	O
NVLog	O
replication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
MCC	O
configuration	O
each	O
one	O
remote	O
and	O
one	O
local	O
storage	O
node	O
form	O
Metro	O
HA	O
or	O
Disaster	B-General_Concept
Recovery	I-General_Concept
Pare	O
(	O
DR	O
Pare	O
)	O
across	O
two	O
sites	O
while	O
two	O
local	O
nodes	O
(	O
if	O
there	O
is	O
partner	O
)	O
form	O
local	O
HA	O
pare	O
,	O
thus	O
each	O
node	O
synchronously	O
replicates	O
data	O
in	O
non-volatile	O
memory	O
two	O
nodes	O
:	O
one	O
remote	O
and	O
one	O
local	O
(	O
if	O
there	O
is	O
one	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
small	O
distances	O
,	O
MetroCluster	O
requires	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
FC-VI	O
or	O
newer	O
iWARP	B-Device
card	O
per	O
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FAS	O
and	O
AFF	O
systems	O
with	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
software	O
versions	O
9.2	O
and	O
older	O
utilize	O
FC-VI	O
cards	O
and	O
for	O
long	O
distances	O
require	O
4	O
dedicated	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
switches	O
(	O
2	O
on	O
each	O
site	O
)	O
and	O
2	O
FC-SAS	O
bridges	O
per	O
each	O
disk	O
shelf	O
stack	O
,	O
thus	O
minimum	O
4	O
total	O
for	O
2	O
sites	O
and	O
minimum	O
2	O
dark	O
fiber	O
ISL	B-Protocol
links	O
with	O
optional	O
DWDMs	O
for	O
long	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
9.3	O
MetroCluster	O
over	O
IP	O
(	O
MCC-IP	O
)	O
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
no	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
dedicated	O
back-end	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
switches	O
,	O
FC-SAS	O
bridges	O
and	O
dedicated	O
dark	O
fiber	O
ISL	B-Protocol
which	O
previously	O
were	O
needed	O
for	O
a	O
MetroCluster	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
9.4	O
,	O
MCC-IP	O
supports	O
A800	O
system	O
and	O
Advanced	O
Drive	O
Partitioning	O
in	O
form	O
of	O
Rood-Data-Data	O
(	O
RD2	O
)	O
partitioning	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
ADPv2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MCC-IP	O
configurations	O
support	O
single	O
disk	O
shelf	O
where	O
SSD	B-Device
drives	I-Device
partitioned	O
in	O
ADPv2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MetroCluster	O
over	O
IP	O
require	O
Ethernet	O
cluster	O
switches	O
with	O
installed	O
ISL	B-Protocol
and	O
utilize	O
iWARP	B-Device
cards	O
in	O
each	O
storage	O
controller	O
for	O
synchronous	O
replication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
9.5	O
MCC-IP	O
supports	O
distance	O
up	O
to	O
700km	O
and	O
starts	O
to	O
support	O
SVM-DR	O
feature	O
,	O
AFF	O
A300	O
,	O
and	O
FAS8200	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetApp	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
using	O
proprietary	B-Application
OS	O
called	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
(	O
Previously	O
Data	B-Operating_System
ONTAP	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
purpose	O
for	O
an	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
serve	O
data	O
to	O
clients	O
in	O
non-disruptive	O
manner	O
with	O
the	O
data	O
protocols	O
those	O
clients	O
require	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
additional	O
value	O
through	O
features	O
like	O
High	O
Availability	O
,	O
Disaster	B-General_Concept
Recovery	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	B-Protocol
Backup	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
OS	O
provides	O
enterprise	O
level	O
data	O
management	O
features	O
like	O
FlexClone	O
,	O
SnapMirror	O
,	O
SnapLock	O
,	O
MetroCluster	O
etc.	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
them	O
snapshot-based	O
WAFL	B-Application
File	O
System	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WAFL	B-Application
,	O
as	O
a	O
robust	O
versioning	B-Application
filesystem	I-Application
in	O
NetApp	O
's	O
proprietary	B-Application
OS	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
provides	O
snapshots	B-Application
,	O
which	O
allow	O
end-users	O
to	O
see	O
earlier	O
versions	O
of	O
files	O
in	O
the	O
file	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snapshots	B-Application
appear	O
in	O
a	O
hidden	O
directory	O
:	O
~	O
snapshot	B-Application
for	O
Windows	O
(	O
SMB	B-Operating_System
)	O
or	O
.snapshot	O
for	O
Unix	O
(	O
NFS	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
1024	O
snapshots	B-Application
can	O
be	O
made	O
of	O
any	O
traditional	O
or	O
flexible	O
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snapshots	B-Application
are	O
read-only	O
,	O
although	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
provides	O
additional	O
ability	O
to	O
make	O
writable	O
"	O
virtual	O
clones	O
"	O
,	O
based	O
at	O
"	O
WAFL	B-Application
snapshots	B-Application
"	O
technique	O
,	O
as	O
"	O
FlexClones	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
implements	O
snapshots	B-Application
by	O
tracking	O
changes	O
to	O
disk-blocks	O
between	O
snapshot	B-Application
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
set	O
up	O
snapshots	B-Application
in	O
seconds	O
because	O
it	O
only	O
needs	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
root	O
inode	B-Application
in	O
the	O
filesystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
differs	O
from	O
the	O
snapshots	B-Application
provided	O
by	O
some	O
other	O
storage	O
vendors	O
in	O
which	O
every	O
block	O
of	O
storage	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
copied	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
take	O
many	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
system	O
running	O
Data	B-Operating_System
ONTAP	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
could	O
switch	O
between	O
modes	O
either	O
7-Mode	O
or	O
Cluster	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
reality	O
each	O
mode	O
was	O
a	O
separate	O
OS	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
version	O
of	O
WAFL	B-Application
,	O
both	O
7-mode	O
and	O
Cluster	O
mode	O
where	O
shipped	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
firmware	O
image	O
for	O
a	O
FAS	O
system	O
till	O
8.3	O
where	O
7-mode	O
was	O
deprecated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SnapLock	O
migration	O
from	O
7-Mode	O
to	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
9	O
now	O
supported	O
with	O
Transition	O
Tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
switch	O
between	O
modes	O
on	O
a	O
FAS	O
system	O
but	O
all	O
the	O
data	O
on	O
disks	O
must	O
be	O
destroyed	O
first	O
since	O
WAFL	B-Application
is	O
not	O
compatible	O
and	O
server-based	O
application	O
called	O
7MTT	O
tool	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
migrate	O
data	O
from	O
old	O
7-mode	O
FAS	O
system	O
to	O
new	O
Cluster-Mode	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
SAN	O
and	O
NAS	B-Application
data	O
are	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
7-mode	O
8.2.1	O
and	O
Cluster-Mode	O
8.3.2	O
WAFL	B-Application
compatibility	O
where	O
introduced	O
and	O
new	O
feature	O
in	O
7MTT	O
tool	O
called	O
Copy-free	O
transition	O
to	O
replace	O
old	O
controllers	O
running	O
7-mode	O
with	O
new	O
controllers	O
running	O
Cluster-Mode	O
and	O
planned	O
downtime	O
,	O
while	O
new	O
system	O
require	O
additional	O
system	O
disks	O
with	O
root	O
aggregates	O
for	O
new	O
controllers	O
(	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
as	O
less	O
as	O
6	O
disks	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
SAN	O
and	O
NAS	B-Application
data	O
conversion	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAN	O
data	O
could	O
be	O
copied	O
with	O
foreign	O
LUN	O
import	O
(	O
FLI	O
)	O
functionality	O
integrated	O
in	O
NetApp	B-Operating_System
FAS	I-Operating_System
system	O
which	O
can	O
copy	O
data	O
over	O
SAN	O
protocol	O
while	O
new	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
running	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
placed	O
as	O
SAN	O
proxy	O
between	O
hosts	O
and	O
old	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
which	O
require	O
host	O
reconfiguration	O
and	O
minimum	O
downtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FLI	O
available	O
as	O
for	O
old	O
7-mode	O
systems	O
and	O
for	O
some	O
models	O
of	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
of	O
competitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NAS	B-Application
data	O
could	O
be	O
copied	O
with	O
NetApp	O
XCP	O
free	O
host-based	O
utility	O
thus	O
host-based	O
copy	O
process	O
processed	O
with	O
the	O
utility	O
from	O
any	O
copying	O
data	O
from	O
source	O
server	O
with	O
SMB	B-Operating_System
or	O
NFS	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
to	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
system	O
with	O
minimal	O
downtime	O
for	O
client	O
systems	O
reconfiguration	O
for	O
new	O
NAS	B-Application
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
ONTAP	B-Operating_System
8	O
,	O
individual	O
aggregate	O
sizes	O
were	O
limited	O
to	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
2TB	O
for	O
FAS250	O
models	O
and	O
16TB	O
for	O
all	O
other	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
aggregate	O
also	O
incurs	O
a	O
storage	B-General_Concept
capacity	I-General_Concept
overhead	O
of	O
approximately	O
7-11	O
%	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
disk	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
systems	O
with	O
many	O
aggregates	O
,	O
this	O
can	O
result	O
in	O
lost	O
storage	B-General_Concept
capacity	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
