<s>
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
based	O
on	O
the	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
UNIX-derived	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
NeXT	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
and	O
early	O
1990s	O
and	O
was	O
initially	O
used	O
for	O
its	O
range	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
workstation	B-Device
computers	I-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
NeXTcube	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
ported	O
to	O
several	O
other	O
computer	B-General_Concept
architectures	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
hosted	O
the	O
original	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Electronic	B-Application
AppWrapper	I-Application
,	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
electronic	O
software	O
distribution	O
catalog	O
to	O
collectively	O
manage	O
encryption	O
and	O
provide	O
digital	O
rights	O
for	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
digital	O
media	O
,	O
a	O
forerunner	O
of	O
the	O
modern	O
"	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
"	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
platform	O
on	O
which	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
created	O
the	O
first	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
and	O
on	O
which	O
id	O
Software	O
developed	O
the	O
video	O
games	O
Doom	B-Application
and	O
Quake	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
,	O
who	O
needed	O
to	O
release	O
a	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
merged	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
and	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
user	O
environment	O
to	O
create	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
later	O
renamed	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
subsequent	O
platforms	O
,	O
including	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
used	O
this	O
OS	O
as	O
a	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
(	O
also	O
stylized	O
as	O
NeXTstep	B-Application
,	O
NeXTStep	B-Application
,	O
and	O
NEXTSTEP	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
several	O
parts	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
is	O
a	O
preeminent	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
last	O
three	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
Dock	O
(	O
carried	O
through	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
and	O
into	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
the	O
Shelf	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
originated	O
or	O
innovated	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
GUI	B-Application
concepts	O
which	O
became	O
common	O
in	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
:	O
3D	O
chiseled	O
widgets	O
,	O
large	O
full-color	O
icons	O
,	O
system-wide	O
drag	O
and	O
drop	O
of	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
objects	O
beyond	O
file	O
icons	O
,	O
system-wide	O
piped	O
services	O
,	O
real-time	O
scrolling	O
and	O
window	O
dragging	O
,	O
properties	O
dialog	O
boxes	O
called	O
"	O
inspectors	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
window	O
modification	O
notices	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
saved	O
status	O
of	O
a	O
file	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
is	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
general-purpose	O
user	O
interfaces	O
to	O
handle	O
publishing	O
color	O
standards	O
,	O
transparency	O
,	O
sophisticated	O
sound	O
and	O
music	O
processing	O
(	O
through	O
a	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
56000	I-General_Concept
DSP	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
advanced	O
graphics	B-Algorithm
primitives	I-Algorithm
,	O
internationalization	O
,	O
and	O
modern	O
typography	B-Application
,	O
in	O
a	O
consistent	O
manner	O
across	O
all	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
Portable	O
Distributed	B-Operating_System
Objects	I-Operating_System
(	O
PDO	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
easy	O
remote	B-Operating_System
invocation	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Enterprise	B-General_Concept
Objects	I-General_Concept
Framework	I-General_Concept
,	O
an	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kits	O
made	O
the	O
system	O
particularly	O
interesting	O
to	O
custom	O
application	O
programmers	O
,	O
and	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
had	O
a	O
long	O
history	O
in	O
the	O
financial	O
programming	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
was	O
built	O
upon	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
and	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
initially	O
4.3BSD-Tahoe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
preview	O
release	O
of	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
(	O
version	O
0.8	O
)	O
was	O
shown	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
NeXT	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
on	O
October	O
12	O
,	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
full	O
release	O
,	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
1.0	O
,	O
shipped	O
on	O
September	O
18	O
,	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
updated	O
to	O
4.3BSD-Reno	O
in	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
version	O
,	O
3.3	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
early	O
1995	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
family	I-Device
based	O
NeXT	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
,	O
Sun	B-Architecture
SPARC	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
HP	O
PA-RISC-based	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXT	O
separated	O
the	O
underlying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
from	O
the	O
application	O
frameworks	O
,	O
producing	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
and	O
its	O
applications	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
multiple	O
underlying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Solaris	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
updated	O
to	O
4.4BSD	O
while	O
assimilated	O
into	O
Apple	O
's	O
development	O
of	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
for	O
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
's	O
direct	O
descendants	O
are	O
Apple	O
's	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
,	O
and	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
WorldWideWeb	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
were	O
all	O
invented	O
on	O
the	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
features	O
and	O
keyboard	O
shortcuts	O
now	O
common	O
to	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
originated	O
in	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
conventions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
layout	O
options	O
of	O
HTML	B-Language
1.0	O
and	O
2.0	O
are	O
attributable	O
to	O
those	O
features	O
of	O
NeXT	O
's	O
Text	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lighthouse	O
Design	O
Ltd	O
.	O
developed	O
Diagram	O
!,	O
a	O
drawing	O
tool	O
,	O
originally	O
called	O
BLT	O
(	O
for	O
Box-and-Line	O
Tool	O
)	O
in	O
which	O
objects	O
(	O
boxes	O
)	O
are	O
connected	O
together	O
using	O
"	O
smart	O
links	O
"	O
(	O
lines	O
)	O
to	O
construct	O
diagrams	O
such	O
a	O
flow	B-Language
charts	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
basic	O
design	O
can	O
be	O
enhanced	O
by	O
the	O
simple	O
addition	O
of	O
new	O
links	O
and	O
new	O
documents	O
,	O
located	O
anywhere	O
in	O
the	O
local	O
area	O
network	O
,	O
that	O
foreshadowed	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
'	O
s	O
initial	O
prototype	O
that	O
was	O
written	O
on	O
NeXTStep	B-Application
in	O
October	O
–	O
December	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
pioneering	O
PC	O
games	O
Doom	B-Application
,	O
Doom	B-Application
II	I-Application
,	O
Quake	B-Application
,	O
and	O
their	O
respective	O
level	O
editors	O
were	O
developed	O
by	O
id	O
Software	O
on	O
NeXT	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
games	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Doom	B-Application
engine	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Heretic	B-Application
and	O
its	O
sequel	O
Hexen	B-Application
by	O
Raven	O
Software	O
,	O
and	O
Strife	B-Application
by	O
Rogue	O
Entertainment	O
were	O
developed	O
on	O
NeXT	O
hardware	O
using	O
id	O
's	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Altsys	O
made	O
the	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
application	O
Virtuoso	O
,	O
version	O
2	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
Windows	O
to	O
become	O
Macromedia	B-Application
FreeHand	I-Application
version	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modern	O
"	O
Notebook	O
"	O
interface	O
for	O
Mathematica	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
advanced	O
spreadsheet	O
Lotus	B-Device
Improv	I-Device
,	O
were	O
developed	O
using	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
that	O
controlled	O
MCI	B-Application
's	O
Friends	O
and	O
Family	O
calling	O
plan	O
program	O
was	O
developed	O
using	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
About	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
3.2	O
,	O
NeXT	O
partnered	O
with	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
to	O
develop	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
product	O
of	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
separate	O
the	O
underlying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
from	O
the	O
higher-level	O
object	O
libraries	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
object-oriented	B-Language
API	B-Application
standard	O
derived	O
from	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
is	O
hosted	O
on	O
multiple	O
underlying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
NeXT	O
's	O
own	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
Sun	O
's	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
and	O
NeXT	O
's	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeXT	O
's	O
implementation	O
is	O
called	O
"	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
for	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
"	O
and	O
its	O
first	O
release	O
(	O
4.0	O
)	O
superseded	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
3.3	O
on	O
NeXT	O
,	O
Sun	O
,	O
and	O
Intel	B-Device
IA-32	I-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
upon	O
the	O
"	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
for	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
"	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
developing	O
the	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
API	B-Application
to	O
become	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
,	O
Apple	O
created	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
of	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
,	O
and	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNUstep	B-Application
is	O
a	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VersionDateDistribution	O
mediumArchitectureBasisNotes0.8October	O
12	O
,	O
1988MO	O
discm68k4.3BSD-TahoeNeXTStep	O
Digital	O
Webster	O
,	O
Complete	O
Works	O
of	O
William	O
Shakespeare	O
,	O
netboot	B-Device
,	O
NFS0.8a1988MO	O
discm68k0.91988MO	O
discm68kNeXT	O
0.9/1.0	O
Release	O
Description1.01989MO	O
discm68k1.0a1989MO	O
discm68kPhoto	O
of	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
1.0a	O
MO	O
disc2.0September	O
18	O
,	O
1990MO	O
disc	O
,	O
CD-ROMm68kSupport	O
for	O
the	O
NeXTstation	B-Device
,	O
NeXTcube	B-Device
(	O
68040	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
,	O
Fax	B-Device
modems	I-Device
,	O
and	O
color	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workspace	B-Application
Manager	I-Application
now	O
has	O
the	O
Shelf	O
,	O
copies	O
performed	O
in	O
background	O
,	O
black	O
hole	O
is	O
replaced	O
by	O
recycler	O
icon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
loading	O
of	O
drivers.2.1March	O
25	O
,	O
1991MO	O
disc	O
,	O
CD-ROMm68kSupport	O
for	O
the	O
NeXTdimension	B-Device
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TeX	B-Application
,	O
Internationalization	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
machines	O
with	O
2.1	O
include	O
Lotus	O
Improv.2.1aMO	O
disc	O
,	O
CD-ROMm68k2.2CD-ROMm68kSupport	O
for	O
the	O
NeXTstation	B-Device
Turbo3.0September	O
8	O
,	O
1992CD-ROMm68k4.3BSD-RenoProject	O
Builder	O
,	O
3D	O
support	O
with	O
Interactive	B-Application
RenderMan	I-Application
,	O
Pantone	O
colors	O
,	O
PostScript	O
Level	O
2	O
,	O
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
,	O
Distributed	B-Operating_System
Objects	I-Operating_System
,	O
Database	O
Kit	O
,	O
Phone	O
Kit	O
,	O
Indexing	B-Application
Kit	I-Application
,	O
precompiled	B-Language
headers	I-Language
,	O
HFS	B-Application
,	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Novell	O
NetWare.3.1May	O
25	O
,	O
1993CD-ROMm68k	O
,	O
i386First	O
release	O
for	O
the	O
i386	B-General_Concept
architecture	O
,	O
introducing	O
fat	O
binaries.3.2October	O
1993CD-ROMm68k	O
,	O
i3863.3February	O
1995CD-ROMm68k	O
,	O
i386	B-General_Concept
,	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
,	O
PA-RISCSupport	O
for	O
the	O
PA-RISC	B-Device
and	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
architectures	B-General_Concept
added	O
,	O
introducing	O
Quad-fat	O
Binaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Last	O
and	O
most	O
popular	O
version	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
NEXTSTEP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Referred	O
to	O
as	O
NEXTSTEP/m68k	O
,	O
NEXTSTEP/Intel	O
,	O
NEXTSTEP/SPARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Delivered	O
on	O
2	O
CDs	O
:	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
CISC	B-Architecture
and	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
RISC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Developer	O
CD	O
includes	O
libraries	O
for	O
all	O
architectures	B-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
that	O
programs	O
can	O
be	O
cross-compiled	B-Application
on	O
any	O
architecture	O
for	O
all	O
architectures.4.0	O
beta	O
1996	O
CD-ROMm68k	O
,	O
i386	B-General_Concept
,	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
,	O
PA-RISCVery	O
different	O
user	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
as	O
being	O
a	O
precursor	O
of	O
many	O
ideas	O
later	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
Dock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Allegedly	O
dropped	O
due	O
to	O
complaints	O
of	O
having	O
to	O
re-teach	O
users	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
technical	O
reasons	O
(	O
the	O
new	O
UI	O
worked	O
well	O
in	O
the	O
beta	O
)	O
.4.0July	O
1996CD-ROMm68k	O
,	O
i386	B-General_Concept
,	O
SPARCSupport	O
for	O
the	O
PA-RISC	B-Device
architecture	O
dropped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
m68k	B-Device
,	O
i486	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
architectures	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
Release	O
of	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
for	O
Windows.4.1January	O
1997CD-ROMm68k	O
,	O
i386	B-General_Concept
,	O
SPARCSupport	O
for	O
m68k	B-Device
,	O
i486	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
architectures	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
for	O
Windows	O
,	O
under	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	I-Operating_System
(	O
NT	O
only	O
)	O
.4.2	O
Pre-release	O
2September	O
1997CD-ROMm68k	O
,	O
i386	B-General_Concept
,	O
SPARCPre-release	O
2	O
circulated	O
to	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
developers	O
before	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
and	O
Apple	O
acquisition.RhapsodyAugust	O
31	O
,	O
1997	O
-	O
October	O
27	O
,	O
2000CD-ROMi386	O
,	O
PowerPC4.4BSDReleased	O
after	O
the	O
Apple	O
acquisition	O
,	O
these	O
are	O
arguably	O
closer	O
to	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
and	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
than	O
to	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
4.2	O
pre-release	O
2	O
is	O
a	O
bug-fix	O
release	O
published	O
by	O
Apple	O
and	O
supported	O
for	O
five	O
years	O
after	O
its	O
September	O
1997	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
