<s>
NeWS	O
(	O
Network	B-Application
extensible	I-Application
Window	I-Application
System	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
windowing	B-Application
system	I-Application
developed	O
by	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NeWS	O
interpreter	B-Application
was	O
based	O
on	O
PostScript	B-Language
(	O
as	O
was	O
the	O
later	O
Display	O
PostScript	B-Language
,	O
although	O
the	O
two	O
projects	O
were	O
otherwise	O
unrelated	O
)	O
extending	O
it	O
to	O
allow	O
interaction	O
and	O
multiple	O
"	O
contexts	O
"	O
to	O
support	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
PostScript	B-Language
,	O
NeWS	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
complete	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
but	O
unlike	O
PostScript	B-Language
,	O
NeWS	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
complete	O
interactive	O
programs	O
with	O
mouse	O
support	O
and	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeWS	O
started	O
by	O
implementing	O
a	O
PostScript	B-Language
interpreter	B-Application
running	O
in	O
a	O
cooperative	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
fashion	O
,	O
since	O
,	O
unlike	O
PostScript	B-Language
in	O
a	O
printer	O
,	O
NeWS	O
would	O
be	O
displaying	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
PostScript	B-Language
programs	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
on	O
one	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
added	O
a	O
complete	O
view	O
hierarchy	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
viewports	O
known	O
as	O
canvases	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
synchronous	O
event	O
distribution	O
system	O
,	O
supporting	O
events	O
,	O
interests	O
,	O
threads	B-Operating_System
and	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
the	O
view	O
system	O
in	O
most	O
GUIs	B-Application
,	O
NeWS	O
included	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
tree	O
of	O
embedded	O
views	O
along	O
which	O
events	O
were	O
passed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeWS	O
included	O
a	O
complete	O
model	O
for	O
these	O
events	O
,	O
including	O
timers	O
and	O
other	O
automatic	O
events	O
,	O
input	O
queues	O
for	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
mice	B-Device
and	O
keyboards	B-Device
,	O
and	O
other	O
functionality	O
required	O
for	O
full	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
input	O
handling	O
system	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
provide	O
strong	O
event	O
synchronization	O
guarantees	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
possible	O
with	O
asynchronous	O
protocols	O
like	O
X	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
user	O
interface	O
widgets	O
,	O
NeWS	O
expanded	O
the	O
original	O
PostScript	B-Language
stack-based	B-Language
language	I-Language
into	O
a	O
complete	O
object-oriented	B-Language
(	O
OO	O
)	O
programming	O
style	O
with	O
inheritance	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
additions	O
were	O
implemented	O
as	O
extensions	O
to	O
PostScript	B-Language
,	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
write	O
simple	O
PostScript	B-Language
code	O
that	O
would	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
running	O
,	O
onscreen	O
,	O
interactive	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eyeball	O
program	O
was	O
shown	O
at	O
SIGGRAPH	O
in	O
1988	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
inspiration	O
for	O
the	O
later	O
well-known	O
X	B-Operating_System
application	O
xeyes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
widgets	O
ran	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
behavior	O
in	O
the	O
NeWS	O
interpreter	B-Application
,	O
and	O
only	O
required	O
communications	O
to	O
an	O
outside	O
program	O
(	O
or	O
more	O
NeWS	O
code	O
)	O
when	O
the	O
widget	O
demanded	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
button	O
's	O
PostScript	B-Language
code	O
can	O
also	O
react	O
to	O
mouse	O
clicks	O
by	O
changing	O
its	O
state	O
from	O
"	O
pressed	O
"	O
to	O
"	O
not	O
pressed	O
"	O
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
than	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
server	O
model	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
only	O
report	O
"	O
mouse	O
button	O
was	O
clicked	O
down	O
here	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
mouse	O
is	O
now	O
here	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
mouse	O
button	O
was	O
released	O
here	O
"	O
events	O
to	O
a	O
client	O
,	O
which	O
then	O
has	O
to	O
figure	O
out	O
if	O
the	O
event	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
button	O
,	O
switch	O
the	O
state	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
instruct	O
the	O
server	O
to	O
display	O
the	O
new	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NeWS	O
was	O
architecturally	O
similar	O
to	O
what	O
is	O
now	O
called	O
AJAX	B-General_Concept
,	O
except	O
that	O
NeWS	O
coherently	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
used	O
PostScript	B-Language
code	O
instead	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
for	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
used	O
PostScript	B-Language
graphics	O
instead	O
of	O
DHTML	B-General_Concept
and	O
CSS	B-Language
for	O
rendering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
used	O
PostScript	B-Language
data	O
instead	O
of	O
XML	B-Protocol
and	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
for	O
data	O
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
best	O
example	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
library	O
is	O
TNT	O
(	O
The	B-Application
NeWS	I-Application
Toolkit	I-Application
)	O
which	O
Sun	O
released	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SGI	O
used	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
it	O
named	O
4Sight	B-Operating_System
to	O
replace	O
their	O
proprietary	O
MEX	O
windowing	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
version	O
of	O
the	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
desktop	O
publishing	O
program	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Frame	B-Device
Technology	I-Device
Corp	I-Device
.	I-Device
with	O
funding	O
mainly	O
from	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
and	O
NSA	O
,	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
few	O
commercial	O
products	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
NeWS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Don	O
Hopkins	O
developed	O
a	O
NeWS	O
version	O
of	O
SimCity	B-Application
that	O
was	O
built	O
with	O
HyperLook	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
commercial	O
drawing	O
program	O
,	O
Altsys	O
Virtuoso	O
,	O
was	O
produced	O
for	O
NeWS	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
FreeHand	O
with	O
additional	O
functionality	O
that	O
took	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
PostScript	B-Language
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
X	B-Operating_System
,	O
NeWS	O
was	O
vastly	O
more	O
powerful	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
slower	O
(	O
especially	O
for	O
local	O
connections	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
C	O
API	B-General_Concept
was	O
very	O
low	O
level	O
and	O
difficult	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
so	O
most	O
NeWS	O
programs	O
tended	O
to	O
be	O
entirely	O
written	O
in	O
PostScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
factor	O
in	O
the	O
popularity	O
was	O
that	O
Sun	O
charged	O
a	O
fee	O
to	O
license	O
the	O
NeWS	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
MIT	O
X11	B-Operating_System
code	O
was	O
free	O
of	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
versions	O
of	O
NeWS	O
emulated	O
the	O
X10	O
protocol	O
by	O
translating	O
the	O
calls	O
into	O
NeWS	O
PostScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speed	O
problems	O
plus	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
programs	O
that	O
relied	O
on	O
the	O
exact	O
pixel	O
results	O
of	O
X10	O
calls	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
obsolescence	O
of	O
X10	O
,	O
forced	O
Sun	O
to	O
release	O
an	O
X11/NeWS	O
hybrid	O
called	O
Xnews	B-Device
which	O
ran	O
an	O
X11	B-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
in	O
parallel	O
with	O
the	O
PostScript	B-Language
interpreter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
seriously	O
degraded	O
the	O
NeWS	O
interpreter	B-Application
performance	O
and	O
was	O
not	O
considered	O
a	O
very	O
good	O
X11	B-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
either	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
also	O
implemented	O
the	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
user	O
interface	O
specification	O
in	O
several	O
toolkits	O
:	O
The	B-Application
NeWS	I-Application
Toolkit	I-Application
(	O
TNT	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
toolkit	O
written	O
in	O
PostScript	B-Language
that	O
ran	O
in	O
the	O
NeWS	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLIT	B-Library
was	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
Xt	B-Language
(	O
X	B-Operating_System
Intrinsics	O
)	O
base	O
as	O
Motif	B-Application
,	O
and	O
XView	B-Library
used	O
the	O
same	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
as	O
Sun	O
's	O
earlier	O
SunView	B-Library
window	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
it	O
was	O
clear	O
that	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
had	O
lost	O
out	O
to	O
Motif	B-Application
in	O
popularity	O
,	O
and	O
after	O
Adobe	O
acquired	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
,	O
Sun	O
stopped	O
supporting	O
NeWS	O
,	O
and	O
products	O
on	O
NeWS	O
simply	O
vanished	O
.	O
</s>
