<s>
A	O
nanowire	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
uses	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
to	O
increase	O
the	O
surface	O
area	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
both	O
of	O
its	O
electrodes	O
,	O
which	O
improves	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
replace	O
the	O
traditional	O
graphite	B-Application
anode	O
and	O
could	O
improve	O
battery	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
type	O
of	O
nanowire	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
has	O
specific	O
advantages	O
and	O
disadvantages	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
challenge	O
common	O
to	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
is	O
their	O
fragility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silicon	O
is	O
an	O
attractive	O
material	O
for	O
applications	O
as	O
lithium	O
battery	O
anodes	O
because	O
it	O
of	O
its	O
discharge	O
potential	O
and	O
high	O
theoretical	O
charge	O
capacity	O
(	O
ten	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
typical	O
graphite	B-Application
anodes	O
currently	O
used	O
in	O
industry	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanowires	B-Architecture
could	O
improve	O
these	O
properties	O
by	O
increasing	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
available	O
surface	O
area	O
in	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
anode	O
’s	O
power	O
density	O
and	O
allowing	O
for	O
faster	O
charging	O
and	O
discharging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
silicon	O
swells	O
by	O
up	O
to	O
400%	O
as	O
it	O
alloys	B-Application
with	O
lithium	O
during	O
charging	O
,	O
causing	O
it	O
to	O
break	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanowires	B-Architecture
may	O
help	O
mitigate	O
the	O
volume	O
expansion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
small	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
diameter	O
allows	O
for	O
improved	O
accommodation	O
of	O
volume	O
changes	O
during	O
lithiation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
advantage	O
is	O
that	O
,	O
because	O
all	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
are	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
current	O
collector	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
serve	O
as	O
direct	O
pathways	O
for	O
charge	O
transport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silicon	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
have	O
a	O
theoretical	O
capacity	O
of	O
roughly	O
4,200	O
mAh	O
g-1	O
,	O
larger	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
silicon	O
and	O
much	O
larger	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
graphite	B-Application
(	O
372	O
mAh	O
g−1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
graphite	B-Application
anodes	O
,	O
silicon	O
anodes	O
form	O
passivation	B-Application
layers	I-Application
(	O
solid-electrolyte	O
interphases	O
)	O
on	O
their	O
surfaces	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
charge	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coating	O
silicon	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
with	O
carbon	O
can	O
improve	O
the	O
stability	O
of	O
these	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doping	O
impurities	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
phorphorus	O
or	O
boron	O
,	O
into	O
the	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
anode	O
can	O
also	O
improve	O
performance	O
by	O
increasing	O
the	O
conductivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
anode	O
using	O
germanium	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
was	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
energy	O
density	O
and	O
cycle	O
durability	O
of	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
performance	O
was	O
attributed	O
to	O
a	O
restructuring	O
of	O
the	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
that	O
occurs	O
within	O
the	O
first	O
100	O
cycles	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
mechanically	O
robust	O
,	O
continuously	O
porous	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
researchers	O
developed	O
a	O
simple	O
way	O
to	O
produce	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
of	O
germanium	O
from	O
an	O
aqueous	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
nanostructured	O
battery	O
electrode	O
has	O
been	O
introduced	O
,	O
experimentalists	O
start	O
to	O
look	O
into	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
TMO-based	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
as	O
electrode	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
is	O
the	O
oldest	O
type	O
of	O
rechargeable	O
battery	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
the	O
raw	O
material	O
(	O
PbO2	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
cell	O
production	O
is	O
fairly	O
accessible	O
and	O
cheap	O
,	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
cells	O
have	O
relatively	O
small	O
specific	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
experimentalist	O
successfully	O
obtained	O
PbO2	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
through	O
simple	O
template	O
electrodeposition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
for	O
lead-acid	B-Device
battery	I-Device
has	O
also	O
been	O
evaluated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
result	O
showed	O
this	O
nanostructured	O
PbO2	O
as	O
a	O
fairly	O
promising	O
substitute	O
for	O
the	O
normal	O
lead-acid	B-Device
anode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
counteract	O
this	O
effect	O
during	O
operation	O
cycle	O
,	O
scientists	O
recently	O
proposed	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
producing	O
a	O
Li-enriched	O
MnO2	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
with	O
a	O
nominal	O
stoichiometry	O
of	O
Li2MnO3	O
as	O
anode	O
materials	O
for	O
LIB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
performance	O
is	O
much	O
higher	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
pure	O
MnO2	O
anode	O
or	O
MnO2	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
anode	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
researchers	O
successfully	O
synthesized	O
a	O
branched	O
Co3O4/Fe2O3	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
heterostructure	O
using	O
hydrothermal	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
possibility	O
of	O
fabrication	O
heterogeneous	O
ZnCo2O4/NiO	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
arrays	O
anode	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
explored	O
in	O
some	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Irvine	O
announced	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
a	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
material	O
capable	O
of	O
over	O
200,000	O
charge	O
cycles	O
without	O
any	O
breakage	O
of	O
the	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gold	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
are	O
strengthened	O
by	O
a	O
manganese	O
dioxide	O
shell	O
encased	O
in	O
an	O
Plexiglas-like	O
gel	O
electrolyte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
cycling	O
a	O
test	O
electrode	O
about	O
200,000	O
times	O
,	O
no	O
loss	O
of	O
capacity	O
or	O
power	O
,	O
nor	O
fracturing	O
of	O
any	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
occurred	O
.	O
</s>
