<s>
A	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
(	O
sometimes	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
light	O
mill	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
,	O
converting	O
light	O
energy	O
to	O
rotational	O
motion	O
at	O
nanoscale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
is	O
much	O
smaller	O
than	O
other	O
types	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
operation	O
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
by	O
varying	O
the	O
frequency	O
of	O
the	O
incident	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increased	O
demands	O
in	O
microtechnology	O
and	O
nanotechnology	O
has	O
been	O
triggering	O
the	O
vast	O
interests	O
and	O
opportunities	O
for	O
the	O
developments	O
of	O
various	O
micro	O
-	O
(	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
)	O
and	O
nano-(NEMS )	O
mechanical	O
system	O
based	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
breakthrough	O
discoveries	O
among	O
them	O
is	O
the	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
tiny	O
device	O
which	O
has	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
convert	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
energy	O
into	O
motion	O
using	O
approaches	O
observed	O
in	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discovery	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
explains	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
wave	O
and	O
particle	O
properties	O
together	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
leads	O
to	O
observation	O
of	O
the	O
so-called	O
plasmonic	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
using	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
plasmon	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanomotors	B-Algorithm
are	O
broadly	O
classified	O
into	O
biological	O
,	O
hybrid	O
and	O
non-biological	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Biological	O
nanomotors	B-Algorithm
are	O
typically	O
the	O
microscopic	O
engines	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
nature	O
like	O
the	O
bacterial	O
flagella	O
which	O
can	O
come	O
into	O
motion	O
by	O
using	O
ATP	O
synthase	O
,	O
produced	O
within	O
the	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
man	O
made	O
counterpart	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
non-biological	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
and	O
mimics	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
natural	O
or	O
biological	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
to	O
allow	O
the	O
devices	O
to	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
require	O
certain	O
functionalization	O
to	O
accelerate	O
movement	O
or	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
functions	O
of	O
the	O
artificial	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hybrid	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
uses	O
the	O
chemical	O
principle	O
which	O
are	O
regularly	O
observed	O
in	O
the	O
biological	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
and	O
other	O
principles	O
like	O
magnetic	O
interactions	O
to	O
perform	O
their	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motion	O
of	O
a	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
could	O
result	O
from	O
optical	O
,	O
electrical	O
,	O
magnetic	O
or	O
chemical	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
breakthrough	O
reports	O
on	O
nanomotor	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
use	O
energy	O
from	O
the	O
quantum	O
behavior	O
of	O
photons	O
to	O
induce	O
motion	O
in	O
the	O
devices	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
authors	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
induce	O
and	O
control	O
rotation	O
,	O
velocity	O
and	O
directions	O
of	O
nanosized	O
gold	O
(	O
motor	O
)	O
within	O
silica	O
microdisk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
properties	O
attribute	O
towards	O
different	O
phenomena	O
like	O
induction	O
of	O
mechanical	O
torque	B-General_Concept
,	O
optical	O
trapping	O
and	O
cooling	O
both	O
in	O
macro	O
scale	O
and	O
nanoscale	O
observations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
whole	O
process	O
induces	O
the	O
optical	O
torque	B-General_Concept
which	O
can	O
give	O
a	O
motion	O
to	O
the	O
metallic	O
nanostructures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
whole	O
system	O
was	O
fabricated	O
by	O
using	O
standard	O
electron	B-Architecture
beam	I-Architecture
lithography	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
illuminated	O
with	O
linearly	O
polarized	O
light	O
,	O
it	O
produces	O
a	O
torque	B-General_Concept
which	O
drives	O
these	O
tiny	O
nanostructures	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
plasmonic	O
nanomotors	B-Algorithm
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
imposed	O
torque	B-General_Concept
results	O
solely	O
from	O
the	O
gammadion	O
structure	O
’s	O
symmetry	O
and	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
incident	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
nanomotors	B-Algorithm
seems	O
to	O
change	O
their	O
directions	O
of	O
motions	O
(	O
clockwise	O
and	O
anticlockwise	O
)	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
wavelength	O
(	O
longer	O
and	O
shorter	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
incident	O
laser	O
beam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
its	O
size	O
and	O
driven	O
energy	O
,	O
the	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
could	O
provide	O
rotational	O
force	O
at	O
nanoscale	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
energy	O
conversion	O
and	O
biology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
torque	B-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
considered	O
when	O
measuring	O
DNA	O
mechanics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
,	O
torsional	O
stress	O
will	O
build	O
up	O
in	O
the	O
molecule	O
by	O
holding	O
the	O
rotor	O
bead	O
stationary	O
using	O
fluid	O
flow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
generates	O
comparable	O
torque	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
was	O
made	O
of	O
gold	O
and	O
had	O
much	O
smaller	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
microelectromechanical	B-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
is	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
traditional	O
electromechanical	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
could	O
harvest	O
light	O
energy	O
through	O
rotating	O
microscopic-scale	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
a	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
could	O
link	O
transduction	O
mechanisms	O
in	O
series	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
convert	O
a	O
thermal	O
signal	O
first	O
into	O
a	O
mechanical	O
signal	O
,	O
then	O
into	O
an	O
optical	O
signal	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
into	O
an	O
electrical	O
signal	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
such	O
multiple	O
motor	O
structures	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
acquire	O
torque	B-General_Concept
from	O
a	O
broad	O
wavelength	O
range	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
new	O
technology	O
,	O
several	O
problems	O
are	O
faced	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
higher	O
development	O
costs	O
,	O
greater	O
complexity	O
and	O
a	O
longer	O
development	O
time	O
and	O
the	O
workhorse	O
methods	O
and	O
materials	O
of	O
nanometre-scale	O
electromechanical	O
system	O
(	O
NEMS	O
)	O
technology	O
are	O
not	O
universally	O
well	O
suited	O
to	O
the	O
nanoscale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
also	O
has	O
limitations	O
in	O
strength	O
and	O
flexibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
strength	O
and	O
flexibility	O
of	O
nanoscale	B-Algorithm
plasmonic	I-Algorithm
motors	I-Algorithm
will	O
also	O
be	O
improved	O
.	O
</s>
