<s>
Nanoionics	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
study	O
and	O
application	O
of	O
phenomena	O
,	O
properties	O
,	O
effects	O
,	O
methods	O
and	O
mechanisms	O
of	O
processes	O
connected	O
with	O
fast	O
ion	O
transport	O
(	O
FIT	O
)	O
in	O
all-solid-state	O
nanoscale	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
and	O
conception	O
of	O
nanoionics	B-Algorithm
(	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
branch	O
of	O
science	O
)	O
were	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
A.L.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
multidisciplinary	O
scientific	O
and	O
industrial	O
field	O
of	O
solid	O
state	O
ionics	B-General_Concept
,	O
dealing	O
with	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
transport	O
phenomena	O
in	O
solids	O
,	O
considers	O
Nanoionics	B-Algorithm
as	O
its	O
new	O
division	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoionics	B-Algorithm
tries	O
to	O
describe	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
diffusion&reactions	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
which	O
make	O
sense	O
only	O
at	O
a	O
nanoscale	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
non-uniform	O
(	O
at	O
a	O
nanoscale	O
)	O
potential	O
landscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
classes	O
of	O
solid	O
state	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
nanosystems	O
and	O
two	O
fundamentally	O
different	O
nanoionics	B-Algorithm
:	O
(	O
I	O
)	O
nanosystems	O
based	O
on	O
solids	O
with	O
low	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
conductivity	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
II	O
)	O
nanosystems	O
based	O
on	O
advanced	O
superionic	O
conductors	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
alpha	O
–	O
AgI	B-General_Concept
,	O
rubidium	O
silver	O
iodide	O
–	O
family	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoionics-I	O
and	O
nanoionics-II	O
differ	O
from	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
role	O
of	O
boundaries	O
in	O
nanoionics-I	O
is	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
conditions	O
for	O
high	O
concentrations	O
of	O
charged	O
defects	O
(	O
vacancies	O
and	O
interstitials	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
disordered	O
space-charge	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
in	O
nanoionics-II	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
necessary	O
to	O
conserve	O
the	O
original	O
highly	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
conductive	O
crystal	O
structures	O
of	O
advanced	O
superionic	O
conductors	O
at	O
ordered	O
(	O
lattice-matched	O
)	O
heteroboundaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoionic-I	O
can	O
significantly	O
enhance	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
~	O
108	O
times	O
)	O
the	O
2D-like	O
ion	O
conductivity	O
in	O
nanostructured	O
materials	O
with	O
structural	O
coherence	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
remaining	O
~	O
103	O
times	O
smaller	O
relatively	O
to	O
3D	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
conductivity	O
of	O
advanced	O
superionic	O
conductors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
the	O
obvious	O
difference	O
of	O
objects	O
of	O
solid	O
state	O
ionics	B-General_Concept
and	O
nanoionics-I	O
,	O
-II	O
,	O
the	O
true	O
new	O
problem	O
of	O
fast	O
ion	O
transport	O
and	O
charge/energy	O
storage	O
(	O
or	O
transformation	O
)	O
for	O
these	O
objects	O
(	O
fast	O
ion	O
conductors	O
)	O
has	O
a	O
special	O
common	O
basis	O
:	O
non-uniform	O
potential	O
landscape	O
on	O
nanoscale	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
)	O
which	O
determines	O
the	O
character	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	O
ion	O
subsystem	O
response	O
to	O
an	O
impulse	O
or	O
harmonic	O
external	O
influence	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Being	O
a	O
branch	O
of	O
nanoscience	O
and	O
nanotechnology	O
,	O
nanoionics	B-Algorithm
is	O
unambiguously	O
defined	O
by	O
its	O
own	O
objects	O
(	O
nanostructures	O
with	O
FIT	O
)	O
,	O
subject	O
matter	O
(	O
properties	O
,	O
phenomena	O
,	O
effects	O
,	O
mechanisms	O
of	O
processes	O
,	O
and	O
applications	O
connected	O
with	O
FIT	O
at	O
nano-scale	O
)	O
,	O
method	O
(	O
interface	O
design	O
in	O
nanosystems	O
of	O
superionic	O
conductors	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
criterion	O
(	O
R/L	O
~	O
1	O
,	O
where	O
R	O
is	O
the	O
length	O
scale	O
of	O
device	O
structures	O
,	O
and	O
L	O
is	O
the	O
characteristic	O
length	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
properties	O
,	O
characteristics	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
parameters	O
connected	O
with	O
FIT	O
change	O
drastically	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	O
Technology	O
Roadmap	O
for	O
Semiconductors	O
(	O
ITRS	O
)	O
relates	O
nanoionics-based	O
resistive	O
switching	O
memories	O
to	O
the	O
category	O
of	O
"	O
emerging	O
research	O
devices	O
"	O
(	O
"	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
memory	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
area	O
of	O
close	O
intersection	O
of	O
nanoelectronics	O
and	O
nanoionics	B-Algorithm
had	O
been	O
called	O
nanoelionics	O
(	O
1996	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
examples	O
of	O
nanoionic	B-Algorithm
devices	I-Algorithm
are	O
all-solid-state	O
supercapacitors	O
with	O
fast	O
ion	O
transport	O
at	O
the	O
functional	O
heterojunctions	O
(	O
nanoionic	B-Algorithm
supercapacitors	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
lithium	O
batteries	O
and	O
fuel	O
cells	O
with	O
nanostructured	O
electrodes	O
,	O
nano-switches	O
with	O
quantized	O
conductivity	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
fast	O
ion	O
conductors	O
(	O
see	O
also	O
memristors	O
and	O
programmable	B-General_Concept
metallization	I-General_Concept
cell	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
well	O
compatible	O
with	O
sub-voltage	O
and	O
deep-sub-voltage	B-Algorithm
nanoelectronics	I-Algorithm
and	O
could	O
find	O
wide	O
applications	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
autonomous	O
micro	O
power	O
sources	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
,	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
,	O
smartdust	B-Device
,	O
nanomorphic	O
cell	O
,	O
other	O
micro	O
-	O
and	O
nanosystems	O
,	O
or	O
reconfigurable	O
memory	B-General_Concept
cell	I-General_Concept
arrays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
important	O
case	O
of	O
fast	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
conduction	O
in	O
solid	O
states	O
is	O
that	O
in	O
surface	O
space-charge	O
layer	O
of	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
crystals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
significant	O
role	O
of	O
boundary	O
conditions	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
ionic	B-General_Concept
conductivity	O
was	O
first	O
experimentally	O
discovered	O
by	O
C.C.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
a	O
space-charge	O
layer	O
with	O
specific	O
properties	O
has	O
nanometer	O
thickness	O
,	O
the	O
effect	O
is	O
directly	O
related	O
to	O
nanoionics	B-Algorithm
(	O
nanoionics-I	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
1D	O
structure-dynamic	O
approach	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
nanoionics	B-Algorithm
for	O
detailed	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
space	O
charge	O
formation	O
and	O
relaxation	O
processes	O
in	O
irregular	O
potential	O
relief	O
(	O
direct	O
problem	O
)	O
and	O
interpretation	O
of	O
characteristics	O
of	O
nanosystems	O
with	O
fast	O
ion	O
transport	O
(	O
inverse	O
problem	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
example	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
description	O
of	O
a	O
collective	O
phenomenon	O
:	O
coupled	O
ion	O
transport	O
and	O
dielectric-polarization	O
processes	O
which	O
lead	O
to	O
A	O
.	O
K	O
.	O
Jonscher	O
's	O
"	O
universal	O
"	O
dynamic	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
