<s>
Nanoelectronics	B-Algorithm
refers	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
nanotechnology	O
in	O
electronic	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
candidates	O
include	O
:	O
hybrid	O
molecular/semiconductor	O
electronics	O
,	O
one-dimensional	O
nanotubes/nanowires	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
silicon	B-Algorithm
nanowires	I-Algorithm
or	O
carbon	O
nanotubes	O
)	O
or	O
advanced	O
molecular	B-Algorithm
electronics	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoelectronic	B-Algorithm
devices	O
have	O
critical	O
dimensions	O
with	O
a	O
size	O
range	O
between	O
1	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
and	O
100	O
nm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
silicon	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
(	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
field-effect	I-Architecture
transistor	I-Architecture
,	O
or	O
MOS	B-Architecture
transistor	I-Architecture
)	O
technology	O
generations	O
are	O
already	O
within	O
this	O
regime	O
,	O
including	O
22	B-Algorithm
nanometers	I-Algorithm
CMOS	B-Device
(	O
complementary	O
MOS	O
)	O
nodes	B-Architecture
and	O
succeeding	O
14	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
,	O
10	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
and	O
7	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
FinFET	O
(	O
fin	O
field-effect	O
transistor	B-Application
)	O
generations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoelectronics	B-Algorithm
is	O
sometimes	O
considered	O
as	O
disruptive	O
technology	O
because	O
present	O
candidates	O
are	O
significantly	O
different	O
from	O
traditional	O
transistors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1965	O
,	O
Gordon	O
Moore	O
observed	O
that	O
silicon	O
transistors	B-Application
were	O
undergoing	O
a	O
continual	O
process	O
of	O
scaling	O
downward	O
,	O
an	O
observation	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
codified	O
as	O
Moore	O
's	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
his	O
observation	O
,	O
transistor	B-Application
minimum	O
feature	O
sizes	O
have	O
decreased	O
from	O
10	O
micrometers	O
to	O
the	O
10nm	B-Algorithm
range	O
as	O
of	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
nanoelectronics	B-Algorithm
aims	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
continued	O
realization	O
of	O
this	O
law	O
by	O
using	O
new	O
methods	O
and	O
materials	O
to	O
build	O
electronic	O
devices	O
with	O
feature	O
sizes	O
on	O
the	O
nanoscale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
electron	O
transistors	B-Application
,	O
which	O
involve	O
transistor	B-Application
operation	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
electron	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanofabrication	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
construct	O
ultradense	O
parallel	O
arrays	O
of	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
synthesizing	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
individually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
particular	O
prominence	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
,	O
Silicon	B-Algorithm
nanowires	I-Algorithm
are	O
being	O
increasingly	O
studied	O
towards	O
diverse	O
applications	O
in	O
nanoelectronics	B-Algorithm
,	O
energy	O
conversion	O
and	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
SiNWs	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
fabricated	O
by	O
thermal	B-Algorithm
oxidation	I-Algorithm
in	O
large	O
quantities	O
to	O
yield	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
with	O
controllable	O
thickness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
very	O
useful	O
for	O
reconfigurable	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
may	O
even	O
completely	O
replace	O
present	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Molecular	B-Algorithm
electronics	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
technology	O
under	O
development	O
brings	O
hope	O
for	O
future	O
atomic-scale	O
electronic	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
promising	O
application	O
of	O
molecular	B-Algorithm
electronics	I-Algorithm
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
the	O
IBM	O
researcher	O
Ari	O
Aviram	O
and	O
the	O
theoretical	O
chemist	O
Mark	O
Ratner	O
in	O
their	O
1974	O
and	O
1988	O
papers	O
Molecules	O
for	O
Memory	O
,	O
Logic	O
and	O
Amplification	O
(	O
see	O
unimolecular	B-Algorithm
rectifier	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
nanowire	B-Architecture
structures	O
have	O
been	O
studied	O
as	O
candidates	O
for	O
interconnecting	O
nanoelectronic	B-Algorithm
devices	O
:	O
nanotubes	O
of	O
carbon	O
and	O
other	O
materials	O
,	O
metal	O
atom	O
chaines	O
,	O
cumulene	O
or	O
polyyne	O
carbon	O
atom	O
chains	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
polymers	O
such	O
as	O
polythiophenes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoionics	B-Algorithm
studies	O
the	O
transport	O
of	O
ions	O
rather	O
than	O
electrons	O
in	O
nanoscale	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanophotonics	B-Algorithm
studies	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
light	O
on	O
the	O
nanoscale	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
developing	O
devices	O
that	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
this	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
critical	O
length	O
scale	O
of	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
is	O
already	O
at	O
the	O
nanoscale	O
(	O
50nm	O
and	O
below	O
)	O
regarding	O
the	O
gate	O
length	O
of	O
transistors	B-Application
in	O
CPUs	B-Device
or	O
DRAM	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoelectronics	B-Algorithm
holds	O
the	O
promise	O
of	O
making	O
computer	O
processors	O
more	O
powerful	O
than	O
are	O
possible	O
with	O
conventional	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
fabrication	I-Architecture
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
approaches	O
are	O
currently	O
being	O
researched	O
,	O
including	O
new	O
forms	O
of	O
nanolithography	B-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
nanomaterials	O
such	O
as	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
or	O
small	B-Algorithm
molecules	I-Algorithm
in	O
place	O
of	O
traditional	O
CMOS	B-Device
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Field	O
effect	O
transistors	B-Application
have	O
been	O
made	O
using	O
both	O
semiconducting	O
carbon	O
nanotubes	O
and	O
with	O
heterostructured	O
semiconductor	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
(	O
SiNWs	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
memory	O
designs	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
have	O
largely	O
relied	O
on	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
transistors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
GMR	O
and	O
TMR	O
effects	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
non-volatile	O
main	O
memory	O
for	O
computers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
so-called	O
magnetic	B-General_Concept
random	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
or	O
MRAM	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
offer	O
a	O
selectable	O
band	O
gap	O
for	O
the	O
propagation	O
of	O
a	O
certain	O
wavelength	O
,	O
thus	O
they	O
resemble	O
a	O
semiconductor	O
,	O
but	O
for	O
light	O
or	O
photons	B-Application
instead	O
of	O
electrons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
production	O
of	O
displays	O
with	O
low	O
energy	O
consumption	O
might	O
be	O
accomplished	O
using	O
carbon	O
nanotubes	O
(	O
CNT	O
)	O
and/or	O
Silicon	B-Algorithm
nanowires	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
nanostructures	O
are	O
electrically	O
conductive	O
and	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
small	O
diameter	O
of	O
several	O
nanometers	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
field	O
emitters	O
with	O
extremely	O
high	O
efficiency	O
for	O
field	B-General_Concept
emission	I-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
(	O
FED	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
principle	O
of	O
operation	O
resembles	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
,	O
but	O
on	O
a	O
much	O
smaller	O
length	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
nanoelectronic	B-Algorithm
devices	O
,	O
the	O
qubit	O
is	O
encoded	O
by	O
the	O
quantum	O
state	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
electrons	O
spin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
is	O
ongoing	O
to	O
use	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
and	O
other	O
nanostructured	O
materials	O
with	O
the	O
hope	O
to	O
create	O
cheaper	O
and	O
more	O
efficient	O
solar	O
cells	O
than	O
are	O
possible	O
with	O
conventional	O
planar	O
silicon	O
solar	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electricity	O
generated	O
by	O
such	O
a	O
device	O
could	O
power	O
devices	O
embedded	O
in	O
the	O
body	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
pacemakers	B-Device
)	O
,	O
or	O
sugar-fed	O
nanorobots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
great	O
interest	O
in	O
constructing	O
nanoelectronic	B-Algorithm
devices	O
that	O
could	O
detect	O
the	O
concentrations	O
of	O
biomolecules	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
medical	O
diagnostics	O
,	O
thus	O
falling	O
into	O
the	O
category	O
of	O
nanomedicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
parallel	O
line	O
of	O
research	O
seeks	O
to	O
create	O
nanoelectronic	B-Algorithm
devices	O
which	O
could	O
interact	O
with	O
single	O
cells	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
basic	O
biological	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
miniaturization	O
on	O
nanoelectronics	B-Algorithm
towards	O
in	O
vivo	O
proteomic	O
sensing	O
should	O
enable	O
new	O
approaches	O
for	O
health	O
monitoring	O
,	O
surveillance	O
,	O
and	O
defense	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
