<s>
Nanoelectrochemistry	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
branch	O
of	O
electrochemistry	O
that	O
investigates	O
the	O
electrical	O
and	O
electrochemical	O
properties	O
of	O
materials	O
at	O
the	O
nanometer	O
size	O
regime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoelectrochemistry	B-Algorithm
plays	O
significant	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
fabrication	O
of	O
various	O
sensors	O
,	O
and	O
devices	O
for	O
detecting	O
molecules	O
at	O
very	O
low	O
concentrations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
transport	O
mechanisms	O
are	O
fundamental	O
for	O
nanoelectrochemistry	B-Algorithm
:	O
electron	O
transfer	O
and	O
mass	O
transport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electron	O
transfer	O
between	O
the	O
reactant	O
and	O
the	O
nanoelectrode	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
explained	O
by	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
various	O
theories	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Marcus	O
theory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	O
transport	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
the	O
diffusion	O
of	O
the	O
reactant	O
molecules	O
from	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
bulk	O
to	O
the	O
nanoelectrode	B-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
a	O
double	O
electric	O
layer	O
at	O
the	O
electrode/electrolyte	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
been	O
conducted	O
on	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
exposing	O
a	O
(	O
100	O
)	O
,	O
(	O
110	O
)	O
or	O
(	O
111	O
)	O
plane	O
to	O
a	O
solution	O
containing	O
the	O
reactants	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
define	O
the	O
surface	O
effect	O
on	O
reaction	O
rate	O
and	O
selectivity	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
electrochemical	O
reactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
are	O
tiny	O
electrodes	O
made	O
of	O
metals	O
or	O
semiconducting	O
materials	O
having	O
typical	O
dimensions	O
of	O
1-100nm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
forms	O
of	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
developed	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
different	O
possible	O
fabrication	O
techniques	O
:	O
among	O
the	O
most	O
studied	O
are	O
the	O
nanoband	O
,	O
disk	O
,	O
hemispherical	O
,	O
nanopore	O
geometries	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
different	O
forms	O
of	O
carbon	O
nanostructures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
mainly	O
two	O
properties	O
that	O
distinguish	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
from	O
electrodes	O
:	O
smaller	O
RC	O
constant	O
and	O
faster	O
mass	O
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
these	O
and	O
other	O
properties	O
,	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
in	O
various	O
applications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
advantages	O
of	O
using	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
and	O
arrays	O
of	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
include	O
enhanced	O
mass	O
transport	O
,	O
lower	O
capacitance	O
,	O
ability	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
smaller	O
volumes	O
and	O
smaller	O
overall	O
device	O
footprints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
disadvantage	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
nanoelectrode	B-Algorithm
is	O
that	O
it	O
generates	O
a	O
small	O
current	O
output	O
,	O
which	O
puts	O
pressure	O
on	O
the	O
instrumentation	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
the	O
reliability	O
of	O
the	O
measurements	O
recorded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
way	O
to	O
overcome	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
careful	O
and	O
accurate	O
fabrication	O
of	O
arrays	O
of	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
electrochemical	O
instrumentation	O
is	O
more	O
reliable	O
for	O
sensitive	O
measurement	O
that	O
enables	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
electroanalytical	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
arrangements	O
;	O
nanoelectrode	B-Algorithm
arrays	O
(	O
NEAs	O
)	O
where	O
the	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
are	O
spaced	O
in	O
an	O
ordered	O
arrangement	O
and	O
nanoelectrode	B-Algorithm
ensembles	O
(	O
NEEs	O
)	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
individual	O
nanoelectrodes	B-Algorithm
are	O
distributed	O
randomly	O
.	O
</s>
