<s>
Nanobatteries	B-Algorithm
are	O
fabricated	O
batteries	O
employing	O
technology	O
at	O
the	O
nanoscale	O
,	O
particles	O
that	O
measure	O
less	O
than	O
100	O
nanometers	O
or	O
10−7	O
meters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nanoscale	O
batteries	O
can	O
be	O
combined	O
to	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
macrobattery	O
such	O
as	O
within	O
a	O
nanopore	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
other	O
types	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
exist	O
,	O
current	O
battery	O
technology	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
lithium-ion	O
intercalation	O
technology	O
for	O
its	O
high	O
power	O
and	O
energy	O
densities	O
,	O
long	O
cycle	O
life	O
and	O
no	O
memory	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
characteristics	O
have	O
led	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
to	O
be	O
preferred	O
over	O
other	O
battery	B-Algorithm
types	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increasing	O
the	O
available	O
power	O
from	O
a	O
battery	O
and	O
decreasing	O
the	O
time	O
required	O
to	O
recharge	B-Architecture
a	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
anode	O
in	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
is	O
almost	O
always	O
graphite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphite	B-Application
anodes	O
need	O
to	O
improve	O
their	O
thermal	O
stability	O
and	O
create	O
a	O
higher	O
power	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphite	B-Application
and	O
certain	O
other	O
electrolytes	O
can	O
undergo	O
reactions	O
that	O
reduce	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
and	O
create	O
a	O
SEI	O
,	O
effectively	O
reducing	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
current	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
technology	O
,	O
the	O
2D	O
networks	O
of	O
graphite	B-Application
inhibit	O
smooth	O
lithium-ion	O
intercalation	O
;	O
the	O
lithium	O
ions	O
must	O
travel	O
around	O
the	O
2D	O
graphite	B-Application
sheets	O
to	O
reach	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silicon-based	O
anodes	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
research	O
namely	O
for	O
their	O
higher	O
theoretical	O
capacity	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
graphite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
lithium	O
alloys	B-Application
have	O
been	O
found	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
increased	O
theoretical	O
energy	O
density	O
than	O
lithium	O
ions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
suggested	O
graphene-based	O
composites	O
as	O
cathodes	O
in	O
sodium-ion	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sodium	O
ions	O
are	O
too	O
large	O
to	O
fit	O
into	O
the	O
typical	O
graphite	B-Application
lattice	O
,	O
so	O
graphene	O
would	O
allow	O
sodium	O
ions	O
to	O
intercalate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphene	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
suggested	O
to	O
fix	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
problems	O
related	O
to	O
lithium-sulphur	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Problems	O
associated	O
with	O
lithium	B-Algorithm
sulphur	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
include	O
dissolution	O
of	O
the	O
intermediate	O
in	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
large	O
volume	O
expansion	O
and	O
poor	O
electrical	O
conductivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
has	O
studied	O
and	O
determined	O
the	O
proper	O
intercalation	O
mechanism	O
for	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
zinc	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
network	O
of	O
carbon	O
nanotubes	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
electronically	O
conducting	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
cathode	O
of	O
a	O
zinc-carbon	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
nanotube	O
ink	O
,	O
the	O
carbon	O
cathode	O
tube	O
and	O
manganese	O
oxide	O
electrolyte	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
zinc-carbon	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
printed	O
as	O
different	O
layers	O
on	O
a	O
surface	O
,	O
over	O
which	O
an	O
anode	O
layer	O
of	O
zinc	O
foil	O
can	O
be	O
printed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
using	O
nanomaterial	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
has	O
increased	O
the	O
surface	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
lithium	O
and	O
widened	O
the	O
bottleneck	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
particles	O
to	O
pass	O
through	O
the	O
liquid	O
and	O
recharge	B-Architecture
the	O
battery	O
more	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nanotechnology	O
they	O
employ	O
is	O
a	O
patented	O
nanophosphate	B-Algorithm
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
A123	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
using	O
a	O
nanophosphate	B-Algorithm
technology	O
,	O
and	O
different	O
active	O
materials	O
than	O
traditional	O
Li-Ion	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AltairNano	O
has	O
also	O
developed	O
a	O
nanobattery	O
with	O
a	O
one-minute	O
recharge	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
inception	O
of	O
this	O
first	O
Li-ion	O
battery	O
,	O
the	O
research	O
of	O
nanobatteries	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
underway	O
with	O
Sony	O
continuing	O
their	O
strides	O
into	O
the	O
nanobattery	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
