<s>
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
(	O
NVMe	B-Application
)	O
or	O
Non-Volatile	B-Application
Memory	I-Application
Host	I-Application
Controller	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
Specification	I-Application
(	O
NVMHCIS	B-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
,	O
logical-device	O
interface	O
specification	O
for	O
accessing	O
a	O
computer	O
's	O
non-volatile	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
media	O
usually	O
attached	O
via	O
PCI	O
Express	O
(	O
PCIe	O
)	O
bus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initialism	O
NVM	O
stands	O
for	O
non-volatile	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
is	O
often	O
NAND	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
that	O
comes	O
in	O
several	O
physical	O
form	O
factors	O
,	O
including	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
SSDs	B-Device
)	O
,	O
PCIe	O
add-in	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
and	O
M.2	B-Protocol
cards	O
,	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
mSATA	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
,	O
as	O
a	O
logical-device	O
interface	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
capitalize	O
on	O
the	O
low	O
latency	O
and	O
internal	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
of	O
solid-state	B-Device
storage	I-Device
devices	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architecturally	O
,	O
the	O
logic	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
is	O
physically	O
stored	O
within	O
and	O
executed	O
by	O
the	O
NVMe	B-Application
controller	O
chip	O
that	O
is	O
physically	O
co-located	O
with	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
,	O
usually	O
an	O
SSD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
changes	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
1.3	O
to	O
1.4	O
,	O
are	O
incorporated	O
within	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
affect	O
PCIe-compatible	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
motherboards	O
and	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
its	O
design	O
,	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
allows	O
host	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
to	O
fully	O
exploit	O
the	O
levels	O
of	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
possible	O
in	O
modern	O
SSDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
reduces	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
overhead	O
and	O
brings	O
various	O
performance	O
improvements	O
relative	O
to	O
previous	O
logical-device	O
interfaces	O
,	O
including	O
multiple	O
long	O
command	B-General_Concept
queues	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
reduced	O
latency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
previous	O
interface	O
protocols	O
like	O
AHCI	O
were	O
developed	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
far	O
slower	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
HDD	O
)	O
where	O
a	O
very	O
lengthy	O
delay	O
(	O
relative	O
to	O
CPU	O
operations	O
)	O
exists	O
between	O
a	O
request	O
and	O
data	O
transfer	O
,	O
where	O
data	O
speeds	O
are	O
much	O
slower	O
than	O
RAM	B-Architecture
speeds	O
,	O
and	O
where	O
disk	O
rotation	O
and	O
seek	O
time	O
give	O
rise	O
to	O
further	O
optimization	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
devices	O
are	O
chiefly	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
standard-sized	O
PCI	O
Express	O
expansion	B-Device
cards	I-Device
and	O
as	O
2.5-inch	O
form-factor	O
devices	O
that	O
provide	O
a	O
four-lane	O
PCI	O
Express	O
interface	O
through	O
the	O
U.2	B-Protocol
connector	O
(	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
SFF-8639	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Storage	O
devices	O
using	O
SATA	B-Architecture
Express	I-Architecture
and	O
the	O
M.2	B-Protocol
specification	O
which	O
support	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
as	O
the	O
logical-device	O
interface	O
are	O
a	O
popular	O
use-case	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
and	O
have	O
become	O
the	O
dominant	O
form	O
of	O
solid-state	O
storage	O
for	O
servers	O
,	O
desktops	O
,	O
and	O
laptops	O
alike	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifications	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
released	O
to	O
date	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
most	O
SSDs	B-Device
used	O
buses	B-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
SATA	O
,	O
SAS	O
,	O
or	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
for	O
interfacing	O
with	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
SSDs	B-Device
became	O
available	O
in	O
mass	O
markets	O
,	O
SATA	O
has	O
become	O
the	O
most	O
typical	O
way	O
for	O
connecting	O
SSDs	B-Device
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
;	O
however	O
,	O
SATA	O
was	O
designed	O
primarily	O
for	O
interfacing	O
with	O
mechanical	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
HDDs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
became	O
increasingly	O
inadequate	O
for	O
SSDs	B-Device
,	O
which	O
improved	O
in	O
speed	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
within	O
about	O
five	O
years	O
of	O
mass	O
market	O
mainstream	O
adoption	O
(	O
2005	O
–	O
2010	O
)	O
many	O
SSDs	B-Device
were	O
already	O
held	O
back	O
by	O
the	O
comparatively	O
slow	O
data	O
rates	O
available	O
for	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
—	O
unlike	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
some	O
SSDs	B-Device
are	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
maximum	O
throughput	O
of	O
SATA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-end	O
SSDs	B-Device
had	O
been	O
made	O
using	O
the	O
PCI	O
Express	O
bus	O
before	O
NVMe	B-Application
,	O
but	O
using	O
non-standard	O
specification	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
standardizing	O
the	O
interface	O
of	O
SSDs	B-Device
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
only	O
need	O
one	O
common	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
to	O
work	O
with	O
all	O
SSDs	B-Device
adhering	O
to	O
the	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
means	O
that	O
each	O
SSD	B-Device
manufacturer	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
design	O
specific	O
interface	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
how	O
USB	B-Architecture
mass	I-Architecture
storage	I-Architecture
devices	I-Architecture
are	O
built	O
to	O
follow	O
the	O
USB	B-Architecture
mass-storage	I-Architecture
device	I-Architecture
class	I-Architecture
specification	O
and	O
work	O
with	O
all	O
computers	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
per-device	O
drivers	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
devices	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
building	O
block	O
of	O
the	O
burst	B-Operating_System
buffer	I-Operating_System
storage	O
in	O
many	O
leading	O
supercomputers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Fugaku	B-Device
Supercomputer	I-Device
,	O
Summit	B-Device
Supercomputer	I-Device
and	O
Sierra	B-Device
Supercomputer	I-Device
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
details	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
for	O
accessing	O
non-volatile	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
emerged	O
at	O
the	O
Intel	O
Developer	O
Forum	O
2007	O
,	O
when	O
NVMHCI	B-Application
was	O
shown	O
as	O
the	O
host-side	O
protocol	O
of	O
a	O
proposed	O
architectural	O
design	O
that	O
had	O
Open	B-General_Concept
NAND	I-General_Concept
Flash	I-General_Concept
Interface	I-General_Concept
Working	I-General_Concept
Group	I-General_Concept
(	O
ONFI	B-General_Concept
)	O
on	O
the	O
memory	O
(	O
flash	O
)	O
chips	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
NVMHCI	B-Application
working	O
group	O
led	O
by	O
Intel	O
was	O
formed	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NVMHCI	B-Application
1.0	O
specification	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
April	O
2008	O
and	O
released	O
on	O
Intel	O
's	O
web	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	O
work	O
on	O
NVMe	B-Application
began	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NVMe	B-Application
specifications	O
were	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
Workgroup	O
,	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
90	O
companies	O
;	O
Amber	O
Huffman	O
of	O
Intel	O
was	O
the	O
working	O
group	O
's	O
chair	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
features	O
added	O
in	O
version	O
1.1	O
are	O
multi-path	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
(	O
with	O
namespace	O
sharing	O
)	O
and	O
arbitrary-length	O
scatter-gather	B-General_Concept
I/O	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
its	O
feature	O
focus	O
,	O
NVMe	B-Application
1.1	O
was	O
initially	O
called	O
"	O
Enterprise	B-Application
NVMHCI	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
update	O
for	O
the	O
base	O
NVMe	B-Application
specification	O
,	O
called	O
version	O
1.0e	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
January	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
NVMe	B-Application
chipsets	O
were	O
released	O
by	O
Integrated	O
Device	O
Technology	O
(	O
89HF16P04AG3	O
and	O
89HF32P08AG3	O
)	O
in	O
August	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
NVMe	B-Application
drive	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
XS1715	O
enterprise	B-General_Concept
drive	I-General_Concept
,	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
July	O
2013	O
;	O
according	O
to	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
this	O
drive	O
supported	O
3GB/s	O
read	O
speeds	O
,	O
six	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
their	O
previous	O
enterprise	O
offerings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LSI	O
SandForce	O
SF3700	O
controller	O
family	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
November	O
2013	O
,	O
also	O
supports	O
NVMe	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
their	O
first	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
products	O
,	O
the	O
Intel	O
SSD	B-Device
data	O
center	O
family	O
that	O
interfaces	O
with	O
the	O
host	O
through	O
PCI	O
Express	O
bus	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
DC	O
P3700	O
series	O
,	O
the	O
DC	O
P3600	O
series	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
DC	O
P3500	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
NVMe	B-Application
drives	O
are	O
commercially	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
group	O
incorporated	O
to	O
become	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
65	O
companies	O
from	O
across	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
specifications	O
are	O
owned	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
promotes	O
industry	O
awareness	O
of	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
as	O
an	O
industry-wide	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
is	O
directed	O
by	O
a	O
thirteen-member	O
board	O
of	O
directors	O
selected	O
from	O
the	O
Promoter	O
Group	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
Cisco	O
,	O
Dell	O
,	O
EMC	O
,	O
HGST	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Micron	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
NetApp	O
,	O
Oracle	O
,	O
PMC	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
SanDisk	O
and	O
Seagate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
CompactFlash	O
Association	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
releasing	O
a	O
new	O
memory	O
card	O
specification	O
,	O
CFexpress	B-Device
,	O
which	O
uses	O
NVMe	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVMe	B-Application
Host	O
Memory	O
Buffer	O
(	O
HMB	O
)	O
added	O
in	O
version	O
1.2	O
of	O
the	O
NVMe	B-Application
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HMB	O
allows	O
SSDs	B-Device
to	O
utilize	O
the	O
host	O
's	O
DRAM	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
improve	O
the	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
performance	O
for	O
DRAM-less	O
SSDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
form	O
factors	O
of	O
NVMe	B-Application
solid-state	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
AIC	O
,	O
U.2	B-Protocol
,	O
U.3	O
,	O
M.2	B-Protocol
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
all	O
early	O
NVMe	B-Application
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
are	O
HHHL	O
(	O
half	O
height	O
,	O
half	O
length	O
)	O
or	O
FHHL	O
(	O
full	O
height	O
,	O
half	O
length	O
)	O
AIC	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
PCIe	O
2.0	O
or	O
3.0	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
HHHL	O
NVMe	B-Application
solid-state	B-Device
drive	I-Device
card	O
is	O
easy	O
to	O
insert	O
into	O
a	O
PCIe	O
slot	O
of	O
a	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
U.2	B-Protocol
,	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
SFF-8639	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
interface	O
for	O
connecting	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
to	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Available	O
servers	O
can	O
combine	O
up	O
to	O
48	O
U.2	B-Protocol
NVMe	B-Application
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
U.3	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
U.2	B-Protocol
spec	O
and	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
SFF-8639	O
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
'	O
tri-mode	O
'	O
standard	O
,	O
combining	O
SAS	O
,	O
SATA	O
and	O
NVMe	B-Application
support	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
U.3	O
drives	O
are	O
still	O
backward	O
compatible	O
with	O
U.2	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
U.2	B-Protocol
drives	O
are	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
U.3	O
hosts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
M.2	B-Protocol
,	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Next	B-Protocol
Generation	I-Protocol
Form	I-Protocol
Factor	I-Protocol
(	O
NGFF	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
uses	O
a	O
M.2	B-Protocol
NVMe	B-Application
solid-state	B-Device
drive	I-Device
computer	B-General_Concept
bus	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interfaces	O
provided	O
through	O
the	O
M.2	B-Protocol
connector	O
are	O
PCI	O
Express	O
3.0	O
or	O
PCI	O
Express	O
4.0	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
lanes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
over	O
Fabrics	O
(	O
NVMe-oF	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
transport	B-Architecture
protocol	I-Architecture
over	O
a	O
network	O
to	O
connect	O
remote	O
NVMe	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
contrary	O
to	O
regular	O
NVMe	B-Application
where	O
physical	O
NVMe	B-Application
devices	O
are	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
PCIe	O
bus	O
either	O
directly	O
or	O
over	O
a	O
PCIe	O
switch	O
to	O
a	O
PCIe	O
bus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2017	O
,	O
a	O
standard	O
for	O
using	O
NVMe	B-Application
over	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
(	O
FC	B-Architecture
)	O
was	O
submitted	O
by	O
the	O
standards	O
organization	O
International	O
Committee	O
for	O
Information	O
Technology	O
Standards	O
(	O
ICITS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
combination	O
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
FC-NVMe	O
or	O
sometimes	O
NVMe/FC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
supported	O
NVMe	B-Application
transport	B-Architecture
protocols	I-Architecture
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
over	O
Fabrics	O
was	O
published	O
by	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
software	O
implements	O
the	O
NVMe-oF	O
protocol	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
NVMe-oF	O
initiator	B-Device
and	I-Device
target	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
RoCE	B-Operating_System
transport	O
was	O
supported	O
initially	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
5.x	O
,	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
TCP	B-Protocol
was	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Storage	O
Performance	O
Development	O
Kit	O
(	O
SPDK	O
)	O
NVMe-oF	O
initiator	B-Device
and	I-Device
target	I-Device
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
RoCE	B-Operating_System
and	O
TCP	B-Protocol
transports	O
are	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starwind	O
NVMe-oF	O
initiator	B-Device
and	I-Device
target	I-Device
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
supporting	O
both	O
RoCE	B-Operating_System
and	O
TCP	B-Protocol
transports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Advanced	O
Host	B-Application
Controller	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
(	O
AHCI	O
)	O
has	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
wide	O
software	O
compatibility	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
the	O
downside	O
of	O
not	O
delivering	O
optimal	O
performance	O
when	O
used	O
with	O
SSDs	B-Device
connected	O
via	O
the	O
PCI	O
Express	O
bus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
logical-device	O
interface	O
,	O
AHCI	O
was	O
developed	O
when	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
a	O
host	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
adapter	I-Architecture
(	O
HBA	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
system	O
was	O
to	O
connect	O
the	O
CPU/memory	O
subsystem	O
with	O
a	O
much	O
slower	O
storage	O
subsystem	O
based	O
on	O
rotating	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
media	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
AHCI	O
introduces	O
certain	O
inefficiencies	O
when	O
used	O
with	O
SSD	B-Device
devices	O
,	O
which	O
behave	O
much	O
more	O
like	O
RAM	B-Architecture
than	O
like	O
spinning	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NVMe	B-Application
device	O
interface	O
has	O
been	O
designed	O
from	O
the	O
ground	O
up	O
,	O
capitalizing	O
on	O
the	O
lower	O
latency	O
and	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
of	O
PCI	O
Express	O
SSDs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
complementing	O
the	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
of	O
contemporary	O
CPUs	O
,	O
platforms	O
and	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
,	O
the	O
basic	O
advantages	O
of	O
NVMe	B-Application
over	O
AHCI	O
relate	O
to	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
exploit	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
in	O
host	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
,	O
manifested	O
by	O
the	O
differences	O
in	O
command	B-General_Concept
queue	I-General_Concept
depths	O
,	O
efficiency	O
of	O
interrupt	B-Application
processing	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
uncacheable	O
register	B-General_Concept
accesses	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
various	O
performance	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
table	O
below	O
summarizes	O
high-level	O
differences	O
between	O
the	O
NVMe	B-Application
and	O
AHCI	O
logical-device	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
24	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
booting	O
from	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
devices	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
release	O
of	O
DragonFly	B-Application
BSD	I-Application
with	O
NVMe	B-Application
support	O
is	O
version	O
4.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
sponsored	O
a	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
driver	O
for	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
's	O
head	O
and	O
stable/9	O
branches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nvd(4 )	O
and	O
nvme(4 )	O
drivers	O
are	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
GENERIC	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
configuration	O
by	O
default	O
since	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
version	O
10.2	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
consumer-grade	O
NVMe	B-Application
was	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Genode	B-Language
framework	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
18.05	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haiku	B-Language
gained	O
support	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
on	O
April	O
18	O
,	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
illumos	B-Application
received	O
support	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
on	O
October	O
15	O
,	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6S	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
6S	I-Operating_System
Plus	I-Operating_System
,	O
Apple	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
mobile	O
deployment	O
of	O
NVMe	B-Application
over	O
PCIe	O
in	O
smartphones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
followed	O
these	O
releases	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
first-generation	O
iPad	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
and	O
first-generation	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
SE	I-Operating_System
that	O
also	O
use	O
NVMe	B-Application
over	O
PCIe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
published	O
an	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
driver	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
on	O
3	O
March	O
2011	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
merged	O
into	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
mainline	O
on	O
18	O
January	O
2012	O
and	O
released	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
version	O
3.3	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
on	O
19	O
March	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
supports	O
NVMe	B-Application
Host	O
Memory	O
Buffer	O
from	O
version	O
4.13.1	O
with	O
default	O
maximum	O
size	O
128	O
MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
introduced	O
software	O
support	O
for	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
in	O
Yosemite	B-Device
10.10.3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NVMe	B-Application
hardware	O
interface	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
2016	O
MacBook	B-Device
and	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetBSD	B-Device
added	O
support	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
in	O
NetBSD	B-Device
8.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
6.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
work	O
required	O
to	O
support	O
NVMe	B-Application
in	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
started	O
in	O
April	O
2014	O
by	O
a	O
senior	O
developer	O
formerly	O
responsible	O
for	O
USB	B-Protocol
2.0	O
and	O
AHCI	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
has	O
been	O
enabled	O
in	O
the	O
OpenBSD6.0	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arca	B-Device
Noae	I-Device
provides	O
an	O
NVMe	B-Application
driver	O
for	O
ArcaOS	B-Device
,	O
as	O
of	O
April	O
,	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
driver	O
requires	O
advanced	O
interrupts	B-Application
as	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
ACPI	O
PSD	O
running	O
in	O
advanced	O
interrupt	B-Application
mode	O
(	O
mode	O
2	O
)	O
,	O
thus	O
requiring	O
the	O
SMP	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solaris	B-Application
received	O
support	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
in	O
Oracle	B-Application
Solaris	I-Application
11.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
has	O
provided	O
an	O
NVMe	B-Application
driver	O
for	O
VMware	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
included	O
in	O
vSphere	O
6.0	O
and	O
later	O
builds	O
,	O
supporting	O
various	O
NVMe	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
vSphere	O
6	O
update	O
1	O
,	O
VMware	O
's	O
VSAN	O
software-defined	O
storage	O
subsystem	O
also	O
supports	O
NVMe	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
added	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
to	O
Windows	B-Device
8.1	I-Device
and	O
Windows	O
Server	O
2012	O
R2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
drivers	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
have	O
been	O
added	O
in	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
manually	O
customized	O
installer	O
files	O
available	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
specific	O
vendor	O
's	O
driver	O
to	O
any	O
NVMe	B-Application
card	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
using	O
a	O
Samsung	B-Application
NVMe	B-Application
driver	O
with	O
a	O
non-Samsung	O
NVMe	B-Application
device	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
needed	O
for	O
additional	O
features	O
,	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
stability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
NVMe	B-Application
HMB	O
was	O
added	O
in	O
Windows	O
10	O
Anniversary	O
Update	O
(	O
Version	O
1607	O
)	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenFabrics	B-General_Concept
Alliance	I-General_Concept
maintains	O
an	O
open-source	O
NVMe	B-Application
Windows	O
Driver	O
for	O
Windows	O
7/8/8.1	O
and	O
Windows	O
Server	O
2008R2/2012/2012R2	O
,	O
developed	O
from	O
the	O
baseline	O
code	O
submitted	O
by	O
several	O
promoter	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
NVMe	B-Application
workgroup	O
,	O
specifically	O
IDT	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
and	O
LSI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVMe	B-Application
is	O
supported	O
by	O
QEMU	B-Application
since	O
version	O
1.6	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
15	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVMe	B-Application
devices	O
presented	O
to	O
QEMU	B-Application
guests	O
can	O
be	O
either	O
real	O
or	O
emulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open	O
source	O
NVMe	B-Application
driver	O
for	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
is	O
available	O
on	O
SourceForge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nvmecontrol	O
tool	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
an	O
NVMe	B-Application
disk	O
from	O
the	O
command	O
line	O
on	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
added	O
in	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
9.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NVM-Express	O
user	O
space	O
tooling	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
