<s>
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
(	O
NIST	B-Library
EA	I-Library
Model	I-Library
)	O
is	O
a	O
late-1980s	O
reference	B-Library
model	I-Library
for	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
late-1980s	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Standards	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
NIST	O
)	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
the	O
federal	O
government	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
promoted	O
this	O
reference	B-Library
model	I-Library
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
as	O
the	O
foundation	O
for	O
enterprise	O
architectures	O
of	O
individual	O
U.S.	O
government	O
agencies	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
overall	O
federal	B-Library
enterprise	I-Library
architecture	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
is	O
a	O
five-layered	O
model	O
for	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
,	O
designed	O
for	O
organizing	O
,	O
planning	O
,	O
and	O
building	O
an	O
integrated	O
set	O
of	O
information	O
and	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
is	O
initiated	O
in	O
1988	O
in	O
the	O
fifth	O
workshop	O
on	O
Information	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Directions	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
NIST	O
in	O
cooperation	O
with	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
(	O
ACM	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Computer	O
Society	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Federal	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Management	I-General_Concept
Users	O
Group	O
(	O
FEDMUG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
of	O
this	O
research	O
project	O
were	O
published	O
as	O
the	O
NIST	O
Special	O
Publication	O
500-167	O
,	O
Information	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Directions	O
:	O
The	O
Integration	O
Challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
starting	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
the	O
job	O
of	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
had	O
taken	O
a	O
new	O
light	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
began	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
maintenance	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
longer	O
was	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
a	O
simple	O
job	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
performed	O
by	O
almost	O
anyone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
information	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
shifted	O
to	O
electronic	O
means	O
,	O
this	O
became	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
overall	O
approaches	O
to	O
building	O
information	O
systems	O
and	O
systems	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
from	O
the	O
1970s	O
was	O
the	O
three-schema	B-Application
approach	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
proposes	O
to	O
use	O
three	O
different	O
views	B-Architecture
in	O
systems	O
development	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
conceptual	O
modelling	O
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
key	O
to	O
achieving	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
center	O
,	O
the	O
conceptual	B-Application
schema	I-Application
defines	O
the	O
ontology	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
as	O
the	O
users	O
think	O
of	O
them	O
and	O
talk	O
about	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physical	O
schema	O
according	O
to	O
Sowa	O
(	O
2004	O
)	O
"	O
describes	O
the	O
internal	O
formats	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
external	O
schema	O
defines	O
the	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
presented	O
to	O
the	O
application	B-Application
programs	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
1970s	O
the	O
NIST	O
had	O
held	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
four	O
workshops	O
on	O
Database	O
and	O
Information	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Directions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fifth	O
Information	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Directions	O
workshop	O
in	O
1989	O
focused	O
on	O
integration	O
and	O
productivity	O
in	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
working	O
groups	O
considered	O
specific	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
knowledge	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
,	O
systems	O
planning	O
,	O
development	O
and	O
maintenance	O
,	O
computing	O
environments	O
,	O
architectures	O
and	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
third	O
working	O
group	O
on	O
systems	O
planning	O
was	O
chaired	O
by	O
John	O
Zachman	O
,	O
and	O
adopted	O
the	O
Zachman	B-Library
Framework	I-Library
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
discussion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
illustrate	O
the	O
levels	O
of	O
architecture	O
,	O
what	O
has	O
become	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
,	O
was	O
presented	O
(	O
see	O
image	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
concept	O
the	O
three	O
layers	O
of	O
the	O
three-schema	B-Application
approach	I-Application
are	O
divided	O
into	O
five	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
way	O
the	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
was	O
ahead	O
of	O
his	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
the	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
widely	O
promoted	O
within	O
the	O
U.S.	O
federal	O
government	O
as	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
management	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
is	O
applied	O
as	O
foundation	O
in	O
multiple	O
Enterprise	B-Library
Architecture	I-Library
frameworks	I-Library
of	O
U.S.	O
Federal	O
government	O
agencies	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
overall	O
Federal	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Framework	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
coordinating	O
this	O
effort	O
the	O
NIST	O
model	O
was	O
further	O
explained	O
and	O
extended	O
in	O
the	O
1997	O
"	O
Memoranda	O
97-16	O
(	O
Information	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
Architectures	O
)	O
"	O
issued	O
by	O
the	O
US	O
Office	O
of	O
Management	O
and	O
Budget.	O
,	O
see	O
further	O
Information	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
Architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Memoranda	O
97-16	O
(	O
Information	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
Architectures	O
)	O
"	O
gave	O
the	O
following	O
definition	O
of	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
is	O
the	O
explicit	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
and	O
desired	O
relationships	O
among	O
business	O
and	O
management	O
process	O
and	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
documentation	O
of	O
the	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
should	O
include	O
a	O
discussion	O
of	O
principles	O
and	O
goals.Examples	O
of	O
published	O
architectural	O
"	O
frameworks	O
"	O
include	O
the	O
Treasury	O
Information	O
System	O
Architecture	O
Framework	O
(	O
TISAF	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
Technical	B-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Framework	I-Library
for	I-Library
Information	I-Library
Management	I-Library
(	O
TAFIM	B-Library
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
's	O
Information	O
Architecture	O
Volume	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
"	O
wiring	O
diagram	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
IT	B-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reference	B-Library
model	I-Library
is	O
applicated	O
the	O
following	O
frameworks	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
FDIC	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Framework	I-Library
is	O
the	O
Enterprise	B-Library
Architecture	I-Library
framework	I-Library
of	O
the	O
Federal	O
Deposit	O
Insurance	O
Corporation	O
(	O
FDIC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Federal	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Framework	I-Library
(	O
FEAF	O
)	O
:	O
The	O
1999	O
documentation	O
of	O
the	O
Federal	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Framework	I-Library
Version	O
1.1	O
explains	O
how	O
the	O
NIST	O
Framework	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
foundation	O
of	O
the	O
FEA	B-Library
Framework	O
.	O
</s>
