<s>
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
or	O
Nexrad	B-Algorithm
(	O
Next-Generation	B-Algorithm
Radar	I-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
160	O
high-resolution	O
S-band	B-Algorithm
Doppler	B-Application
weather	I-Application
radars	I-Application
operated	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Weather	O
Service	O
(	O
NWS	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
agency	O
of	O
the	O
National	O
Oceanic	O
and	O
Atmospheric	O
Administration	O
(	O
NOAA	O
)	O
within	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Commerce	O
,	O
the	O
Federal	O
Aviation	O
Administration	O
(	O
FAA	O
)	O
within	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Transportation	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Air	O
Force	O
within	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
technical	O
name	O
is	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
(	O
Weather	B-Application
Surveillance	I-Application
Radar	I-Application
,	O
1988	O
,	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
detects	O
precipitation	O
and	O
atmospheric	O
movement	O
or	O
wind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
returns	O
data	O
which	O
when	O
processed	O
can	O
be	O
displayed	O
in	O
a	O
mosaic	B-Application
map	O
which	O
shows	O
patterns	O
of	O
precipitation	O
and	O
its	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
has	O
an	O
increased	O
emphasis	O
on	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
algorithms	O
and	O
automated	O
volume	O
scans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
radar	O
network	O
consisted	O
of	O
WSR-57	O
developed	O
in	O
1957	O
,	O
and	O
WSR-74	B-Algorithm
developed	O
in	O
1974	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neither	O
system	O
employed	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
technology	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
wind	O
speed	O
and	O
direction	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Joint	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
Operational	O
Project	O
(	O
JDOP	O
)	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
1976	O
at	O
the	O
National	O
Severe	O
Storms	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
NSSL	O
)	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
usefulness	O
of	O
using	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
radar	O
to	O
identify	O
severe	O
and	O
tornadic	O
thunderstorms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tests	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
three	O
years	O
,	O
conducted	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Weather	O
Service	O
and	O
the	O
Air	O
Weather	O
Service	O
agency	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Air	O
Force	O
,	O
found	O
that	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
radar	O
provided	O
much	O
improved	O
early	O
detection	O
of	O
severe	O
thunderstorms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
working	O
group	O
that	O
included	O
the	O
JDOP	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
providing	O
the	O
concepts	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
operation	O
of	O
a	O
national	O
weather	B-Application
radar	I-Application
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1979	O
,	O
the	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
Joint	O
System	O
Program	O
Office	O
(	O
JSPO	O
)	O
was	O
formed	O
to	O
move	O
forward	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
deployment	O
of	O
the	O
proposed	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radar	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
NSSL	O
completed	O
a	O
formal	O
report	O
on	O
developing	O
the	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|NEXRAD	O
sites	O
within	O
the	O
Contiguous	O
U.S.thumb	O
|NEXRAD	O
sites	O
in	O
Alaska	O
,	O
Hawaii	O
,	O
U.S.	O
territories	O
,	O
and	O
military	O
bases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
installation	O
of	O
a	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
for	O
operational	O
use	O
in	O
daily	O
forecasting	O
was	O
in	O
Sterling	O
,	O
Virginia	B-Application
on	O
June	O
12	O
,	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
Langley	O
Hill	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
was	O
added	O
at	O
Langley	O
Hill	O
,	O
Washington	O
to	O
better	O
cover	O
the	O
Pacific	O
Coast	O
of	O
that	O
area	O
;	O
other	O
radars	O
also	O
filled	O
gaps	O
in	O
coverage	O
at	O
Evansville	O
,	O
Indiana	O
and	O
Ft	O
.	O
Smith	O
,	O
Arkansas	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
initial	O
installations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radars	O
incorporated	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
improvements	O
over	O
the	O
radar	O
systems	O
that	O
were	O
previously	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
system	O
provided	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
velocity	O
,	O
improving	O
tornado	B-Language
prediction	O
ability	O
by	O
detecting	O
rotation	O
present	O
within	O
the	O
storm	O
at	O
different	O
scan	O
angles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radars	O
also	O
provided	O
volumetric	O
scans	O
of	O
the	O
atmosphere	O
allowing	O
operators	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
vertical	O
structure	O
of	O
storms	O
and	O
could	O
act	O
as	O
wind	B-Algorithm
profilers	I-Algorithm
by	O
providing	O
detailed	O
wind	O
information	O
for	O
several	O
kilometers	O
above	O
the	O
radar	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
development	O
,	O
maintenance	O
,	O
and	O
training	O
are	O
coordinated	O
by	O
the	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
Radar	O
Operations	O
Center	O
(	O
ROC	O
)	O
located	O
at	O
the	O
National	O
Weather	O
Center	O
(	O
NWC	O
)	O
in	O
Norman	O
,	O
Oklahoma	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
Louisiana	O
-	O
Monroe	O
operates	O
a	O
"	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
clone	O
"	O
radar	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
NWS	O
to	O
fill	O
the	O
coverage	O
gap	O
in	O
northeastern	O
LA	O
,	O
southeastern	O
AR	O
,	O
and	O
western	O
MS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
the	O
radar	O
being	O
in	O
the	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
network	O
is	O
disputed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
operates	O
in	O
the	B-Algorithm
S	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
,	O
at	O
a	O
frequency	O
of	O
around	O
2800MHz	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
typical	O
gain	O
around	O
53dB	O
using	O
a	O
center-fed	O
parabolic	O
antenna	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
NEXRADs	B-Algorithm
have	O
a	O
dish	O
diameter	O
of	O
9.1m	O
(	O
30ft	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
aperture	O
diameter	O
of	O
8.5m	O
(	O
28ft	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
predetermined	O
VCPs	O
,	O
NEXRADs	B-Algorithm
have	O
a	O
traditional	O
elevation	O
minimum	O
and	O
maximum	O
ranging	O
from	O
0.1	O
to	O
19.5	O
degrees	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
non-operational	O
minimum	O
and	O
maximum	O
spans	O
from	O
−1	O
to	O
+45	O
degrees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
the	O
WSR-74	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
antenna	O
can	O
not	O
be	O
manually	O
steered	O
by	O
the	O
operator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
Level	O
I	O
data	O
is	O
the	O
recorded	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
receiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radar	O
system	O
continually	O
refreshes	O
its	O
three-dimensional	O
database	O
via	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
predetermined	O
scan	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
incomplete	O
elevation	O
coverage	O
,	O
a	O
phenomenon	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
The	O
Cone	O
of	O
Silence	O
"	O
is	O
present	O
with	O
all	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VCPScan	O
time	O
(	O
min	O
)	O
Elevation	O
scansElevation	O
angles	O
( °	O
)	O
UsageSAILS	O
available	O
?	O
124.2140.5	O
,	O
0.9	O
,	O
1.3	O
,	O
1.8	O
,	O
2.4	O
,	O
3.1	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
5.1	O
,	O
6.4	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
10	O
,	O
12.5	O
,	O
15.6	O
,	O
19.5Severe	O
weather	O
,	O
including	O
tornadoes	B-Language
,	O
located	O
closer	O
to	O
the	O
radar	O
(	O
within	O
85	O
miles	O
for	O
storms	O
traveling	O
up	O
to	O
55	O
MPH	O
,	O
but	O
shorter	O
distances	O
for	O
faster-moving	O
precipitation	O
)	O
Yes	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
three	O
per	O
volume	O
scan	O
)	O
2124.5Severe	O
weather	O
,	O
including	O
tornadoes	B-Language
,	O
over	O
70	O
miles	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
radar	O
,	O
or	O
widespread	O
severe	O
convection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Completion	O
time	O
for	O
VCP	O
212	O
+	O
1	O
SAILS	B-Algorithm
scan	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
VCP	O
12	O
+	O
2	O
SAILS	B-Algorithm
scans1125.5Variant	O
of	O
VCP	O
212	O
designed	O
for	O
tropical	O
systems	O
and	O
strong	O
,	O
non-severe	O
wind	O
shear	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MRLE	O
use	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
with	O
this	O
VCPYes	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
one	O
per	O
volume	O
scan	O
)	O
2156150.5	O
,	O
0.9	O
,	O
1.3	O
,	O
1	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
2.4	O
,	O
3.1	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
5.1	O
,	O
6.4	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
10	O
,	O
12	O
,	O
14	O
,	O
16.7	O
,	O
19.5General-purpose	O
precipitation	O
,	O
including	O
tropical	O
systems	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
tornadoes	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specific	O
VCP	O
currently	O
in	O
use	O
at	O
each	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
site	O
is	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
legacy	O
resolution	O
,	O
the	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
provides	O
reflectivity	O
data	O
at	O
by	O
1	O
degree	O
to	O
range	O
,	O
and	O
velocity	O
data	O
at	O
by	O
1	O
degree	O
to	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Super	O
Resolution	O
provides	O
reflectivity	O
data	O
with	O
a	O
sample	O
size	O
of	O
by	O
0.5	O
degree	O
,	O
and	O
increase	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
velocity	O
data	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Super	O
Resolution	O
extends	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
velocity	O
data	O
and	O
provides	O
it	O
faster	O
than	O
before	O
,	O
also	O
allowing	O
for	O
faster	O
lead	O
time	O
on	O
potential	O
tornado	B-Language
detection	O
and	O
subsequent	O
warnings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
sites	O
across	O
the	O
nation	O
have	O
been	O
upgraded	O
to	O
polarimetric	O
radar	O
,	O
which	O
adds	O
a	O
vertical	O
polarization	O
to	O
the	O
traditional	O
horizontally	O
polarized	O
radar	O
waves	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
more	O
accurately	O
discern	O
what	O
is	O
reflecting	O
the	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deployment	O
of	O
the	O
dual	O
polarization	O
capability	O
(	O
Build	O
12	O
)	O
to	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
sites	O
began	O
in	O
2010	O
and	O
was	O
completed	O
by	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
radar	O
at	O
Vance	O
Air	O
Force	O
Base	O
in	O
Enid	O
,	O
Oklahoma	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
operational	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
modified	O
to	O
utilize	O
dual	O
polarization	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
system	O
was	O
initially	O
implemented	O
,	O
the	O
radar	O
automatically	O
scanned	O
all	O
scan	O
angles	O
in	O
a	O
Volume	O
Coverage	O
Pattern	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
highest	O
scan	O
angles	O
were	O
free	O
of	O
precipitation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Automated	B-Algorithm
Volume	I-Algorithm
Scan	I-Algorithm
Evaluation	I-Algorithm
and	I-Algorithm
Termination	I-Algorithm
(	O
AVSET	B-Algorithm
)	O
algorithm	O
helps	O
solve	O
this	O
problem	O
by	O
immediately	O
ending	O
the	O
volume	O
scan	O
when	O
precipitation	O
returns	O
at	O
higher	O
scan	O
angles	O
drop	O
below	O
a	O
set	O
threshold	O
(	O
around	O
20	O
dBZ	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
often	O
allow	O
for	O
more	O
volume	O
scans	O
per	O
hour	O
,	O
improving	O
severe	O
weather	O
detection	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
hardware	O
upgrades	O
AVSET	B-Algorithm
was	O
initially	O
deployed	O
in	O
RPG	O
build	O
12.3	O
,	O
in	O
Fall	O
of	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
primary	O
weaknesses	O
of	O
the	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
radar	O
system	O
was	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
frequency	O
of	O
base	O
(	O
0.5	O
degree	O
)	O
scans	O
,	O
especially	O
during	O
severe	O
weather	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TV	O
viewers	O
at	O
home	O
could	O
be	O
lulled	O
into	O
a	O
false	O
sense	O
of	O
security	O
that	O
a	O
tornado	B-Language
was	O
farther	O
away	O
from	O
them	O
than	O
it	O
really	O
was	O
,	O
endangering	O
residents	O
in	O
the	O
storm	O
's	O
path	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Supplemental	B-Algorithm
Adaptive	I-Algorithm
Intra-Volume	I-Algorithm
Low-Level	I-Algorithm
Scan	I-Algorithm
(	O
SAILS	B-Algorithm
)	O
technique	O
,	O
deployed	O
with	O
Build	O
14	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
half	O
of	O
2014	O
,	O
allows	O
operators	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
run	O
an	O
additional	O
base	O
scan	O
during	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
a	O
typical	O
volume	O
scan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
one	O
SAILS	B-Algorithm
cut	O
active	O
on	O
VCP	O
212	O
,	O
base	O
scans	O
occur	O
about	O
once	O
every	O
two	O
and	O
a	O
half	O
minutes	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
frequent	O
updates	O
if	O
AVSET	B-Algorithm
terminates	O
the	O
volume	O
scan	O
early	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
Elevation	O
Scan	O
Option	O
for	O
Supplemental	B-Algorithm
Adaptive	I-Algorithm
Intra-Volume	I-Algorithm
Low-Level	I-Algorithm
Scan	I-Algorithm
(	O
MESO-SAILS	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
an	O
enhancement	O
to	O
SAILS	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
radar	O
operator	O
to	O
run	O
one	O
,	O
two	O
or	O
three	O
additional	O
base	O
scans	O
during	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
a	O
volume	O
scan	O
,	O
per	O
the	O
operators	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MESO-SAILS	B-Algorithm
was	O
deployed	O
with	O
Build	O
16.1	O
,	O
in	O
spring	O
of	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
a	O
dynamic	O
scanning	O
option	O
for	O
the	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
derived	O
from	O
MESO-SAILS	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
separate	O
scanning	O
option	O
implemented	O
in	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
RPG	O
14.0	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
Spring	O
of	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
quasi-linear	O
convective	O
systems	O
(	O
QLCS	O
)	O
,	O
colloquially	O
known	O
as	O
squall	O
lines	O
,	O
the	O
detection	O
of	O
mesovortices	O
,	O
which	O
generate	O
at	O
4,000	O
to	O
8,000	O
feet	O
above	O
ground	O
level	O
,	O
is	O
not	O
always	O
possible	O
with	O
SAILS	B-Algorithm
cuts	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
0.5	O
degree	O
scan	O
travels	O
below	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
mesovortices	O
at	O
closer	O
distances	O
to	O
the	O
radar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
MESO-SAILS	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
scans	O
at	O
one	O
angle	O
and	O
can	O
only	O
do	O
up	O
to	O
3	O
low-level	O
scans	O
per	O
volume	O
,	O
MRLE	O
scans	O
at	O
4	O
possible	O
angles	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
cut	O
into	O
a	O
volume	O
up	O
to	O
4	O
times	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
operators	O
choice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operator	O
can	O
not	O
use	O
MESO-SAILS	B-Algorithm
alongside	O
MRLE	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
one	O
is	O
selected	O
while	O
the	O
other	O
is	O
active	O
,	O
the	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
algorithms	O
will	O
automatically	O
set	O
the	O
other	O
"	O
off	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Started	O
on	O
March	O
13	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
SLEP	O
,	O
or	O
Service	O
Life	O
Extension	O
Program	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
extensive	O
effort	O
to	O
keep	O
and	O
maintain	O
the	O
current	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
network	O
in	O
working	O
order	O
for	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
has	O
coverage	O
gaps	O
below	O
10,000	O
feet	O
(	O
or	O
no	O
coverage	O
at	O
all	O
)	O
in	O
many	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
continental	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
often	O
for	O
terrain	O
or	O
budgetary	O
reasons	O
,	O
or	O
remoteness	O
of	O
the	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notably	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
these	O
gaps	O
lie	O
in	O
tornado	B-Language
alley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
least	O
one	O
tornado	B-Language
has	O
gone	O
undetected	O
by	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
coverage	O
gap	O
–	O
an	O
EF1	O
tornado	B-Language
in	O
Lovelady	O
,	O
Texas	O
in	O
April	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
act	O
mandates	O
that	O
any	O
city	O
with	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
700,000	O
or	O
more	O
must	O
have	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
Radar	O
coverage	O
<	O
6,000	O
feet	O
above	O
ground	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
likely	O
that	O
additional	O
WSR-88Ds	B-Algorithm
will	O
be	O
deployed	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
production	O
line	O
was	O
shut	O
down	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
National	O
Weather	O
Service	O
has	O
an	O
insufficient	O
budget	O
to	O
restart	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
radar	O
opportunity	O
was	O
spearheaded	O
by	O
a	O
public	O
campaign	O
led	O
by	O
Professor	O
Cliff	O
Mass	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
,	O
and	O
likely	O
helped	O
the	O
NWS	O
office	O
in	O
Portland	O
,	O
Oregon	O
issue	O
a	O
timely	O
warning	O
for	O
the	O
Manzanita	O
,	O
OR	O
EF-2	O
tornado	B-Language
in	O
October	O
,	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Weather	O
Service	O
office	O
in	O
Slidell	O
,	O
Louisiana	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
move	O
the	O
office	O
's	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
office	O
building	O
in	O
Slidell	O
west	O
to	O
Hammond	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
site	O
located	O
in	O
Cayey	O
,	O
Puerto	O
Rico	O
was	O
destroyed	O
during	O
the	O
passage	O
of	O
Hurricane	O
Maria	O
through	O
the	O
region	O
in	O
September	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
a	O
neighboring	O
Terminal	B-Algorithm
Doppler	I-Algorithm
Weather	I-Algorithm
Radar	I-Algorithm
(	O
TDWR	B-Algorithm
)	O
site	O
that	O
was	O
rendered	O
temporarily	O
inoperable	O
but	O
ultimately	O
survived	O
,	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
deployed	O
two	O
short-range	O
X-band	B-Algorithm
radars	I-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
island	O
to	O
provide	O
radar	O
coverage	O
until	O
the	O
FAA-maintained	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
site	O
was	O
restored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2018	O
,	O
this	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radar	O
site	O
was	O
restored	O
to	O
fully	O
operational	O
condition	O
and	O
was	O
reinforced	O
with	O
several	O
lightning	O
rods	O
and	O
secured	O
with	O
a	O
stronger	O
fiberglass	O
dome	O
that	O
included	O
using	O
more	O
than	O
3,000	O
bolts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
27	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radar	O
site	O
located	O
in	O
Lake	O
Charles	O
,	O
Louisiana	O
,	O
was	O
destroyed	O
by	O
Hurricane	O
Laura	O
as	O
the	O
eye	O
of	O
the	O
Category	O
4	O
storm	O
—	O
which	O
packed	O
wind	O
gusts	O
recorded	O
around	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
—	O
passed	O
over	O
the	O
site	O
after	O
it	O
made	O
landfall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radars	O
based	O
in	O
Houston	O
,	O
Shreveport	O
and	O
Fort	O
Polk	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
fill	O
gaps	O
in	O
radar	O
coverage	O
within	O
portions	O
of	O
Southwestern	O
Louisiana	O
until	O
the	O
Lake	O
Charles	O
site	O
was	O
rebuilt	O
;	O
the	O
NWS	O
Radar	O
Operations	O
Center	O
also	O
deployed	O
a	O
SMART-R	B-Algorithm
vehicle	O
on	O
loan	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Oklahoma	O
to	O
provide	O
supplemental	O
radar	O
data	O
on	O
Hurricane	O
Delta	O
in	O
advance	O
of	O
its	O
track	O
into	O
the	O
region	O
(	O
nearly	O
paralleling	O
that	O
of	O
Hurricane	O
Laura	O
)	O
in	O
late	O
October	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operational	O
service	O
to	O
the	O
Lake	O
Charles	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
radar	O
site	O
was	O
restored	O
in	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
following	O
a	O
four-month	O
,	O
$1.65	O
-million	O
reconstruction	O
project	O
that	O
included	O
the	O
replacement	O
of	O
the	O
radome	O
and	O
internal	O
equipment	O
and	O
repairs	O
to	O
the	O
station	O
's	O
radome	O
pedestal	O
,	O
tower	O
,	O
fence	O
and	O
equipment	O
shelters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Weather	O
Service	O
keeps	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
upcoming	O
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Severe	O
Storms	O
Laboratory	O
predicts	O
that	O
a	O
phased	O
array	O
system	O
will	O
eventually	O
replace	O
the	O
current	O
network	O
of	O
WSR-88D	B-Algorithm
radar	O
transmitters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
data	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
multiple	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
goal	O
of	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
data	O
is	O
to	O
aid	O
NWS	O
meteorologists	O
in	O
operational	O
forecasting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
importantly	O
,	O
it	O
allows	O
the	O
meteorologists	O
to	O
track	O
and	O
anticipate	O
severe	O
weather	O
and	O
tornadoes	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combined	O
with	O
ground	O
reports	O
,	O
tornado	B-Language
and	O
severe	O
thunderstorm	O
warnings	O
can	O
be	O
issued	O
to	O
alert	O
the	O
public	O
about	O
dangerous	O
storms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
data	O
also	O
provides	O
information	O
about	O
rainfall	O
rate	O
and	O
aids	O
in	O
hydrological	O
forecasting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Available	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
NWS	O
is	O
Level	O
III	O
data	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
reduced	O
resolution	O
,	O
low-bandwidth	O
base	O
products	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
derived	O
,	O
post-processed	O
products	O
;	O
Level	O
II	O
data	O
consists	O
of	O
only	O
the	O
base	O
products	O
,	O
but	O
at	O
their	O
original	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
higher	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
costs	O
,	O
Level	O
II	O
data	O
is	O
not	O
available	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
NWS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NWS	O
distributes	O
this	O
data	O
freely	O
to	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
and	O
several	O
top-tier	O
universities	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
distribute	O
the	O
data	O
to	O
private	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
List	O
of	O
NEXRAD	B-Algorithm
sites	O
and	O
their	O
coordinates	O
State	O
City	O
or	O
Place	O
Name	O
ICAO	B-General_Concept
Location	I-General_Concept
Identifier	I-General_Concept
Coordinates	O
PR	O
San	O
Juan	O
TJUA	O
ME	O
Houlton	O
KCBW	O
ME	O
Gray/Portland	O
KGYX	O
VT	O
Burlington	O
KCXX	O
MA	O
Boston	O
KBOX	O
NY	O
Albany	O
KENX	O
NY	O
Binghamton	O
KBGM	O
NY	O
Buffalo	O
KBUF	O
NY	O
Montague	O
KTYX	O
NY	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
KOKX	O
DE	O
Dover	O
AFB	O
KDOX	O
PA	O
Philadelphia	O
KDIX	O
PA	O
Pittsburgh	O
KPBZ	O
PA	O
State	O
College	O
KCCX	O
WV	O
Charleston	O
KRLX	O
VA	B-Application
Norfolk/Richmond	O
KAKQ	O
VA	B-Application
Roanoke	O
KFCX	O
VA	B-Application
Sterling	O
KLWX	O
NC	O
Morehead	O
City	O
KMHX	O
NC	O
Raleigh/Durham	O
KRAX	O
NC	O
Wilmington	O
KLTX	O
SC	O
Charleston	O
KCLX	O
SC	O
Columbia	O
KCAE	O
SC	O
Greer	O
KGSP	O
GA	O
Atlanta	O
KFFC	O
GA	O
Moody	O
AFB	O
KVAX	O
GA	O
Robins	O
AFB	O
KJGX	O
FL	O
Eglin	O
AFB	O
KEVX	O
FL	O
Jacksonville	O
KJAX	O
FL	O
Key	O
West	O
KBYX	O
FL	O
Melbourne	O
KMLB	O
FL	O
Miami	O
KAMX	O
FL	O
Tallahassee	O
KTLH	O
FL	O
Tampa	O
KTBW	O
AL	B-Application
Birmingham	O
KBMX	O
AL	B-Application
Fort	O
Rucker	O
KEOX	O
AL	B-Application
Huntsville	O
KHTX	O
AL	B-Application
Maxwell	O
AFB	O
KMXX	O
AL	B-Application
Mobile	O
KMOB	O
MS	O
Brandon/Jackson	O
KDGX	O
MS	O
Columbus	O
AFB	O
KGWX	O
TN	O
Knoxville/Tri	O
Cities	O
KMRX	O
TN	O
Memphis	O
KNQA	O
TN	O
Nashville	O
KOHX	O
KY	O
Fort	O
Campbell	O
KHPX	O
KY	O
Jackson	O
KJKL	O
KY	O
Louisville	O
KLVX	O
KY	O
Paducah	O
KPAH	O
OH	O
Wilmington	O
KILN	O
OH	O
Cleveland	O
KCLE	O
MI	B-Device
Detroit/Pontiac	O
KDTX	O
MI	B-Device
Gaylord	O
KAPX	O
MI	B-Device
Grand	O
Rapids	O
KGRR	O
MI	B-Device
Marquette	O
KMQT	O
IN	O
Owensville	O
(	O
Evansville	O
)	O
KVWX	O
IN	O
Indianapolis	O
KIND	O
IN	O
North	O
Webster	O
KIWX	O
IL	O
Chicago	O
KLOT	O
IL	O
Lincoln	O
KILX	O
WI	O
Green	O
Bay	O
KGRB	O
WI	O
La	O
Crosse	O
KARX	O
WI	O
Milwaukee	O
KMKX	O
MN	O
Duluth	O
KDLH	O
MN	O
Minneapolis/St.	O
</s>
